Historically, China is a country where agriculture is the foundation of the country. As early as the Neolithic Age, the Yellow River and Yangtze River basins where China ancestors lived changed from fishing and hunting economy to agricultural economy. Settled agriculture is the basic point for the formation and development of social structure in China. Animal husbandry and handicraft industry have been attached to agriculture for a long time, making agriculture the basis of social progress in social development. As the basic resource of agriculture, land has been in the contradiction between formal state ownership and actual private ownership in the long-term historical development. The trend of merger and the dream of land equalization system have been accompanied by the development of agriculture in China, thus forming a magnificent agrarian revolutionary movement in the history of China.
1. The land issue is the focus of most revolutionary movements in the history of China.
After the disintegration of public ownership of land in primitive society, the emperor's land ownership, "the world is big, is it king land", gradually evolved into land state ownership. The separation of land ownership and use right legalizes the disguised sale of land in the historical development, thus promoting a certain equivalent relationship between land use right and land private ownership. Therefore, "looking at the general situation of the evolution of land ownership in China, it is not difficult to find that the basic structure of land ownership in China is the coexistence of state ownership, private ownership and clan ownership. With the development of feudal countries, private ownership has become increasingly dominant. " () Private ownership of land produces yeomen, which makes small-scale peasant economy and landlord economy exist and becomes the root of land sales. Land sale not only consolidated the economic advantages of landlords, but also became the premise of land merger. The fragility and instability of small-scale peasant economy make land merger possible, and the price fluctuation caused by a single product of agricultural economy accelerates land merger. The landlord class strengthened its own strength through land annexation, and at the same time intensified land annexation activities. Land annexation also makes all social strata in China take land as the foundation, thus preparing the conditions for the landlord economy to control the social and economic lifeline in an all-round way. The combination of private land and small-scale peasant economy has promoted social progress in historical development, while land annexation and the development of landlord economy have destroyed the limited stability of small-scale peasant production and affected the stability of feudal society. Peasant uprisings around land issues are frequent, large-scale, long-lasting and extensive in the history of China, and one of the best in the history of the world.
Most peasant revolutionary movements revolve around the land issue, and the small-scale peasant economy is seriously damaged by land annexation. "Peace" and "equality" have become their ideals for society and land. Zhang Jiao initiated the Yellow Scarf Uprising with Taiping Sect, Huang Chao took "equality" as the slogan of the uprising, Li Shun and Wang Xiaobo demanded "equality between the rich and the poor", the Red Scarf Army put forward that "peace can be achieved only after killing without forgiveness", and Li Zicheng's "equal farmland" and "free grain" indirectly reflected farmers' demands for land. The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Uprising made the "celestial system", redistributed land to farmers according to the principle of egalitarianism, organized farmers to carry out revolution, and realized the dream of equal farmland. The history of fighting for land fully shows that in China, a society based on agriculture, most peasant revolutions are related to land, and the land issue has always been the focus of all previous revolutionary movements.
Two, China * * * production party's land revolution practice and land confiscation.
Modern China is a continuation of China in history. "The revolution in China is essentially a peasant revolution ... eighty percent of the population in China are farmers. ..... Therefore, the issue of farmers has become the basic issue of the China Revolution, and the power of farmers is the main force of the China Revolution. " (2) The main problem of the peasant revolution is the land problem, even under the conditions of modern society. 1840 years later, the imperialist powers adopted a series of unequal treaties, which made China begin a painful semi-colonial and semi-feudal course. In the process of China's transformation from traditional society to modern society, although the proletariat and bourgeoisie appeared, modern industry and commerce appeared. However, farmers, who account for the majority of society, have not improved their living conditions in social development. Imperialism, feudalism and bureaucrat-capitalism weigh on them like three mountains. The land problem is more complicated in the multiple contradictions of society, and the small-scale peasant economy is in jeopardy.
