Ultimate? Fight? Champion? Abbreviation? UFC, which is called the ultimate fighting champion in Chinese, is American MMA? Organization, the current chairman is Dana White (Dana? White). Because its playing field is in a mesh octagonal cage, it is often called "cage fighting" or even "underground black boxing".
Brazil infinite war (? Brazilian? Vale? Tudo), UFC began to hold a one-time fighting championship in Denver on 1993. Before the reform of any fighting type (boxing, kicking and wrestling), McCain strongly opposed UFC. , karate, Brazilian jujitsu, etc. ) can participate. The purpose of the competition is to find the best boxer in the world. Although a limited number of rules have been formulated, the organizers promote UFC's competition as unlimited. The game is so violent and bloody that Senator John McCain (John? Critics such as McCain call it the "human cockfighting" competition. Political pressure made PPV refuse to broadcast UFC programs, which eventually led to UFC becoming an illegal organization and almost forgotten by people. In view of the strong political pressure, UFC began to reform, gradually adopted some stricter rules, publicized itself as a legal sports competition, and finally passed the approval of the State Sports Commission. Abandoning the original slogan of "infinity" and playing the brand of "MMA", UFC has returned to people's field of vision from political isolation.
With the wider coverage of mainstream media, UFC has opened up new markets in Canada, Europe and the United States, becoming more and more popular. In 2009, Spike in North America, ESPN in Britain and 33 other countries began to broadcast live UFC programs.
The sects here are different from the Wutangmen and Shaolin sects that people are familiar with in the traditional sense. Here refers to different types of fighting, such as karate, wrestling, boxing and so on.
1993165438+1October 12 the first game was held by the organizer of the conference and the TV media SEG*** at McNichols Stadium in Denver, Colorado, which was later called UFC? 1。 Relying on Brazilian Jiu Jitsu, Gracie smiled proudly. Competitors include boxer Patrick? Smith and Kevin? Rosier, the French boxer Gerard? Gordo, karate expert Zach? Martin, Muay Thai and wrestler Ken? Clover, sumo Tara? Tully, the art of professional boxers? Gimson and Hollian's younger brother, Brazilian Jiu Jitsu Black Belt Royce Gracie (Royce? Gracie). Royce Gracie was hand-picked by his brother Hollian to represent The Gracie Family in the competition. The game was an immediate success, with 86,592 TV viewers watching the game through PPV.
Because there is no weight limit in the competition, many boxers often meet opponents who are much bigger or taller than themselves. For example, Keith, nicknamed "Black Giant"? Hackney's in UFC? Emanuel, the opponent of district 3? Jaber is 23 cm taller than him, and the weight difference is as high as 180 kg. Many martial artists think that superb skills can make up for the weight disadvantage, and a skilled fighter can do four or two moves. For example, 79 kg Royce Gracie won three championships in the first four games. So UFC quickly proved that it doesn't mean winning the game.
In the early 1990s, although UFC shouted "No rules!" Slogan, but in fact there are still some rules. No biting, planing, scratching your hair, bumping your head, kicking your crotch, pulling the perforated organ with your fingers, etc. are allowed in the competition. At UFC? In the qualifying round of 4, Jason? Fairn and Guy Mezger privately agreed not to grab each other's hair before the game, because both of them tied their hair in ponytails for the game. In the same game, a player who fell to the ground was hit in the crotch by his opponent. UFC, especially in the early games, is famous for its extreme violence. At UFC? During the broadcast, the TV station broadcast a disclaimer to warn the audience to be psychologically prepared for the violent and bloody content of the game.
The violent nature of this new sport quickly caught the attention of the American authorities. Senator John McCain (John? McCain) watched the video of the first game and called it an abominable "human cockfighting" game. He personally led the organization to ban UFC, and wrote to the governors of fifty states in the United States, asking them to ban the competition. Thirty-six States have enacted laws prohibiting "unrestricted" fighting, which has led to a sharp drop in the number of people watching UFC games, which has led many mainstream TV media to stop broadcasting UFC. New York state is even in UFC? On the eve of 12, UFC was suspended, forcing the match to be held temporarily in Dorson, Alabama. This matter was controversial because it was later discovered that McCain had collected a large amount of campaign donations from boxing sponsors.
