From then on, China ancient academic circles followed Ban Gu, and hundreds of schools became "nine streams". Lv Simian, a modern man, added "soldiers and doctors" in his book An Introduction to Pre-Qin Learning, saying: "Therefore, pre-Qin learning can be divided into twelve schools: Yin and Yang, Confucianism, Mohism, fame, Taoism, vertical and horizontal, miscellaneous, agriculture, novels, soldiers and doctors. 」
Confucianists
Confucianism advocates "Zhou Li" and thinks that everyone should obey the rules and care for each other, so as to achieve a world of great harmony, that is, "benevolence." Benevolence is the core content of Confucianism. Its main contents are as follows:
Ethics: "Benevolence" is the general program of ethics and morality. Benevolence is love. The monarch mainly reflects the people's feelings, cherishes the people's strength and opposes tyranny. If we want to practice kindness, we need loyalty and forgiveness. "Loyalty" means doing one's duty; Forgiveness is pushing yourself and others. Advocate "ceremony" and "joy" to restrain people's behavior and cultivate their temperament.
Political view: advocating the rule of etiquette and law and restoring the rule of virtue in the Western Zhou Dynasty. People from all walks of life should do their part to achieve a harmonious situation of "Jun Jun, ministers, father and son", which is the concept of name recognition.
Concept of education: Confucius put forward the idea of "teaching without class" and advocated that teaching should not be divided into noble, humble, virtuous and foolish. He thinks "teaching students in accordance with their aptitude" is an ideal teaching method. He also advocates learning methods such as "reviewing the past and learning the new" and "drawing inferences from others".
Cosmology: holds the attitude of "preserving things" to the theory of ghosts and gods, advocates "staying away from ghosts and gods", but attaches great importance to ancestor worship.
Later, Mencius discussed "benevolence" with "the theory of good nature". "People and animals are different, and there is some hope. He believes that human nature is good and has four good ends: compassion, shame, resignation and right and wrong. If we carry them forward, we can become the virtues of benevolence, righteousness, propriety and wisdom.
Xunzi advocated the theory of "evil nature", holding that human beings are no different from animals, and that "hunger is full and cold is warm". If we obey human nature, it will inevitably lead to disputes. He advocates changing human nature through education, getting rid of evil and doing good. Xunzi emphasized that social order should be maintained through "ruling the country by courtesy", so that people from all walks of life can perform their duties and the society can be stable.
The "benevolence, righteousness, propriety, wisdom and faith" advocated by Confucianism has been highly praised by rulers and academic circles in past dynasties, and has become the core of China's traditional thought and the mainstream of morality.
On behalf of:
Confucius, Mencius and Xunzi
dao jia xue pai
"Tao" is the ideological center of the theory of "Laozi and Zhuangzi" and the foundation of everything. Tao is also endless. Taoism emphasizes that everything need not be forced, but should conform to nature and reach the highest state of Tao. Taoist spirit lies in spiritual detachment, not limited to formal drive, but only seeking freedom and spiritual openness. The following is the Taoist concept: world outlook: "Tao" is invisible, the absolute spirit beyond time and space, the highest ontology of the universe and the foundation of all things.
Political outlook: During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, wars continued and people's livelihood was difficult. People must give up bravado, wisdom, bravado and strength, return to the realm of pure ignorance, and govern by doing nothing, so that the world can be peaceful and stable. Finally, I hope to return to the primitive society of "small country with few people".
Outlook on life: everything has its opposite, and extremes meet. Therefore, people must be "content with few desires", "weak and indisputable" and "conform to nature", and abandon all the constraints of ethics and morality in order to avoid disaster.
On behalf of:
Lao Zi and Zhuangzi.
mohists
Shang Xian and the monk are the basic political programs of Mohism. Mohism and Confucianism are also called "outstanding studies". The following is the concept of Mohism.
Ethics: put forward "universal love" and think that love should not be divided into intimacy, superiority and inferiority, and hierarchy. He thinks the world is chaotic because people don't love each other.
Political outlook: advocating "Shang Xian" and "Shang Tong", advocating talent selection, eliminating class ideology, ruling the world, advocating "self-defeating" and opposing all wars of aggression.
Economic outlook: Oppose extravagant life, advocate frugality, and put forward the ideas of "saving money", "saving burial" and "being unhappy".
Cosmology: put forward "fate", thinking that fate can not dominate people's wealth, emphasizing that it can be changed through the efforts of the day after tomorrow. In order to seek blessings and avoid disasters, he also advocated "respecting heaven" and "treating ghosts".