The Xinhai Revolution of 19 1 1 overthrew the imperial system that lasted for two thousand years and established the Republic of China, but the old democratic revolution did not touch the feudal land system. Although Sun Yat-sen, the forerunner of the revolution, also put forward the bourgeois land program-equal land rights, it is impossible to realize the idea of "land to the tiller" without leading farmers to participate in the revolutionary movement. The development of history shows that the peasant class could not solve the land problem by its own strength in previous revolutionary movements, and the modern bourgeois revolution could not solve the land problem of peasants. This difficult problem for thousands of years has historically fallen on the proletariat and its political party, the Production Party. The China * * * Production Party has been paying attention to farmers' land issues since its birth. 192 1 in July, the land issue was mentioned in the "China * * * Producers' Party Program" adopted by the first congress of China * * * Producers' Party. 1June, 922, in the First Opinion of the Producer Party of China on the Current Situation, the Producer Party of China further raised the issue of confiscating the fields of warlords and bureaucrats and distributing them to poor farmers. 1June, 923, the Declaration of the Third National Congress of the Producers' Party of China and the Draft Party Program of the Producers' Party of China formally put forward and discussed the issue of peasants and their position and role in the revolution, and used the concept of "poor peasants" for the first time, and adopted the first resolution on peasants in the history of the Producers' Party of China. Prior to this, the China * * * production party also began to lead and launch the peasant movement. 192 1 autumn, farmers' organizations in yaqian town, Xiaoshan county, Zhejiang province. 1922 on July 29th, Peng Pai organized a "six-member peasant association" in Haifeng county, Guangdong province. By the end of the year, the county has "established 12 farmers' associations, with a total of 2,760 households in 98 townships" (3). 1 92365438+1October1Haifeng county farmers' association was formally established, about 1/4 of the population in the county joined the farmers' association, and farmers were organized to fight for their own interests. Driven by Haifeng peasant movement, the peasant movement in eastern Guangdong developed rapidly. 1923 In May, after the establishment of Huizhou Farmers' Federation reorganized by Haifeng County Farmers' General Association, county farmers' associations were successively established in Lufeng, Huiyang and Zijin counties, and the peasant movement was further extended to Chaoyang and Puning. 1923 In July, Huizhou Peasant Association was reorganized into Guangdong Peasant Association. The peasant movement centered on Haifeng spread to most parts of Guangdong Province, and Guangdong peasant movement rose from then on, becoming the pioneer of the new peasant movement in China, which in turn triggered the peasant movement in China and opened the prelude to the modern agrarian revolutionary movement in China.
The peasant movement in Guangdong was at the forefront of the peasant movement in modern China, which was determined by the social, political and economic conditions in Guangdong since modern times. In the process of semi-feudal and semi-colonial China in modern times, Guangdong became the earliest and deepest area to suffer, and various social contradictions were concentrated and sharp. The dumping of foreign goods has seriously damaged the social economy, and a large number of farmers have gone bankrupt because of internal troubles and foreign invasion; Warlords scuffle, political turmoil, insecurity, rampant bandits, leading to social chaos, people can not live and work in peace; The social realities such as the landlord class's heavy rent and exploitation, the high concentration of rural land, the intensification of farmers' poverty and the difficulty of making a living have prepared conditions for the rise of the peasant movement. Guangdong people's rich historical tradition of resisting oppression, China's * * * production party's concern for farmers' issues and leadership of the peasant movement, and the formation of state * * * cooperation have all provided favorable conditions for the development of the peasant movement.
From 1924 to 65438+ 10, the Guangdong peasant movement entered a period of development, which began with the first cooperation between countries. By the end of 1924, there were farmers' associations in 14 counties in the province, and more than180,000 farmers joined. In order to promote the development of the peasant movement in the whole province and cultivate the backbone engaged in the peasant movement, Peng Pai and other producers presided over the establishment of the peasant movement workshop. Under the organization of * * * party member, the broad masses of peasants actively supported the revolutionary actions of the National Revolutionary Government under the leadership of the peasant associations, and the peasant movement also developed further in social changes. In May, 1925, Guangdong Peasant Association was formally established. As the first modern provincial peasant association in China, it marked the climax of Guangdong peasant movement. With the rapid development of peasant associations, the role of peasant associations in the national revolution is increasing. During this period, Guangdong peasant movement was among the best in all aspects of the country and played a practical guiding role in the national peasant movement. "It has influenced many provinces in the Yangtze River and Yellow River basins, and even some villages far away from Beijing have been influenced and helped by it, and farmers' associations have been established. (4) By May 1926, when the second farmers' congress was held in Guangdong Province, representatives from 49 counties out of 68 county farmers' associations attended the congress, and representatives from Guangxi, Fujian and other provinces 1 1 also attended the meeting. At that time, there were more than 620,000 farmers' associations in the province.