In response to various criticisms, UFC strengthened cooperation with state sports associations and began to redesign the rules of the game. Including removing some aggressive or harmful hitting actions (such as digging eyes, hitting the back of the head and spine, etc.). , referring to foul behavior), while retaining the basic core elements of hitting and catching. Like UFC? 12 began to introduce the concept of heavyweight (refer to heavyweight). UFC？ 14 players are forced to wear gloves. It is forbidden to kick players down, pull their hair, hook any perforated organs with their fingers, hit their heads and groin. UFC？ 15 further limits the scope of hitting, and it is forbidden to hit the back of the head and attack the knuckles. UFC？ 2 1 Start the 5-minute competition. At this point, UFC has gradually completed the rebranding work and successfully shaped itself into a sport.
After a series of reforms, McCain's views on UFC have also changed. He said: "The sport has matured, and the newly adopted rules have better protected the safety of athletes and made the competition fairer."
In 2007, UFC's income from sports betting exceeded boxing for the first time. In fact, UFC's PPV revenue has broken the historical record of the PPV industry. In 2006, the income of US$ 222,766,000 surpassed that of American professional wrestling (WWE) and American professional boxing. Today, 36 countries around the world are broadcasting UFC programs, and they also plan to continue to expand the international market. For European audiences, UFC has set up a new office in the UK and regularly holds competitions in the UK and Canada.
alternately
There are 5 rounds of title wars and 3 rounds of non-title wars, each with 5 minutes, and the rest between rounds 1 minute.
Weight class
The five heavyweights currently used by UFC are:
*? Lightweight: 66? -? 70 kg
*? Welterweight:? 7 1? -? 77 kg
*? Middleweight:? 78? -? 84 kg
*? Light heavyweight:? 84? -? 93 kg
*? Heavyweight:? 93? -? 120kg.
The other four weight classes not adopted by UFC are:
*? The lightest order of magnitude:? Less than 57 kilograms
*? Sublight speed:? 57? -? 6 1 kg
*? Feather size:? 62? -? 66 kg
*? Super heavyweight:? Higher than 120kg.
space
The competition of UFC is in an octagonal closed ring, commonly called "octagonal cage". ? Initially, UFC registered the octagonal cage trademark, prohibiting other mixed martial arts competitions from using similar shaped venues. However, in the internal year of 200 1, UFC began to allow other competition organizations to use the same venue (but reserved the right to use the name "octagonal cage"). The reason is that a new movement can only get official permission from more States if it is consistent in all aspects. Octagonal cage
The arena of UFC is an octagonal field surrounded by steel wire mesh and wrapped in a layer of black artificial leather. The diameter of the ring is 9.8 meters, the height of the fence is 1.7 to 1.76 meters, the whole ring is 1.2 meters above the ground, and there are eight doors for access. There are foam mats on the top of the fence and on the eight pillars. The floor is a mat with sponsor logo, which will be changed every competition.
Dress
All participants must wear approved shorts, and shoes, shirts, uniforms or trousers are not allowed. Approved gloves must be used, and at least 3 cm of padding should be left at the toe joint. The weight of gloves is between 1 10g and 170g. This kind of gloves can reduce the risk of finger injury when punching holes, while retaining the grasping and twisting ability of hands. At first, UFC had no requirements for clothing. Many contestants choose tight shorts or boxing shorts, but some still wear trousers or sleeveless sweatshirts. Many-time champion Royce? Gracie has been wearing a Brazilian Jiu Jitsu uniform in his early UFC competitions.
Violation:
1. Hit the head (now the rule is to allow hitting the head)
Insert an eye
bite
Grab the hair
Pick your mouth.
Starting gear
7. Pick your opponent's seven orifices or wounds with your fingers.
8. Small joint joint skills (fingers and toes)
9. hit the back or the back of the head (now you can hit the back of the head)
10. Hit down with the tip of your elbow
1 1. Hit the throat, including twisting the trachea.
12. Pull, twist and scratch the opponent's muscles
13. Grab the opponent's collarbone
14. Kick the opponent lying on the ground
15. An opponent kneeling on the ground
16. Step on the opponent lying on the ground
17. Kick the other person's kidney with the heel (when the other person falls, it is allowed to kick the other person with legs or feet and step on the other person's body and waist).
18. Throw your opponent's head or neck to the ground.
19. Throw your opponent out of the octagonal cage.
20. Pull your opponent's shorts or gloves.
2 1. Spit at your opponent
22. Dishonorable behavior hurts the opponent.
23. Grasp the octagonal cage iron net.
24. swearing in an octagonal cage
25. Attack your opponent at the end of the round, or attack your opponent at the break of the round.
26. Attack an opponent who has been taken care of by the referee.
27. Attack your opponent after the game.
28. contempt for the referee
29. Timid, always avoiding contact with opponents, intentionally or continuously spitting to protect your mouth or pretending to be injured.
