China has a history of reform and opening up for more than 20 years. However, Shacun, located in the center of the Pearl River Delta, has only been reforming and opening up for ten years. Before 199 1 years ago, the land of Shacun was expropriated by the state as a part of the new development zone, and Shacun is still one of the most isolated, ignorant and backward areas in rural Chinese mainland. After the land acquisition, real money, the dream of entering the city and the fantasy of continuing to make a fortune aroused great enthusiasm and hope of the villagers.

What makes people feel terrible is that the enthusiasm and hope of the villagers only lasted for about three years and then turned into anxiety and disappointment.

This survey provides a concrete example to illustrate how general ignorance and simple fantasy, especially the low-energy corruption of cadres and the illegal operation of power networks, play a role in the process of turning from hope to disappointment in some rural areas of China. It can be seen that the important concepts of tolerance and social justice are embodied in this changing process. We can also see that now is the time when the market economy requires new organization, scale and intensive development, but the original collective economy in rural areas has collapsed, and there is no sign that new economic forces will organize the rural economy. This has to make people sigh how long the road to modernization in China is.

There are more than 0/200 people in Sha Village/KLOC, a small number of them go out for employment or business, and rarely live in the village. There are three surnames in Shacun: Youcheng, Chu and Zhang, of which only Zhang comes from the same family. There are many factions of Cheng surname and Chu surname, which come from different regions. Sometimes, the same surname gets together through friendship or recognition of blood relationship, but no one in the temple recognizes the surname of the Sect.

Historically, the geographical advantages of the area where Shacun is located have not been discovered and utilized. Ten years ago, the area where Shacun was located was still isolated by water networks. There is no highway on the peninsula, only a dirt road leading to the county seat, which is basically closed, with no land, only mudflats and rocky hills. There are more than 40 quarries on 54 square kilometers of land. Such a dilapidated and closed place had no investment and development value in the eyes of the then government. If a famous foreign businessman hadn't decided to invest in the overall development here after many inspections, this area wouldn't be as prosperous as it is now. 199 1 After land expropriation at the end of the year, after ten years' efforts, the area where Shacun is located has become the transportation hub of the Pearl River Delta, and a beautiful modern coastal city stands quietly on the original rotten beaches and rocky ponds.

Shacun is next to the new town. There are rows of new buildings in the village, competing with each other. On the narrow village road, motorcycles are constantly flowing and private cars are shuttling back and forth. The villagers are happy to end the hard agricultural life, which can make the city people feel relaxed. However, villagers have no land, and their household registration status is "agricultural population", so they cannot enjoy the welfare of urban residents. Shacun has also been transformed into a "Shacun Management Area", but its power organization structure has not changed, only a signboard has been changed.

The new city is being built step by step, unlike many other emerging cities in China, which bomb buildings, shopping malls and factories in order to absorb foreign population. The construction of the new town is far from as fast as the villagers thought. With the rapid decline of the village collective economy a few years later, the enthusiasm of the villagers in the early stage of development gradually cooled down, and disappointment and confusion gradually increased. They didn't get rich overnight as expected, and enjoyed comfort forever.

All kinds of complicated and interesting stories are unfolded under this background.

First, land acquisition from other places: "At that time, the village had money."

The original cultivated land in Shacun 1 123 mu, plus the rotten land on the floodplain and mountains. , and the land of * * * is 1362 mu, which belongs to the town management Committee (hereinafter referred to as the management Committee) where Shacun is located. According to the document of the city where Shacun is located 1992, the compensation per mu is 12000 yuan, including "land compensation fee", "young crops compensation fee" and "labor resettlement subsidy". The land acquisition fee for Shacun * * * is 6.5438+06344 million yuan, excluding the young crop compensation fee and the labor resettlement fee of 5020,582.09 yuan, which is about 6.5438+065438+0323 million yuan. Upon the decision of the general meeting of the village branch and the approval of the general meeting of members, the villagers will be given 4,000 yuan at a time, and the living expenses below 16 will be paid to each adult in 300 yuan and 200 yuan in three years, starting from 1994. In addition to land acquisition, the source of funds also includes the contracted funds of four stone yards owned by the village and the circulating funds of the village plots.

