The method of geography learning emphasizes "concept" and "digestion". When learning geography, we should pay attention to the study of concepts, digest, understand and absorb all geographical concepts one by one, leaving nothing to eat. Only when the concept is clear can the problem of judgment and reasoning be correct. It is necessary to list those concepts that are particularly confusing and compare their differences one by one. Such as celestial bodies and celestial spheres; Corona and prominence; Perihelion and apohelion; Angular velocity and linear velocity; Time zone and time zone; Short wave radiation, long wave radiation; Cyclones and air masses; Weather and climate; Cold wave and cold current; Minerals and deposits; Karst and lava; Ecosystem and ecological balance; Geological process and geological structure; Land, territory, etc. Of course, concept learning is not isolated, but should be carried out in the process of analyzing and solving problems. Grasp "reason", emphasize "understanding", start with basic knowledge, and go through "geographical principles" step by step. For example, the reason of uneven heat distribution on the earth's surface; The basis for the emergence and division of the four seasons and five belts; Monsoon and monsoon climate formed by sea-land temperature difference; The relationship between temperature and air pressure; The relationship between height and temperature and pressure; Causes of horizontal and vertical movement of air; Power and process of water cycle; Mechanism of occurrence and change of internal and external forces; Conditions of ecological balance; Effects of light, heat, water and soil on agricultural production; Factors affecting industrial layout; The unity of opposites between human beings and the environment and so on. Mastering these principles and laws, analyzing things will be convincing. Grasping "synthesis" and focusing on synthesis refers to the integrity and unity of the geographical environment, and refers to the internal relations among the elements of the geographical environment and their mutual influence and restriction. For example, why does the Amazon basin become the largest tropical rain forest in the world? This is not only determined by latitude, but also closely related to atmospheric circulation, topographic structure and ocean currents. Why does Western Europe become a typical temperate maritime climate? The influencing factors are also various. When analyzing problems in a multi-angle, multi-level, all-round and comprehensive way, efforts should be made in the following aspects: doing a number of comprehensive typical training questions in a planned way, and learning how to comprehensively consider problems from natural factors to economic factors. The geographical environment is a whole, so we should pay attention to the internal relations between the elements. Grasping "* * *" and emphasizing "individuality" geographical environment has both * * * and individuality. Therefore, in the process of learning, we should pay attention to the summary of things and the analysis of personality. Grasping "induction" and seeking "law" is a way of inductive reasoning, which induces universal laws from special geographical things. After observing and analyzing the ocean current systems in the Pacific Ocean, the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean, it can be concluded that (1) each sample has a complete ocean current system; (2) Except for the northern Indian Ocean, the currents in tropical and subtropical waters in the northern hemisphere move clockwise (anticyclone type) and counterclockwise in the southern hemisphere; (3) Every circulation system is warm in the west and cold in the east. The above conclusions are universal laws derived from the analysis of the three major ocean currents. Grasping the "general", pushing the "special", grasping the "comparison", finding the "similarities and differences", grasping the "calculation" and promoting the "intelligent" geographical calculation are the abilities that can not be ignored. In order to cultivate and improve the ability of geographical operation, the following classification exercises should be done; Conversion between scale and drawing distance and real distance. Conversion between local time and time zone. Calculation of absolute height, relative height and contour line. Calculation of vertical temperature. Calculation of solar altitude angle. Calculation of day-night conversion length between sidereal day and solar day. Calculation of population density and natural population growth rate. Calculation of various percentages, etc. Through repeated practice, master the calculation skills skillfully, and clarify the nature, characteristics and changing rules of geographical things from the calculation results. Mastering "map reading" and understanding "spatial map" has vivid and intuitive functions, which can cultivate the ability of observation, imagination, development of thinking and memory, and further understand the spatial distribution, spatial relationship and spatial combination of geographical things. In order to cultivate the habit of consulting and drawing maps, it is required that the maps in the book must be understood one by one, and learn to analyze and apply them. Make full use of picture books and fill in geographical things according to requirements and norms. Whether it is a plan, a three-dimensional diagram, a schematic diagram or a landscape diagram, it is required to draw a general outline to deepen the impression and memory.