30. The assistant interfered with the game
3 1. throw white towels during the game.
Game result
Games usually end in the following ways:
Submit: A player definitely slaps the ground or an opponent; Or tell the referee to admit defeat in words.
KO: The player who was legally hit lost consciousness or could not continue the game immediately.
TKO: If a player can't continue the game, the game will end with TKO. Technology elimination can be divided into three categories:
1. The referee suspended the game.
The doctor stopped the game.
3. The coach or assistant terminates the game
Referee's judgment: According to the score, there are the following situations:
1. unanimous decision (the three judges unanimously decided that player a won)
Majority decision (two referees decide that player A wins and the other referee decides that it is a draw)
3. Discrepancy judgment (two judges judged that player A won and the other judge judged that player B won)
4. unanimous draw (three referees unanimously decided to draw)
5. Majority draw (two referees judge a draw and the other referee judges A win)
6. Divergent draw (one referee decides that player A wins, one referee decides that player B wins and one referee decides that it is a draw)
Note: The competition can also end with technical judgment, disqualification, technical draw or no competition. In the last two results, the game is tied.
Development of UFC rules
UFC？ 1: no biting, no piercing. A round of five minutes. The game will only end if there is a KO or a submission.
UFC？ 2: No time limit, no round. It is not forbidden to hit the crotch, but you can't hold on to your opponent's crotch. Cages have changed, fences have been added and mats have been reduced.
UFC？ If the player can't defend himself, the referee can stop the game. Players are not allowed to kick when wearing shoes (this rule was later abandoned).
UFC？ 5: Increase the time limit of 30 minutes. For the first time, there was a "super championship", which was a single game. The winner can get the title of "Super Championship Champion" and defend the title in the next competition.
UFC？ 6: The referee has the right to restart the game. If both sides of the game lack offensive and defensive behavior in a certain posture, the referee can pause the game and let the players stand and start again. Increase the extension time by five minutes.
UFC？ 8: The time limit is changed to 65,438+00 minutes in the first round and semi-final of the knockout, and 65,438+05 minutes in the final and super tournament of the knockout. If the game is full of time, it will be decided. There is no draw.
UFC？ 9: In order to cater to local authorities, punching is forbidden in this game (only with the palm). The commentator didn't pay attention to the rules that were temporarily changed to prevent the game from being cancelled.
Ultimate? Ultimate? 1996: The regulation prohibiting grabbing the guardrail was added.
UFC？ 12: The knockout is divided into two levels: heavyweight and lightweight, and the previous eight-person knockout was cancelled (changed to four). The heavyweight champion title was added instead of the super champion title.
UFC？ 14: Wearing MMA gloves becomes compulsory. (It is worth mentioning that finger gloves are for reference. )
UFC？ 15: Increase the position where hitting is prohibited. Head bump, hip bump, elbow bump on the back of the neck, kicking down the opponent, scratching the small joints, scratching the hair, etc. Has become a prohibited act.
UFC？ 2 1: change to five-minute round, three rounds of regular non-championship games, two rounds of buffer games and five rounds of championship games. The score of the match was changed to a scale of ten (from boxing).
UFC？ 28: Uniform MMA rules are adopted for the first time. The main changes are that it is forbidden to knock down opponents with knees, elbow the spine and neck, and punch the back of the head and neck with heavy punches. A new weight classification system was adopted. This rule has been in use ever since.
UFC？ 3 1: The weight level is changed to the current standard setting.
UFC？ 43: If the game is suspended for any reason (such as checking gloves or wounds), it must be resumed at the position where the game was suspended.
Fighter who became famous in UFC: UFC's history of nearly 12 years has created many heroes. Royce? Grace. ,? Ken. Clover? FrankShamrock？ Dan? Severn? Randy? Fashion? ，Bas？ Rutten, Mark? Coleman? Don? Frye, Mark? Chloe? , Xiong Wei? Belfo, Ti Tuo? Ortiz and Matt, who's hot now? Hughes? ChuckLiddell and? Rich? Franklin and countless other interested friends, try to input these names into Google, and you will see many battle legends.
The UFC competition in the United States and the PRIDE competition in Japan are two top MMA fighting events.
MMA is English "Mixed? Shangwu? The abbreviation of "artistic style" is comprehensive martial arts competition or comprehensive fighting competition. ?