Because Mohism, from its founder Mozi to its main representatives, is a literati at the bottom of society, Mohism can better understand the miserable life of working people in war-torn society. Therefore, compared with the excessive emphasis on "courtesy" in Confucianism, Mohism pays more attention to diligent and thrifty living habits, and is not stingy with low-level labor. It is humiliated by Confucian scholars as "the art of prostitution", the deviation in life and the opposition in position, and the ideological comparison.
On behalf of:
Mozi
Legalist school
Legalism is the most important school among the pre-Qin philosophers, which advocates "ruling the country according to law" and puts forward a set of theories and methods. This provided an effective theoretical basis for the later establishment of the centralized Qin Dynasty. Later, the Han Dynasty inherited the centralized system and legal system of the Qin Dynasty and became the political and legal subject of the ancient feudal society in China.
Legalists attach importance to the law, oppose Confucian "rites", oppose the hereditary privilege of nobles monopolizing economic and political interests, demand private land, and award official positions according to their merits and talents. The function of law is to "resolve disputes", that is, to clarify the ownership of objects. "Making meritorious deeds and being afraid of violence" encourages people to make meritorious deeds and makes those who are lawless feel afraid. The ultimate goal of meritorious service is to make Qiang Bing rich and win the annexation war.
Legalists oppose conservative retro ideas and advocate reform. They believe that history is moving forward and all laws and systems should develop with the development of history. They can neither go back to the past nor put forward the view that "breaking the law is not from the present". Han Fei, on the other hand, collected the Mahayana of Legalists and put forward the idea of "controlling the chaos of those who are not easy", satirizing the conservative Confucianism as a fool waiting for him.
Shang Yang, Shen Dao and Shen Buhai advocated attaching importance to law, potential and technique respectively, each with its own characteristics. Han Fei put forward the idea of combining the three closely. Law refers to perfecting the legal system; Potential refers to the power of the monarch, who should be in charge of military and political power alone; Art refers to the strategies and means of controlling ministers, mastering political power and implementing laws and regulations, mainly to find and prevent the offence of insurrection and safeguard the status of the monarch.
On behalf of:
Han Fei and Shang Yang
Logician school
Famous scholars are a school that advocates "seeking fame and responsibility" and "seeking responsibility by correcting names", that is, "correcting right and wrong with each other to make it worthy of the name". During the Warring States period, the situation was turbulent and chaotic. Many ceremonies exist in name only. Famous artists come out from this, emphasizing that things should be "worthy of the name", so that everything in the world can be on the right track.
It is a kind of logic that famous artists pay attention to the relationship between "name" and "reality". The difference between famous artists and various schools lies in the method of "correcting their names" They mainly analyze things based on logical principles, and the content of the debate is mostly philosophical issues unrelated to political practice. Therefore, in China's 5,000-year academic biography, the theories of famous scholars have been branded as "sophistry".
The decline of famous artists is not only because they can't get the support of their superiors, but also because their disciples can't express the innovative ideas of their predecessors.
Representative figure
Gong Sunlong, Hui Shi.
the Yin-Yang School
On the view of nature, Yin and Yang scholars put forward the theory of universe evolution by using the concept of Yin and Yang in Zhouyi. Based on the division of Kyushu in Historical Records, this paper puts forward the theory of "Great Kyushu", and holds that China is a red China with a small Kyushu inside and one of the "Great Kyushu" outside.
In the view of history, the concept of five elements in Shangshu has been transformed into "the end of five virtues", also known as "the transfer of five virtues". "Five virtues" refers to the attributes of the five elements, namely, earth virtue, wood virtue, benevolence virtue, water virtue and fire virtue. Yin and Yang believe that everything in the universe corresponds to the five elements, each with its own virtues, and the operation of heaven, the change of the world and the replacement of dynasties are all the results of the "five virtues transfer". Its purpose is to show the social changes at that time.
In terms of political ethics, Yin and Yang scholars believe that "benevolence and frugality are the only things that a monarch, a minister and six relatives can do" and agree with the Confucian theory of benevolence and righteousness. At the same time, it emphasizes "harmony between yin and yang", including some knowledge of astronomy, calendar, meteorology and geography, which has certain scientific value.
There were still some Yin and Yang families in the early Han Dynasty. After a hundred schools of thought contended in Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, some contents were integrated into the Confucian ideology, and some contents were absorbed by primitive Taoism. As an independent school, the family of Yin and Yang disappeared.
On behalf of:
Zou Yan
Vertical and horizontal
"Vertical" means vertical, and "horizontal" means Lian Heng.
