What are the famous religious wars in history?
Anonymous | 20 13-08-02 | Share
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The most famous is the eight Christian Crusades. There is also the thirty-year religious war between Christianity and Protestant Catholicism. 1. Crusade (Latin: Cruciata, 1096- 129 1) is a series of famous religious and military actions launched by feudal lords and knights in western Europe against the eastern Mediterranean countries with the permission of the Pope [1]. At that time, Jerusalem, a holy place of Roman Catholicism, fell into the hands of Islam. In order to recover lost territory, Roman Catholicism made many expeditions to the east. However, some Crusades were aimed at other Christian sects besides Catholicism, not Islam. For example, the Fourth Crusade was aimed at the Byzantine Empire of the Orthodox Church. At the beginning of each Crusade, there was a ceremony of preaching, swearing and giving each soldier a cross. Members were appointed as church soldiers. Although the main target of the Crusaders was Muslims, this fanaticism was also vented on Jews in the Crusaders, who also persecuted and killed Jews. Crusaders left famous atrocities in the history of eastern and western churches. In modern times, Catholicism has admitted that the Crusades caused hatred and hostility between Christians and Muslims, which was a wrong act that tarnished the reputation of the church. 1 1 to13rd century, the Crusade lasted nearly two hundred years and mobilized more than two million people. Although the slogan is to defend religion and liberate holy land, in fact, it is mainly for political, religious, social and economic purposes to launch a war of aggression and plunder on the west side of Asia. Every group that participated in the Crusades had their own purposes. Even in the fourth Crusade in 1204, Constantinople, the capital of Byzantium, the Catholic brother Orthodox Church, was looted. Many feudal lords and knights who lacked land wanted to plunder the land and wealth of the rich East. Businessmen in Venice, Genoa, Pisa and other places in Italy want to control the commerce in the eastern Mediterranean and gain huge benefits; The Pope wants to merge the Orthodox Church and expand the sphere of influence of Catholicism. Many poor serfs and refugees oppressed by natural disasters and taxes were called upon by the church and feudal lords to lure them to the East to find a way out and a paradise. As The Birth of Europe pointed out, Crusades "provide an irresistible opportunity to win fame, collect trophies, seek new industries or rule the whole country-or just take glorious risks to escape from ordinary life." 2./kloc-The Thirty Years' War in the first half of the 7th century, a war that swept Europe with Germany as the main battlefield. It is the product of European countries' struggle for territory, throne, hegemony and various political contradictions and religious disputes. This war was basically fought by German Protestant princes Denmark Sweden France, supported by Holland, Britain and Russia. The Holy Roman Emperor, German Catholic vassals and Spain are on the other side, and they are supported by the Pope and Poland. The background of the war After the 3rd century A.D./KLOC-0, the imperial power of the holy Roman Empire under the Habsburg dynasty gradually declined, and the vassals of various states became independent. Under the cover of religious disputes, the princes who believed in Protestantism (Lutheranism, Calvinism) and the princes who believed in the old religion (Catholicism) formed the Protestant League (1608) and the Catholic League (1609) respectively to compete for territory and oppose the autocratic power of the emperor. Habsburg dynasty tried its best to restrict Protestant activities and strive for the revival of imperial power in the old vassal countries, which was supported by the Pope, Spanish and Polish nobles. In order to dominate Europe, France tried to keep Germany divided and supported Protestant princes to resist imperial power. Denmark and Sweden have always coveted German territory and ports in the North Sea and Baltic Sea. The Netherlands and Britain did not want imperial power to expand in northern Europe, and Britain also tried to weaken Spain's power. These countries all support the Protestant Union. 16 18 The Czech uprising against the Habsburg dynasty was the fuse of the Thirty Years' War. The Holy Roman Emperor Matthias (reigning1612 ~1619) attempted to restore Catholicism in the Czech Republic (Bohemia) and appointed Ferdinand II as the king of the Czech Republic. Ferdinand II banned the religious activities of Protestants, demolished their churches, and declared those who attended Protestant gatherings as thugs. 1665438+On May 23, 2008, armed men rushed into the palace and threw the imperial envoys into the trench from the window, which became the beginning of the Thirty Years' War. (See the color map of the Thirty Years' War-the event thrown out of the window (1665438+May 23, 2008))
The whole war is roughly divided into four stages:
① Czech-Pfalcz period (16 18 ~ 1624): After the incident of "throwing out the window", the Czech Republic got rid of the Habsburg dynasty. Popularize the law in the Czech parliamentary elections ... all started >
Enthusiastic users | 20 13-08-04
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All previous religious wars were wars between Spain and its enemies at the same time, which coincided with the period when Spain's national strength reached its peak. During the Renaissance, the people's feelings of the northern nationalities and the attitude of public opinion towards Italy were all reflected in this English proverb at that time.
Enthusiastic users | 20 13-08-04
Crusades; The Huguenot War in France; Thirty Years' War in Europe
Enthusiastic users | 20 13-08-04
Crusades, Czechoslovakia War, Thirty Years War in Europe.