There are about 230 acres of private plots in Shacun. According to the data published before 1995, the price per square meter varies from 250 yuan to 450 yuan. The receivable amount was RMB 22,077,804, and actually received RMB10,702,604. The collection of arrears and land transactions from 65438 to 0995 and beyond were not announced until 2000. In 2000, the Central Military Commission required all administrative regions under its jurisdiction to set up financial bulletin boards to announce construction projects, fixed assets, income distribution and land requisition. In the announcement form of land acquisition compensation income and expenditure of Shacun in June, 2000, 5438+065438+ 10, the receivable amount of land acquisition was 15085040 yuan, and the time of land acquisition was not indicated in the table, so the historical situation of land acquisition was unclear. Comparing the land requisition announcement form of 1994, it is found that the original land requisition amount is not reflected in the new form. 15085040 yuan, of which 9270 yuan is owed to 200 yuan in the announcement form of 1994. According to normal understanding, Shacun sold 20 mu of land from 1995 to 2000, with a receivable of 58 14840 yuan. (According to the list of land requisition and related information of seven administrative districts in the east of Nansha released by our bureau 1994130, Shacun sold 50 mu of land at the price of one square meter in 250 yuan in 1992 and about 120 at the price of one square meter in 450 yuan in 1994. It is more than double the 22,077,804 yuan announced by the village before 1995. This article uses the data published by the village).

From 1992 to 1995, Shacun actually got the land payment of 27,046,604 yuan. The villagers' monthly living expenses are paid from 1994 to 1996, because there is no money in the village. According to some villagers' estimates, since 1992, each adult has received about 13000 yuan from the village (excluding the compensation for young crops), and the current female director of the village Committee thinks there is 16000 yuan. Because the actual situation of financial revenue and expenditure in Sha Village is very sensitive, cadres will avoid the topic of funds, and even the financial management team recommended by the villagers dare not easily check the financial accounts of the village. This paper can only measure the retention of village collective funds through estimation. According to per person 16000 yuan, regardless of age 1200 people, the living expenses allocated to the villagers in the village are about19.2 million yuan. Four Stone Fields1paid in 1996 1789333 yuan, accounting for about 56% of the total income of the village in that year; 1997, the quarry paid 1.587 million yuan to the village, accounting for about 42% of the total income of the village. It can be said that the stone field is the main economic source of Shacun. According to the analysis of the existing public data, Shacun has been living beyond its income since at least 1996, and the contract money and other income of the quarry are basically used to pay for the daily affairs of the village and the education and medical welfare of the villagers. Therefore, the amount of funds available for investment held by village collectives is the cost of land acquisition minus the allocated amount. Based on the paid-in land acquisition amount of 27,046,604 yuan before 65,438+0,996, the village collective can invest about 7,846,600 yuan, plus 65,438+0,087, 520 yuan, which is * * 65,438+0,872,5438+0.

Knowing this figure clearly, we can understand a series of investment behaviors of Shacun people during the period of 1993- 1997 after land acquisition. All these investments depend on the psychology of having strong financial support. In the villagers' words, they were "rich people in the village at that time".

Second, invest in the black hole: "The collective has no money."

Driven by foreign capital, Shacun has embarked on a journey of modernization dramatically. A lot of money is like a dream. Shacun people have never seen so much money and have no experience in arranging the use of huge amounts of money. So, how do Shacun people use this money? What kind of results did you get?

At the beginning, the village Committee gave the villagers a heavy commitment, proposing that in addition to the monthly living expenses, there is also a housing subsidy of 20 square meters per person. For this purpose, the village Committee began to invite investment to build commercial and residential buildings. No one in the village objected, thinking that the future would be smooth sailing, with funds and just development, it would definitely make a fortune. Everyone was immersed in the dream of getting rich easily and didn't carefully consider the risk of investment.

The bottom floor of the commercial and residential building is designed as an independent shop, the second floor is a large shopping mall, and the third to sixth floors are residential. The village committee was contracted to a foreign builder at the price of one square meter in 760 yuan. This price is only the contract price of civil works, excluding various expenses such as filling, water and electricity, design and management. To realize the promise to the villagers, the village committee should subsidize at least 6.5438+0.824 million yuan, which is undoubtedly a heavy burden.

Despite the promises made by the cadres, the villagers are full of hope. This promise is still unattainable. 1When commercial and residential buildings A and B were completed at the end of 1996, the village committee's finance was already very weak, saying that "the collective had no money" and planned to sell the commercial and residential buildings, and the villagers' 20 square meters were ruined. The villagers were suddenly in an uproar, but they were helpless.

Although the commercial and residential buildings did not bring general benefits to the villagers, they made a small number of villagers easily earn money. When the commercial and residential buildings were first sold, no one in the village was in charge, and the secretary was very anxious. Later, Su Cheng, a villager who had been doing business abroad for many years, returned to work in the village committee and promised the secretary to sell them all within one month. He thinks that the commercial and residential building is next to the golf course, with good environment and low price, and there is no reason why it cannot be sold. Cheng invited a few friends from other places to the commercial and residential buildings for a few rounds, and specially walked around the village. When the villagers asked, he said that he had come to buy a house. This move is really clever. A friend he brought bought a set, and when the villagers heard about it, they came to ask. For a time, everyone thought that foreigners would come to buy a house. The village committee took the opportunity to introduce another policy, encouraging villagers to order commercial housing, paying only four floors, and the other six floors can be replenished after the villagers find foreign buyers. The two buildings were quickly sold out at the price of 780 yuan per square meter. Except for two or three households who live by themselves, all the villagers who buy houses are looking for buyers outside. These villagers have relatively more contact with the outside world and a wider range of people. Most of them have worked as village cadres or relatives of cadres, and sold their houses to guests in Hong Kong and Guangzhou through relationship introductions, earning an average of 10,000 yuan for a suite. The son of the village chief ordered three sets for resale, and sold them all in less than a month, earning more than 30 thousand.