Math:

Edgar faure, a well-known social activist and Director-General of UNESCO, pointed out in his book Learn to Live that the future illiteracy not only refers to those who can't read, but also includes those who can't learn. Bill Gates, president of Microsoft, also said: In the future world, wealth first depends on people's ability to learn and innovate ... For those who have the ability to learn and innovate, the new era is a world full of opportunities and hopes. The words of these two famous figures tell us that with the coming of the information age in 2 1 century, the ability of learning and innovation will become the most important condition for people's survival and development. Today's middle school students will show their talents in the 2 1 century. In order to meet the challenge of 2 1 century, we should not only improve our scientific knowledge, but also learn the methods of learning and research step by step to improve our learning and innovation ability. Mathematics is one of the most important subjects in the middle school curriculum. Learning mathematics well is a problem that most students are very concerned about. So how can we learn math well? First of all, you should be interested in learning mathematics. More than 2,000 years ago, Confucius said, "Knowing is not as good as being kind, and being kind is not as good as being happy." The "good" and "happy" here are willing to learn, love learning and have interest in learning. Einstein, a world-famous great scientist and founder of the theory of relativity, also said: "In school and life, the most important motivation for work is the fun at work." The fun of learning lies in the initiative and enthusiasm of learning. We often see some students burying themselves in reading and thinking for a long time in order to find a mathematical concept. In order to solve a math problem, forget all about eating and sleeping. First of all, because they are interested in mathematics learning and research, it is hard to imagine that they are not interested in mathematics. People who have a headache when they see math problems can learn math well. To cultivate their interest in learning mathematics, we must first understand the importance of learning mathematics. Mathematics, known as the queen of science, is an essential tool for learning and applying scientific knowledge. It can be said that without mathematics, it is impossible to learn other subjects well; Secondly, we should have the spirit of learning and the tenacity to learn well. In the process of in-depth study, we can appreciate the mystery of mathematics and the joy of learning mathematics to succeed. If you persist for a long time, you will naturally have a strong interest in mathematics and arouse your high consciousness and enthusiasm in learning mathematics well. With the interest and enthusiasm in learning mathematics, we should learn mathematics well, pay attention to learning methods and develop good study habits. Knowledge is the foundation of ability, so we should learn basic knowledge well. The learning of basic mathematics knowledge includes three aspects: concept learning, theorem and formula learning and problem-solving learning. To learn a mathematical concept, we should be good at grasping its essential attribute, which is different from other concepts; To learn theorem formulas, we should firmly grasp the internal relationship of theorem directions, grasp the applicable scope and types of theorem formulas, and skillfully use these theorem formulas. Solving mathematical problems is actually solving contradictions on the basis of mastering concepts and theorems and formulas, and completing the transformation from "unknown" to "known". We should focus on learning various transformation methods and cultivate transformation ability. In short, in the study of basic mathematics knowledge, we should pay attention to grasping the overall essence of knowledge, understanding its laws and essence, forming a closely related overall understanding system, and promoting the mutual migration and transformation among various forms. At the same time, we should also pay attention to people's ways, means and strategies to solve problems in the process of knowledge formation, and take mathematical ideas and methods as guidance everywhere, which is what we want to learn most when learning knowledge. Mathematical thinking method is a bridge to transform knowledge and skills into abilities, and it is a powerful pillar in mathematical structure. In middle school mathematics textbooks, there are ideas such as function, equation, combination of numbers and shapes, logical division, equivalent transformation, analogy induction and so on. This paper introduces the matching method, elimination method, method of substitution, undetermined coefficient method, reduction to absurdity, mathematical induction and so on. While learning math well, we should also learn from others. In mathematics learning, we should pay special attention to the cultivation of the ability to solve practical problems by using mathematical knowledge. The socialization trend of mathematics makes the slogan of "popular mathematics" sweep the world. Some people think that future jobs are for those who are ready to study mathematics. "Preparing for mathematics" here not only refers to understanding mathematical