At the same time of the upsurge of the peasant movement, China's * * * production party has gradually deepened its understanding of peasant issues. 1924 in may, the central government expanded the resolution on the work of peasant soldiers for the first time, and proposed to pay attention to peasant issues nationwide. 1924 1 1 month, the party put forward the problem of attaching importance to the organization of farmers' associations and stipulating the maximum rent in the Fourth Opinion of the Central Committee on the Current Situation. 1925 1 month, the fourth congress of the party passed the Resolution on the Peasant Movement, proposing to guide farmers to consciously carry out economic and political struggles, carry out party propaganda independently, and establish party branches in cooperation with the state. At the enlarged meeting of the Central Executive Committee in early June of 65438+ 10, it was further pointed out that the Party organization should be consolidated in the peasant associations, and the slogan "Farmland belongs to farmers" was put forward, with special reference to the problem of land confiscation from farmers by big landlords, warlords and bureaucrats. In the letter to the peasants published at the meeting, the issue of revolutionary workers and peasants gaining political power was also raised for the first time. During this period, the Party, represented by Li Dazhao, Cai Hesen, Xiao Chunv, Mao Zedong and others, conducted a series of theoretical discussions and experience summaries on the peasant movement, trying to find a way out to solve the peasant problem. In the article Land and Farmers, Li Dazhao pointed out that "farmland belongs to farmers" is the urgent requirement of the poor farmers, and put forward his own ideas for realizing this slogan. Mao Zedong summed up the Communist Party of China (CPC)'s revolutionary practice and peasant movement work in recent years with articles such as Social Class Analysis in China and Peasant Class in China and its Attitude towards Revolution. 1July, 926, after the Northern Expedition began, with the Northern Expedition advancing to Hunan, Hubei, Jiangxi, Henan and other provinces, the peasant movement also developed rapidly wherever the Northern Expedition went. Mao Zedong, Peng Pai, Qu Qiubai and others published a series of articles and works to publicize the peasant movement, which effectively promoted the development of the peasant movement. Mao Zedong wrote a preface entitled "National Revolution and Peasant Movement" when editing the Series on Peasants' Issues, summed up the experience of engaging in peasant movement after the establishment of China * * * Production Party, and pointed out that peasants' issues were the central issues of democratic revolution. Peng Pai also published a book "Haifeng Peasant Movement" to introduce the situation of Haifeng Peasant Movement to the whole country. Qu Qiubai also expounded the importance of the peasant problem with the article "The Peasant Problem in the National Revolution" and put forward the leadership method of the peasant movement. Subsequently, Mao Zedong published "Investigation Report on Hunan Peasant Movement", which refuted all kinds of doubts and accusations against the peasant movement and summarized the peasant movement in Hunan. In the spring of 1927, when the peasant movement in some areas involved land issues, Mao Zedong invited Peng Pai, Fang Zhimin and other leaders of the peasant movement to hold a joint meeting in Wuhan, put forward a plan to solve the peasant land issues, and reported it to the Central Committee. However, the Party's Fifth Congress, chaired by Chen Duxiu, refused to discuss the suggestions of Mao Zedong and others, which made it impossible for the Party to formulate policies on land issues in time.
1927 in July, under the compromise of Chen Duxiu, the Kuomintang Rightists finally reacted and the vigorous Great Revolution failed. The failure of the Great Revolution also lost all the achievements of the peasant movement. Farmers' expectation of solving the land problem with the peasant movement in the national revolution cannot be separated from the support of their own political power. The failure of the Great Revolution also pushed the agrarian revolutionary movement onto the stage of China's modern history. A revolutionary movement characterized by agrarian revolution was initiated by the producers of China in the vast rural areas of China. The practice of agrarian revolution was first carried out in Hailufeng, Guangdong, one of the birthplaces of the peasant movement under the leadership of the Party. From 65438 to 0927, the people of Hai Lufeng, who had been at the forefront of the national peasant movement during the Great Revolution, held high the banner of the new-democratic agrarian revolution through three armed uprisings under the leadership of the Party. 1927 In April, after the Kuomintang Rightists launched "4. 12" and "4. 15" counter-revolutionary coups, Hailufeng Party led the peasant army to hold an uprising and set up provisional people's governments in two counties to oppose the reactionary acts of the Kuomintang Rightists. After the failure of the Great Revolution, the Hailufeng Party organization responded to the instructions of the central autumn harvest uprising, revolted twice in1September 927 and1kloc-0/October, and carried out the practice of agrarian revolution. 1927165438+10 In October, after the victory of the third uprising in Hailufeng, the Dongjiang Special Committee led by Peng Pai established the Hailufeng Soviet regime. At the Congress of Workers, Peasants and Soldiers held successively by Hai Lufeng, in addition to organizing the relevant work of the Soviet government, resolutions were also discussed and passed, such as confiscating land, killing all reactionaries, improving the life of engineers and soldiers, supporting martyrs, abolishing exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous fees, and women and youth issues. The case of land confiscation and the subsequent revolutionary action of land distribution opened a new historical chapter for the land revolution practice of China * * * Production Party.