MMA is an excellent sport with ornamental, entertaining and competitive features, and now it has become the main event of international martial arts fighting competition. MMA is a perfect combination of boxing, taekwondo, judo and wrestling, which can be said to be a fighting decathlon. MMA competition is a breakthrough in the rules of sports competition. MMA rules treat all martial arts equally, and practitioners from different martial arts schools can compete in the same field under the unified rules. MMA rules and regulations allow all experts to compete in an open and fair environment, which is a truly fair way of competition. Various techniques such as hitting, wrestling and joint skills are allowed in the competition, and the competition will continue after the players fall to the ground. Martial arts skills such as kicking, hitting, throwing and hugging can be perfectly displayed. ?
Modern MMA is a wonderful fighting competition, which combines taekwondo, judo, wrestling, kung fu and other fighting techniques. MMA has unified competition rules, and the formulation of the rules is impartial, which will neither favor a certain martial arts nor put a certain martial arts at a disadvantage. Participants can use boxing, kicking, wrestling, locking, twisting and other techniques. The competition can be held in the same boxing ring as the boxing ring, or in an octagonal field with guardrails. The way to win a game is similar to boxing, that is, KO wins, the superior wins, the doctor terminates the game, the opponent abstained, scored, or disqualified. But unlike boxing or kicking, players can also win the game by making their opponents admit defeat. When a player wants to stop the game because of being entangled, punching too hard or exhaustion, he can give up on his own initiative. The whole game was smooth and clear. When the players fall to the ground, the game continues, and the referee rarely calls a time-out. The division of competition heavyweights is basically the same as boxing, wrestling, judo and Sanda. Non-championship games are generally three rounds; The championship is usually five rounds; Each round is five minutes, with a one-minute break between rounds. ?
The history of MMA?
The comprehensive Wushu competition can be traced back to the 33rd Olympic Games in ancient Greece in 648 BC, which was called Pankration at that time. The perfect participant should be the best wrestler among boxers, or the best boxer among wrestlers. Participants not only need superb and comprehensive martial arts, but also good courage, psychological quality and tactical arrangement are the key factors to win the competition. The ancient fighting competitions were all irregular, and the fight was life and death. For example, the Colosseum in Rome used to be used for competitions. In the competition, players can use any moves, such as boxing, ancient Greek fighting, wrestling and other fighting techniques.
Modern MMA originated in the Vale of Brazil in the 1920s. Tudor Vale? Tudo means unlimited in Portuguese.
In Brazil, The Gracie Family initiated a new era of modern MMA movement in the early 20th century. They mainly use their family's self-defense technique-Brazilian Jiu Jitsu to participate in organizing competitions. Any martial arts can be used in the competition. There is no time limit for the competition, regardless of weight class. Games often last for hours, and the only way to win is to beat your opponent. ?
The Gracie Family introduced MMA to the United States in 1993, that is, the Ultimate fighting competition (? Fight? Championship (UFC). UFC allows any genre of martial arts (such as karate, judo, sumo, free fighting, etc. ) and Olympic events (such as boxing, judo, wrestling, taekwondo) to participate in the competition, and under the unified rules to decide which kind of kung fu is the best. UFC let the American audience see the contest of different fighting techniques in the same venue for the first time. Up to now, UFC has become the most influential MMA competition in the world and is recognized as one of the most entertaining and competitive sports events in the world. The success of UFC has been strongly supported by the international martial arts community. Now the champions of the Olympic Games and the World Championships, martial arts masters from all sides must participate in UFC. The success of UFC has promoted the development of MMA in the world, and MMA has become a global popular sport. At this point, MMA competition has become an official legal competition in all 50 States in the United States. In addition to the UFC competition once a month; There are nearly 100 different organizations in the United States that hold their own MMA competitions. ?
MMA campaign has been launched in Russia, Britain, France, Germany, Spain, Finland, Norway, Netherlands, Denmark and other European countries. In Asia, Kuwait, United Arab Emirates, South Korea, Taiwan Province Province, Thailand, the Philippines and other regions have also started to hold their own MMA competitions. It is particularly worth mentioning that Japan has now become another MMA developed country after the United States. PRIDE is the largest MMA organization in Japan, and it is tied with UFC as the world leader in MMA competition. PRIDE usually holds a competition in Japan once a month, and the audience alone reaches tens of thousands or more. Even Japan's K- 1 organization, which has always been famous for boxing competitions, has now begun to transform half of its competitions into MMA competitions. ?