theory, but also refers to learning mathematical ideas and using mathematical knowledge flexibly to solve practical problems. To cultivate mathematics application ability, we must first form the habit of mathematizing practical problems; Secondly, we should master the general method of mathematizing practical problems, that is, the method of establishing mathematical models. At the same time, we should strengthen the connection between mathematics and other disciplines. In addition to the connection with traditional disciplines such as physics and chemistry, we can also properly understand the application of mathematics in economy, management and industry. If we study mathematics knowledge and skills in a down-to-earth manner, firmly grasp mathematical ideas and methods, and flexibly apply them to solving practical problems, then we are on the road to success in mathematics learning. How to learn mathematics well is one of the compulsory subjects, so we should study mathematics seriously from the first day of junior high school. So, how can we learn math well? This paper introduces several methods for reference: First, pay attention to the lecture in class and review in time after class. The acceptance of new knowledge and the cultivation of mathematical ability are mainly carried out in the classroom, so we should pay attention to the learning efficiency in the classroom and seek correct learning methods. In class, you should keep up with the teacher's ideas, actively explore thinking, predict the next steps, and compare your own problem-solving ideas with what the teacher said. In particular, we should do a good job in learning basic knowledge and skills, and review them in time after class, leaving no doubt. First of all, we should recall the knowledge points the teacher said before doing various exercises, and correctly master the reasoning process of various formulas. If we are not clear, we should try our best to recall them instead of turning to the book immediately. In a sense, you should not create a learning way of asking questions if you don't understand. For some problems, because of their unclear thinking, it is difficult to solve them at the moment. Let yourself calm down and analyze the problems carefully and try to solve them by yourself. At every learning stage, we should sort out and summarize, and combine the points, lines and surfaces of knowledge into a knowledge network and bring it into our own knowledge system. Second, do more questions appropriately and develop good problem-solving habits. If you want to learn math well, it is inevitable to do more problems, and you should be familiar with the problem-solving ideas of various questions. At the beginning, we should start with the basic problems, take the exercises in the textbook as the standard, lay a good foundation repeatedly, and then find some extracurricular exercises to help broaden our thinking, improve our ability to analyze and solve problems, and master the general rules of solving problems. For some error-prone topics, you can prepare a set of wrong questions, write your own problem-solving ideas and correct problem-solving processes, and compare them to find out your own mistakes so as to correct them in time. We should develop good problem-solving habits at ordinary times. Let your energy be highly concentrated, make your brain excited, think quickly, enter the best state, and use it freely in the exam. Practice has proved that at the critical moment, your problem-solving habit is no different from your usual practice. If you are careless and careless when solving problems, it is often exposed in the big exam, so it is very important to develop good problem-solving habits at ordinary times. Third, adjust the mentality and treat the exam correctly. First of all, we should focus on basic knowledge, basic skills and basic methods, because most of the exams are basic topics. For those difficult and comprehensive topics, we should seriously think about them, try our best to sort them out, and then summarize them after finishing the questions. Adjust your mentality, let yourself calm down at any time, think in an orderly way, and overcome impetuous emotions. In particular, we should have confidence in ourselves and always encourage ourselves. No one can beat me except yourself. If you don't beat yourself, no one can beat my pride. Be prepared before the exam, practice routine questions, spread your own ideas, and avoid improving the speed of solving problems on the premise of ensuring the correct rate before the exam. For some easy basic questions, you should have a 12 grasp and get full marks; For some difficult questions, you should also try to score, learn to score hard in the exam, and make your level normal or even extraordinary. It can be seen that if you want to learn mathematics well, you must find a suitable learning method, understand the characteristics of mathematics and let yourself enter the vast world of mathematics. Ten ways to learn math well: 1, preview before class and find problems. 2. Think hard, ask more questions and master the rules. 3. Use your brain and your hands. 4. Digest and consolidate and review old knowledge. 5. Carefully examine the questions and check them carefully. 6, pay attention to understanding, recitation and memory. 7. Use your brains to solve many problems.