Three. The Status of Land Confiscation Case in the History of Agrarian Revolutionary Movement in China
As the foundation of China society, agriculture is full of contradictions with the maturity of small-scale peasant economy and the high development of agricultural civilization in thousands of years of historical evolution. In the main melody of the history of China Agrarian Revolution, which was formed by the land annexation of the landlord class and the land struggle of the peasant class, the modern Agrarian Revolution in China, in which the China Production Party participated, presented an unprecedented historical picture. In this unique modern agrarian revolutionary movement, the appearance of "land confiscation case" has extremely important historical significance.
First of all, the case of confiscation of land declared the end of the history of the old agrarian revolution. The agrarian revolutionary movement in the history of China mainly originated from the contradiction between annexation and land equalization, and the main purpose of the agrarian revolution was to reduce the contradiction of land possession under the condition of private ownership of land. The result of every revolution is the adjustment of the amount of land occupied, but it does not solve the relationship between land as a means of production and producers and farmers. The "land expropriation case" takes "land belongs to nature ... only we farmers can cultivate and create ... so the reason for confiscating land and returning it to farmers is very justified" (5) as the reason for the emergence of this plan. At the same time, in the absence of practical experience and policy basis, Peng Pai's "no labor, no land; Without revolution, there would be no fields ",and the congress determined four criteria for dividing fields:" How many points are divided according to the number of people; According to the strength of people (old and young); According to the family's economic situation, there is no other income status; Divide the land according to its fertility. " These contents, which link land with producers, follow the principle of the relationship between workers and land and workers' participation in social revolution, and take care of all workers as much as possible on the basis of the interests of the majority, are not available in the traditional agrarian revolution plan. These revolutionary spirits embodied in the land confiscation case are fundamentally different from the essence of the previous agrarian revolutionary movement, and at the same time, they also show the understanding of the agrarian revolution in China in practice by the China Production Party with Marxism–Leninism as its ideological weapon. Therefore, the land confiscation case marked the end of the old agrarian revolutionary movement.
Secondly, the case of confiscation of land became the first land law implemented in the agrarian revolutionary movement led by the China Production Party. China * * * Production Party has been paying attention to farmers' issues since its establishment. In the process of leading the peasant movement, the agrarian revolution has gradually become the key to the peasant movement, and solving the peasant land problem is an important measure for the CPC to win the support of the general public. As far as the peasant movement in Hailufeng is concerned, the solution of the land problem was achieved by revolutionary means after two stages: a lasting rent reduction movement and a fierce rent resistance movement. From June 1922, when Peng Pai organized the farmers' association, to April 1927, during the national revolution, Hailufeng farmers organized themselves under the leadership of China's * * * Production Party to fight for rent reduction for a long time. From May 1927 to the failure of the Great Revolution, Hailufeng people, under the organization of China * * * Production Party, carried out armed resistance to rent, which laid the foundation for the subsequent uprising and agrarian revolution. The establishment of the Soviet regime in Hailufeng created conditions for the development of the agrarian revolution. The formation of the "land confiscation case" and the subsequent practice of the land division movement led the peasant revolutionary movement under the leadership of the China Communist Party to produce the first practice land law. Its appearance has accumulated experience for China * * * Production Party to lead the agrarian revolution movement, and also provided reference for the national peasant movement to carry out the agrarian revolution.
Third, the land confiscation case is the starting point of the new-democratic agrarian revolutionary movement. Under the aggression of imperialist powers, modern China was reduced from a feudal autocratic country to a semi-feudal and semi-colonial country. 19 1 1 The outbreak of the Revolution of 1911 ended the feudal monarchy that lasted for more than two thousand years and began the historical stage of the bourgeois old democratic revolution. In the process that the democratic revolutionaries headed by Sun Yat-sen set up a bourgeois democratic system country with the western countries as a precedent, the farmers' problem received some attention. However, political turmoil and the use of feudal remnants by imperialism have seriously hindered social progress. The old democratic revolution did not touch the feudal land system and mobilized farmers to participate in the revolution, so it was naturally impossible to realize its platform of "equal land rights". The May 4th patriotic movement marked that China society entered the stage of new-democratic revolution. China * * * production party as a proletarian party on the political stage, the social revolution in China has undergone fundamental changes. Launching the peasant movement to solve the peasant problem has become the main form of China's * * * production party to promote social progress. Through the continuous exploration of the peasant movement, the land problem related to farmers' vital interests has become the key issue of the new-democratic revolution. The land confiscation case, with the first practical plan of the agrarian revolution with the characteristics of the times, started the agrarian revolution action of the new-democratic revolution, which should naturally go down in history as the starting point of the new-democratic agrarian revolution.
In a word, it is beneficial and necessary to put the land expropriation case in the perspective of China history, China party history and China modern revolutionary history and fully understand its historical position.