There are 140 stone guardrails on both sides of the bridge, and there are * * * 50 1 lying stone lions on the stigma (data provided by the cultural relics protection department of Lugouqiao), which are different in expression and lifelike. There is a white marble tablet in the pavilion in the east of Qiaodong, titled "Lugou Xiaoyue", which is one of the eight scenic spots in Yanjing. In particular, the construction method of piers and abutments is quite distinctive. The pier is boat-shaped, and the water facing the pier is built as a diversion point, which is shaped like a pointed bow and is used to resist the impact of running water. The stone carvings on the bridge are very beautiful. There are 28 1 columns on the stone carving guardrail of the bridge, with the height of1.4m. Lotus leaf piers are carved on the stigma, and many stone lions are carved on the top of the columns. Numerous stone lions of different sizes and shapes are carved on the watchpost. There is a folk fable saying: "There are countless stone lions in Lugou Bridge", and the Ming Dynasty's "A Brief History of Emperor Scenery" also records that there are countless stone lions in Lugou Bridge. Many tourists want to find out this figure, but they are dazzled by counting it and finally have to give up. 1962, the relevant departments specially sent people to make an inventory, registered one by one, and counted 485 large and small stone lions. At this point, it should be said that it is a mystery. Unexpectedly, in the review of 1979, 17 was found again, so the total number of stone lions should be 502. Whether it will be found in the future, no one dares to draw a full stop
Italian traveler Kyle? Poirot praised "this is the best and unique bridge in the world" in his travel notes. Qiaodong is Wanping County, which was built in the 11th year of Chongzhen in Ming Dynasty (1638). 1on July 7, 937, Japanese imperialism launched a full-scale war of aggression against China here. The defenders of China, the ancient city of Wanping, rose up to resist, which was called "Lugouqiao Incident" (also known as "July 7th Incident").
The famous architect Luo Zeng described these beautifully carved and lifelike stone lions in the article "Lugou Bridge": "... some look up at the sky; Some eyes are focused on the bridge deck; Some turned their heads to face, as if talking; Some are raising lions, as if calling softly; There is a stone lion in the south-east of the bridge, and one ear stands high, as if listening to the flowing water and the words of passers-by under the bridge ... It is really varied and vivid. " Famous bridges in the world are good at winning races, but Lugou Bridge is famous at home and abroad for its superb bridge-building technology and exquisite stone lion carving, which is a great spectacle at all times and in all countries.
history
Lugou Bridge was built in June in the 29th year of Jin Dading (A.D. 1 189) and completed in March in the 3rd year of Ming Chang (A.D. 1 192). The total length is 266.5m and the width is 7.5m The number of culvert holes is 1 1. There are 140 sentries on both sides of the stone guardrail, and stone lions are carved on the stigma, with different shapes. According to the records, there were 627 original books, and there are 50 1 book. [1] Most of the stone lions belong to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, and there are also a few remains from the Jin and Yuan Dynasties. "Lugou Xiaoyue" has been listed as one of the eight scenic spots in Yanjing since the reign of Jin Zhangzong.
Lugou Bridge was rebuilt in the 9th year of Xiaoyue Monument in Lugou (AD 1444). During the reign of Kangxi in the Qing Dynasty, the Yongding River flooded and the bridge was damaged. Reconstruction in 1698, Kangxi ordered a monument to be erected at the west end of the bridge to describe the reconstruction of Lugou Bridge. At the eastern end of the bridge, there is a "Lugou Xiaoyue" tablet inscribed by Qianlong. A.D. 1908, after the death of Emperor Guangxu of Qing Dynasty, he was buried in Qing Xiling, Yixian County, Hebei Province, and had to cross Lugou Bridge. Because of the narrow bridge deck, the stone fence beside the bridge had to be removed and a wooden bridge built. Later, the stone fence was restored to its original state.
1On July 7th, 937, Lugouqiao "July 7th Lugouqiao Incident" became the starting point of China's eight-year national War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. After the founding of the People's Republic of China, the bridge deck was paved with asphalt, the footpath was widened and the stone lion pavilion was restored. 196 1 year, Lugouqiao and nearby wanping county were announced as the first batch of national key cultural relics protection units. 197 1 year, the new Lugou Bridge, which was built to protect Lugou Bridge and reduce its traffic volume, was completed, but Lugou Bridge continued to undertake transportation tasks. The Lugou Bridge Historical Relics Restoration Committee was established in 1986 to restore the original appearance of Lugou Bridge. The asphalt paved after 1949 and the footpath widened by 1967 were demolished, which restored the original appearance of the ancient bridge, and at the same time moved the traffic of motor vehicles to the adjacent Lugou New Bridge and the later Beijing-Shijiazhuang Expressway.
Repair of Lugou Bridge
From the tenth year of Yongle in Ming Dynasty (A.D. 14 12) to the thirty-fourth year of Jiajing (A.D. 1555), the bridge was built six times. 6 times without major projects.
In the Qing Dynasty, from the first year of Kangxi (A.D. 1662) to Guangxu, * * * built bridges seven times, five of which were smaller and only two were slightly larger.
In A.D. 1908, after the death of Emperor Guangxu of the Qing Dynasty, he was buried in Xiling, Yixian County, Hebei Province, to cross this bridge. Due to the narrow bridge deck, the stone fences on both sides of the bridge had to be temporarily removed, and wooden bridges had to be built on both sides to pass the coffin smoothly. Later, the stone fence was restored to its original state.