The villagers saw the opportunity to make a fortune again, vying for the deposit to book the C building of the unfinished building, but this time they were unlucky and met the unfinished building. The doors and windows of building C have not been installed yet, and they have been put there. The villagers said that the village was in arrears with the contractor's project payment, and the contractor couldn't hold back and quit in 2000. Many owners of Building C are foreigners and have already paid the house payment. They can't move in for several years, and they have great opinions, but they are helpless. The village party secretary also avoided talking about this and paid little attention to it.

The contractor couldn't get the project money due to the village Committee and leaked the inside story of building to several villagers privately. He revealed that, on the surface, it was contracted by 760 yuan per square meter. In fact, the village only gave him 500 yuan, and now he is still in arrears with the project payment. At the beginning of bidding for commercial and residential buildings, the village tampered with the legendary contract for commercial and residential buildings, and the actual price was only 500 yuan. All the cadres involved are tight-lipped, and the accountants and cashiers of the finance office are relatives of the branch secretary. The village Committee will not let the villagers' financial management team audit the accounts, making this legend more secret and true. The news leaked by the contractor confirmed the villagers' guesses, but there was no conclusive evidence. But the failure of commercial and residential investment is an indisputable fact. Building A and B * * * spent RMB 6,297,664.20, while Building C has already paid RMB 65,438+0,506,748.94, and at least RMB 930,000 should be paid before settlement. Three buildings cost 78,04413.14 yuan, and the total income from selling buildings (including houses and shops) is only 38,59911.82 yuan, and the amount recovered is less than half of the expenditure. Although the second floor of each building has yet to be sold, it is unlikely to be sold at present because this floor is designed according to large shopping malls. In Shacun, a village that is neither a commercial area nor an entertainment place, such a design is absurd.

The cadres in Shacun blamed the failure of real estate investment on being too late. Whenever it is mentioned that the nearby Jincun property has been sold at a high price of 1200 yuan, they all regret not grasping the opportunity. No one seems to have reflected on the seriousness of investment. On the contrary, a group of villagers felt that they should not engage in real estate from the beginning, but did not examine it from the perspective of investment risk. Most people think that the real estate collapse is due to the corruption of cadres, and a few people think that they should have invested in setting up factories.

Another puzzling thing in Shacun is the carpet factory which is a joint venture with a company in Jiangxi. Carpet factory invested 1, 624,669.38 yuan from 1993 to 10. 1993 One day, a cadre of the management committee brought a Jiangxi boss to Shacun, and the boss indicated his intention to establish a joint venture with Shacun, which was welcomed by the cadres of Shacun village committee who were eager to attract investment. The boss has a carpet factory in Dongguan. The village committee soon organized party member to visit the carpet factory in Dongguan. Later, the village Committee cadres visited the general factory in Jiangxi. As soon as they came back, they held a party branch meeting and decided to continue the project. After signing the contract, Shacun contributed capital and Jiangxi manufacturers provided technology and workers. There is also a Hong Kong shareholder. Hong Kong shareholders have not really invested in carpet factories. In order to enjoy more preferential policies, the carpet factory became a "Sino-foreign joint venture" in his name. Shacun changed the original Great Hall into a factory building and bought a batch of equipment from Jiangxi. Only when the equipment arrived did I know that some second-hand carpet factories were still running, and people from Shacun and Jiangxi factories were in charge. The mayor and manager of Shacun village manage daily affairs, finance and sales, and Jiangxi people are responsible for producing products. Due to poor sales, this small semi-handicraft factory was quickly closed. The money invested disappears without the income. The village spent hundreds of thousands of legal fees to file a lawsuit with Jiangxi factory, and finally scrapped the equipment and materials. The investment is more than 6.5438+0.8 million, and after one year, there is still more than 1 10,000.

The villagers saw that the money was gone like being thrown into the water, and of course they wouldn't stop. The financial management team repeatedly asked for an audit, but the village Committee refused several times because the financial management team had no right to audit the accounts. The villagers argued and accused the cadres of "not being afraid to audit the accounts if they didn't do anything illegal." The conflict between villagers and cadres is becoming more and more fierce. The village cadres were afraid that things would not end well and instructed the finance office to come up with some accounts. The financial management team found that the whereabouts of a 380,000 yuan material was unknown, and the money was paid to the Jiangxi factory. The people in the financial management team claimed that they had never seen these materials, and they didn't understand why they had to pay the factory in Jiangxi.