The so-called "combination" refers to the diplomatic strategy of Qi, Chu, Yan, Han, Zhao and Wei jointly resisting Qin during the Warring States Period.
The so-called "Lian Heng" refers to the diplomatic strategy of the above-mentioned six countries to form an alliance with Qin.
The origin of "vertical" and "horizontal" is said to be because the north-south direction is called "vertical" and the east-west direction is called "horizontal". The six-nation alliance is a north-south alliance, so it is called "alliance"; The six countries formed an alliance with Qin respectively, which was an East-West alliance, hence the name "Lian Heng". The so-called "strategist" refers to those who advocate "integration" or "Lian Heng" diplomatic strategy.
Su Qin and Zhang Yi are the most famous strategists. Without Su and Zhang, there would be no He Zong and Lian Heng, and naturally there would be no so-called vertical and horizontal scholars and strategists. The theories of Su Qin and Zhang Yi are scattered in history books, but there are few monographs.
On behalf of:
Su Qin, Zhang Yi
eclecticism
Strictly speaking, "sage" is not a conscious and inherited school, so he does not pretend to be a "sage" school. This school was officially named after Lu Chunqiu was classified as a "miscellaneous school" for the first time in Hanshu Yiwenzhi.
During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, a hundred schools of thought contended, and each school had its own countermeasures and ideas for governing the country. In order to defeat other schools, each school absorbed the theories of other schools more or less, or attacked each other or made up for the defects of their own theories. However, any school also has its own characteristics and strengths, and the "miscellaneous school" is to make full use of this feature, learn from others' strengths, and become a set of ideologically inclusive but practical strategies for governing the country.
On behalf of:
lv buwei
Agricultural family
Farmers flowed out of their official positions in planting millet. His words were repeated 100 times, and he advised farmers and mulberry trees to get enough food and clothes. So there are eight strategies: one is grain, and the other is goods. Even Confucius said, "What people value is food. Therefore, it can be seen that this is its strength.
Farmers advocate co-cultivation with the people, and then talk about co-cultivation with the people. This can be said to be a great concept of freedom and equality, so it will inevitably arouse the opposition of Confucian scholars who attach importance to "correcting the name" and think that this is a disorderly order that abandons the righteousness of monarch and minister and favors the interests of agricultural crops.
Because agricultural books are mostly the skills of cultivating nursery, rather than learning theory, they can be exempted from Qin Shihuang's book burning order. However, its highest ideal is to cultivate with the people. Although it was the slogan of an equal class, it was not allowed to be used by Confucianism, so too many people died.
On behalf of:
Xu Hang
novelist
Novelists come from officials, that is, people who tell stories for a living. Its meaning is mostly created by street gossip and hearsay. It is spread and recited by people, and the beauty of poetry is explored in the grass.
In ancient times, people regarded saints as books, history as poems, workers recited admonitions, doctors taught them, scholars spread rumors, and Shu Ren slandered them. In Meng Chun, I went to Muduo to listen to folk songs, and toured the province to observe people's poems to understand customs. Correct it if it passes; Correct if you lose; If you hear hearsay, you will never finish your discipline.
Novelists can represent four customs of civilian society. But because of its path, it was ignored by the world and eventually destroyed.
On behalf of:
Yuchu
Military strategist
Military strategists are the general names of ancient military strategists and strategists in China, and also refer to the schools that studied strategy and war in the pre-Qin period. The important works of military strategists include Sun Tzu's Art of War, Woods, Sun Bin's Art of War, Sima Fa, Liu Tao, Sanlve and Wei Liaozi.
The master strategist is Sun Wu's The Art of War. China's military strategists have been valued since ancient times. The development of the art of war in China has a long history. Sun Tzu's Art of War originated in the Western Zhou Dynasty and matured in the Spring and Autumn Period.
How to grasp the war from a macro perspective is the key to Sun Tzu's Art of War. War is a continuation of politics, which is related to the life and death of a country or a nation or being enslaved by others. Sun Tzu's Art of War can also be regarded as a guide to how to govern the country and formulate national strategies. It is also a book about how to lead troops to fight and formulate war strategies and tactics.
On behalf of:
Sun Wu, Sun Bin
doctor
The formation of China's medical theory lasted more than 700 years from the second half of the 5th century BC to the middle of the 3rd century AD. In the second half of the 5th century BC, China began to enter the feudal society. The transition from slave society to feudal society and the establishment of feudal system was a turbulent period in the history of China. Social system reform has promoted economic development, and new situations have emerged in the fields of thought, science and culture, including the development of medicine. Doctors generally refer to all people who practice medicine.
On behalf of:
Bian Que