After the war, the Japanese economy was democratized by the occupying forces, which laid a brand-new foundation for its rapid development. This economic democratization refers to "the disintegration of chaebol", "agricultural land reform" and "labor reform".
On the other hand, as far as the industry is concerned. Since 1947, several "inclined production methods" have been adopted, which put material resources, financial resources and manpower into coal and steel production. Since 1948, although Japan's economy has been accompanied by inflation, it has finally embarked on the track of economic recovery. In this period known as the "period of stability and panic", people are forced to save, and a large amount of funds flow into large enterprises. In this way, it helped the development of large enterprises, but it led to the closure of small and medium-sized enterprises, rising unemployment rate and intensified social unrest. At this time, the Korean War broke out in June, 1950. Due to the special needs of the war, Japan's production activities increased rapidly, and the real gross national product quickly recovered to the pre-war level of 195 1 year.
195 1 September signed a peace treaty, ending the occupation period. Then the Korean War came to an end, and the industry temporarily fell into a turbulent reverse recession. However, this is only a small breakthrough in the transition to high-speed economic development.
During the period of 10 from 1955, the real average growth rate of Japanese economy was 8%. For nearly1/4th century, Japan's economy continued to develop at the highest growth rate in the world. 1955, Japan's gross national product still ranked seventh among capitalist countries, but after 12, it jumped to second place in 1967. Japan, which used to be a "moderately developed country", is now called an "economic power".
There are many main reasons for the rapid development, which can be listed as follows:
1, post-war democratic reform.
2. Enterprises actively invest.
3. Rich and high-quality labor force.
4. High savings rate.
5. Actively introduce technology.
6. High quality education level.
7. Military expenditure is relatively light.
8, labor relations, social and political stability, etc.
Admittedly, in addition to the above reasons, people's ambition to "catch up with developed countries" cannot be ignored.
The most prominent feature of Japan's industrial layout is its coastal nature. Industry is mainly concentrated in the Pacific coastal areas, especially the so-called "three bays and one sea" areas, namely Tokyo Bay, Ise Bay and Osaka Bay, as well as the coastal areas of Seto Inland Sea. It starts from Kashima on the east side of Tokyo Bay in the east, passes through Chiba, Yokohama-Suruga Bay-Nagoya-Osaka and Kobe-Seto Inland Seas in Tokyo in the west, and finally reaches Kitakyushu, with a total length of 1000 km, including five industrial zones, including Keihin, Zhongjing, Hanshin, Setouchi and Kitakyushu, and their adjacent areas. It is an east-west banded region, usually called as. This area accounts for about 24% of the country's total area, but it has 60% of the population and the number of factories in Japan, more than 67% of the total number of workers, 75% of the industrial output value, 95% of the equipment capacity of large steel joint ventures, and more than 90% of the heavy chemical industry output value. In particular, the newly-built resource-based industries that consume a lot of raw materials after the war are distributed in this area and become typical representatives of coastal industrial zones. Pacific Industrial Belt is not only Japan, but also one of the most developed industrial zones in the world.
The main reasons why Japanese industry is highly concentrated in this belt-shaped region are as follows: First, most of the raw materials and fuels for Japanese industrial development depend on imports, and most of the products depend on exports. Facing foreign markets is the basic starting point of Japan's industrial layout after the war. In many professional docks along the Pacific coast, imported raw materials and fuels are often directly transported to the production workshop for on-site processing through automatic water delivery lines; At the same time, the products produced are also transported to all parts of the world by sea ships through export professional docks. Therefore, in this sense, ships and ports have become the sources of Japanese industrial raw materials and fuels and the sales places of products. This not only saves land, but also shortens the production cycle, and can obtain huge economic benefits. The change of geographical composition of post-war resources, that is, from pre-war and wartime mainly facing the Sea of Japan (such as China and North Korea) to post-war mainly facing the Pacific Ocean (such as Southeast Asia, Oceania, Europe, North America, Africa and Latin America). ), which is the direct reason why industry is increasingly concentrated along the Pacific coast. Second, give full play to the advantages of island location conditions. Japan has a long coastline and many excellent harbors along the coast, especially the Pacific Ocean, which is deep and wide, calm and has little tidal range. It is suitable for building giant ports and deep-water docks and is convenient for large or super cargo ships to berth. At present, the port areas along the Pacific coast not only provide convenient conditions for the import of raw materials and the export of products, but also the increasingly large ship structure leads to the low cost of maritime transportation. Third, although Japan's coastal areas are already very dense and land is scarce, in recent years, land reclamation here has made land prices cheaper, which is conducive to investment and factory establishment. Fourthly, the major coastal industrial zones are the areas with the most concentrated industries, cities and population in Japan, so they are also the largest consumers of industrial products in China, realizing the economic principle that the origin is close to the consumption place. Fifth, in the process of implementing the policy of focusing on developing heavy chemical industry, Japan has invested heavily in the construction of public facilities and added traffic lines in coastal areas, which has provided various convenient conditions for the layout of new factories. Japan's industrial distribution is highly concentrated, the overall imbalance, and the over-concentration layout is unreasonable; But as far as an enterprise is concerned, it has compact layout, less land, easy contact with other enterprises, reasonable technology and high economic benefits. However, after years of development, the original industrial areas in Japan have been crowded and saturated, and the problem of industrial redistribution has been put forward. The industrial distribution began to spread to other places, and the general trend was: (1) extended to the periphery of the original industrial zone and its peripheral inland parts, especially those technology-intensive industries; (2) expanding to consumer places; (3) tend to areas with abundant labor resources; (4) Establish local industrial strongholds in areas with backward industries. In addition, Japan invested heavily in overseas factories, processed raw materials locally, and then shipped semi-finished products back to Japan for reference: attaching importance to education, developing science and technology, attaching importance to the combination of science and technology and production, developing export-oriented economy, and introducing foreign capital and resources.
Learning from others means making full use of one's own advantages, vigorously developing science and technology and so on ~ ~ ~ ~