1993, Shacun established a development company, with the branch secretary as the general manager and other branch members as the deputy managers, and recruited several employees from the villagers in party member to take charge of specific affairs. The expenses and income of the development company must be signed by the secretary. The commercial and residential building is one of the projects that the development company is responsible for. In addition, there are road construction, planning, filling and so on, all of which are the responsibility of the development company. The village has invested 940,000 yuan in the development company and raised 310.3 million yuan from the villagers to buy trailers and pile drivers.

During the period of 1993, the construction industry was very hot. The village Committee thinks that the rental prospects of trailers and pile drivers are good, and the development company can also get some projects. During the period of 1994, the economy was overheated, the country tightened the money supply, and the market began to weaken, especially in the construction industry. The leasing of trailers and pile drivers in Shacun village has been greatly affected. At the end of 1996, trailers and pile drivers began to stop in the open space in front of the village Committee and became rusty? Scabbers.

From May 1993 to February 1996, the development company made a profit of183,349,338+06 yuan. In recent years, * * * has paid dividends of 250,000 yuan to the village and villagers. Finally, the villagers' losses are partially subsidized by the village.

Shacun also started other small companies such as hydropower company, but only the development company survived. The fate of the development company is not much better. Due to the closure of the quarry in March 2000, the village Committee decided to lay off employees, and now only two employees work in the development company.

After several years of tossing down, all the investments made by Shacun have been lost, not to mention bringing benefits to the collective and villagers. What really brings income to Shacun is the traditional sideline of the village collective: stone field, litchi forest and fish pond, plus family planning fines and land transfer. Quarry is a highly polluting project, but its annual income accounts for about half of the total income of the village. In March 2000, the stone field was closed, and the collective economy of Shacun village fell into a trough, and the basic welfare expenditure was difficult to cope with. The villagers who participated in the cooperative medical system could not reimburse the medical expenses after seeing a doctor. Faced with this dilemma, the village committee said that it would actively find ways to increase its income, and called on the whole people to support the work of the village committee, so that * * * could survive these two or three years. However, the villagers are very skeptical about the commitment of the village Committee and are not optimistic about the direction of the collective economy. The economic crisis in Shacun failed to arouse the collective spirit of the villagers. On the contrary, the villagers feel that they should rely on themselves, not on the collective.

There are still several unclear plots in Shacun, * * * 15085040 yuan. I wonder if this money has been received? If not, I don't know when the funds delayed for six years will be recovered. If it has been collected, then the collective economy can be said to exist in name only.

Now we encounter a paradox: the reform and opening-up introduced the market mechanism, and the economy must develop to a new organization and scale, which is precisely the time when the original rural collective economy disintegrated. In addition, the rural economy cannot be reorganized by the past administrative coercive methods, and it is impossible for market forces to organize the agricultural economy into a modern collective economy. The key is the loss of resources, vague property rights and insufficient innovation motivation. Third, the Eight Immortals crossed the sea: the rich and the poor began to divide.

Villagers are not very clear about which fields are compensated by foreign land acquisition funds, nor do they know at what price foreign investors compensate the government. It is widely rumored in the village that high-quality land has been expropriated as general land acquisition, and the woodland requisitioned by golf courses has not been compensated so far. Therefore, some unemployed villagers in Shacun are dissatisfied with foreign businessmen. Although foreign capital has generally improved the living standards and quality of villagers in the area where Shacun is located, about 80% of the labor force in Shacun is employed in foreign-funded projects.

According to the land pre-requisition agreement (199 1) drawn up by foreign investors and the Municipal Bureau of Land and Resources where Shacun is located, foreign investors will compensate the Bureau of Land and Resources at the price of 66,000 yuan per mu for paddy fields, 33,000 yuan per mu for dry land and 65,438+0,000 yuan per mu for mountainous areas. Compensation fees include land compensation fees, young crops compensation fees, labor resettlement subsidies, ground attachments compensation fees, farmland water conservancy collection fees and ordering fees. What the actual situation is, because the information is not uniform, it is unknown. Collective investment has been defeated repeatedly, which has caused some people's village income to get into trouble; On the other hand, changes in the economic and social environment have given some people more choices and increased their income. In particular, some people have increased their income of unknown origin. The life of villagers in Shacun is gradually polarized between the rich and the poor. At present, there are more than two million rich people in Shacun who have built ancestral houses. There are also poor people who want to go to the grocery store for credit rations at the end of the month; As long as the husband and wife find a job, they will not worry about three meals; Both husband and wife have jobs, and their lives are smooth and comfortable.