MMA competition has gradually become the final development direction of the world fighting competition. Modern professional MMA athletes are all highly skilled players, and they have undergone many years of professional training. Nowadays, MMA athletes are all top players in the world. Former Olympic and World Championship champions wrestling, judo, karate, boxing and jujitsu formed an excellent MMA team. When we stand at the new starting point of 2 1 century, we will have a general view of world Wushu; Comprehensive Wushu competition has become the mainstream concept of all kinds of advanced Wushu competitions in the world today. ?
The safety of MMA?
Maybe when MMA is mentioned, some people will associate it with blood and violence. So is MMA competition safe as a worldwide legalized sport? For those who have not been trained by MMA, the comprehensive Wushu competition seems to be unsafe on the surface. In fact, this is a big misunderstanding. Modern MMA should be said to be a very safe sport, which maintains a fairly good safety record. In its 80-year history, there was only one death record (1an unapproved competition held in Russia in 998). In other sports, such as Sanda, boxing, wrestling, football and even tug-of-war, there have been many casualties. In fact, the exaggerated description of MMA movement is just a kind of commercial speculation, which is totally a stunt to attract more audiences. The following is a set of casualty statistics about MMA sports and other sports:
International Committee of Rehabilitation Fight (Japan's famous MMA competition organization):
482 games in six years?
Six years * * * 146 injury?
Injury rate 9.5% (five-minute round)?
So far * * * has counted 1 deaths?
American Amateur Boxing Federation (1998-2003);
There are an average of 25,000 amateur boxing matches and 5,000 professional boxing matches every year?
* * * 9 183 cases were injured?
Injury rate 30% (third round)?
Three people die every year on average (65438+ 0.3 per 65438+ 10,000 people)?
American football match (1998 to 2003);
On average, 12 athletes die from training every year?
On average, 8 athletes die in competitions every year?
On average, three athletes die of heatstroke every year?
An average of 250 thousand concussions a year?
1998 to 2003:
On average, 32 people die in car racing every year (from 1990, 260 people die, including 29 spectators and 5 children)?
Horse racing death 128?
Diving * * * Statistics 1 1 Death?
Seven people died in motorcycle race?
Skydiving Competition 123 Death?
55 people died in paragliding competition?
5 1 person died in the mountaineering competition?
The reason why MMA has such a good safety record is mainly because its rules are safer and more humane, and the injuries suffered by athletes are much smaller than those of other sports. In the past ten years, MMA has perfected its competition rules, which perfectly integrated the enjoyment and safety. ?
Take the fist rule as an example: only punches, elbows, legs and feet are allowed to attack in the competition, and the competition usually lasts for five to ten rounds. After the player is knocked down, the referee will spend a few seconds. This makes the players have to hit the key parts of their opponents many times in a row and win; And after being knocked down, there are still eight to ten seconds to resume the game. Poor players have to endure a few seconds of long rounds besides being KO or abstained. Because the head, face, ribs and other key parts are often hit hard, the common injuries of boxing and kicking athletes include concussion, facial bleeding, brain injury, visceral bleeding and other serious fatal injuries. Therefore, the record of high casualties and high risks in boxing matches is closely related to its rules. ?
The good security of MMA competition mainly comes from its reasonable and humanized design of competition rules;
In MMA competition, throwing and hugging can be used to subdue opponents, thus greatly reducing the number of blows. ?
The game will continue after landing. Players can use joint skills and twisting skills when controlling the position through ground combat technology, so as to achieve the goal of subduing opponents without bloodshed. ?
In the competition, players can take the initiative to admit defeat, and the attacker will stop attacking after the opponent admits defeat. So as to truly achieve the purpose of uniform without hurting people, which is a good embodiment of martial arts civilization. ?
Finger gloves in MMA competition are more convenient to use lighter injury techniques such as throwing, hugging, joint skills and twisting skills, and are thinner than boxing gloves, which not only prevents hand injuries when hitting, but also reduces the strength of players' hitting, thus improving the safety factor of the competition. ?
Cancel the rule of seconds after being knocked down in MMA competition. As long as the player loses consciousness after being knocked down, the referee can stop the game. This way, players will not play when they are not awake. ?
Therefore, players' injuries are generally soft injuries such as abrasions, lacerations or abrasions; Slight injuries to fingers, toes and face; Serious injuries are rare. ?
In a sense, modern MMA competition is actually a substitute for boxing competition. MMA sports not only successfully reduced the competition injuries, but also greatly improved the enjoyment and fluency of the competition. Therefore, MMA competition can be said to bring a revolution of safety and appreciation to the history of modern sports fighting.
Japan's MMA organization PRIDE has merged.