Yu ti Bai Yu Bei
From 1908 to 1949, there was no overhaul project for Lugou Bridge, only railings and stone lions were added in some places. After the founding of New China, the people's government paved the bridge deck of Lugou Bridge with asphalt, and repaired the pavilions, stone fences and column lions on the bridge. At 1967, more than 400 meters of sidewalks were widened and 59 concrete beams were built. From 65438 to 0986, the Beijing Municipal Government established the "Lugouqiao Historical Relics Restoration Committee" to carry out activities to protect the ancient bridge and restore its original appearance. Make overall plans, mobilize all sectors of society and organize emergency repairs. The project raised 3.55 million yuan. This project demolished 1967 to widen the sidewalk and concrete cantilever beam, and reinforced the original stone fence sentry box; The asphalt was removed and the bridge deck was repaired; At the same time, the ancient city of Wanping was repaired and the tower was restored. And comprehensively improve the pier. All sentry boxes, railings, ground coverings, bridge decks, huabiao, stone tablets, etc. of the ancient bridge are also protected from local weathering and leakage. When the bridge deck is renovated, there is a roof filling in the middle, which completely preserves the original state of the ancient bridge. From June 65438 to June 0997, some stone lions and watchtowers damaged by lightning were repaired and remedied. 197 1 year, in order to protect the old Lugou Bridge, a famous ancient bridge at home and abroad, Beijing built a new Lugou Bridge about one kilometer away from the old Lugou Bridge. This is a river-crossing highway bridge with a span of 17, with a total length of 54.99m and a width of15.5m..
At the eastern end of the bridge is Wanping County, an arch city built to defend Kyoto in the late Ming Dynasty. 1The Lugouqiao Incident broke out here on July 7th, 937, which ignited the raging fire in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, and there are still many bullet marks on the city wall. Now, wanping county has become a monument with great historical significance. There is a China People's War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression Memorial Hall in the north of the city. The east of the city became the "War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression Martyrs Cemetery". There are the July 7th Incident Memorial Hall and the China Ancient Bridge Exhibition Hall on the rostrum.
Lugouqiao is a national key cultural relics protection unit.
The July 7th Incident was also called "Lugouqiao Incident" (Lugouqiao Incident/Lugouqiao Incident/Lugouqiao Incident/Liujiaqiao Incident).
brief introduction
In order to monopolize China, Japanese imperialism launched a long-planned full-scale war of aggression against China. 1On the night of July 7, 937, the Japanese army entered Wanping County, southwest of Beiping, on the pretext that a soldier was missing. Defenders in China rejected this unreasonable demand. The Japanese opened fire and stormed the Lugou Bridge, attacking the defenders of China in the city. China Garrison 29th Military Discipline Xingwen Group fought back. It started the national War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. 193 1 Since the September 18th Incident, the Japanese invaders invaded the northeast of China, and in order to further provoke a full-scale war of aggression against China, they successively sent troops into the customs. By 1936, the Japanese army had surrounded Beiping (now Beijing) from the east, west and north. From June 65438 to June 0937, the Japanese troops stationed in Fengtai held provocative military exercises continuously. 1937, the Japanese invaders launched the July 7th Incident (also known as the Lugouqiao Incident), and Japan began its full-scale invasion of China, and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out.
Brief description
1On the night of July 7th, 937, 10, the Japanese army conducted military exercises near Lugou Bridge (known as Kelpolo Bridge in the west) more than ten kilometers away from Peiping (now Beijing), provoking the defenders of China. The Japanese lied that a soldier was missing and asked to search in Wanping County near the bridge. After being rejected, he shot at Wanping County and Lugouqiao. On the morning of July 8, the Japanese army surrounded Wanping County and launched an attack on the defenders of China in Lugouqiao. The officers and men stationed in 29 army, China, dealt a heavy blow against the Japanese invaders. Head Ji Xingwen went to the front to direct operations. A soldier killed and wounded 13 Japanese soldiers with a broadsword in succession, and he himself died heroically. A company soldier stationed in the north of Lugou Bridge ended up with only four people. In the early morning of the 9th, 29 army recovered the lost land on the east bank of Yongding River.
Time of occurrence: 25 years of the Republic of China.
Missing soldier: Shimura Kijiro.
Cause of disappearance: diarrhea.
Missing time: 20 minutes.
The culprit: tojo hideki.
Attackers: Masataka Shimizu, Mu Yi Masataka Shimizu, etc.
Defenders of China: 29 army's "Sword Team", the military song "March of the Sword", the commander Song, and the deputy commander Tong (the first senior general killed in the war against Japan).
background
The July 7th Incident was deliberately created by Japanese imperialism to realize its ambition of annexing China, and it was the beginning of its full-scale invasion of China. It is a long-term policy of Japanese imperialism to invade China in an all-round way and establish colonial rule in China.
As early as the Meiji Restoration, while establishing the modern emperor system, Japan quickly embarked on the militaristic road of expansion and aggression, and formulated the so-called "mainland policy" with China and North Korea as the main targets of aggression. At the beginning of the 20th century, after the Russo-Japanese War, Japan replaced Russia, expanded its colonial power in the northeast of China, stationed the Kwantung Army, established the colonial organization "Nanman Railway Company", and used the northeast as the base for colonial expansion in China.
During the First World War, Japan used western powers to spare no effort to look eastward, trying to expand its aggression against China, sending troops to Shandong, coercing Yuan Shikai to accept the "Article 21" of Japan's attempt to annex China, and extending its claws of aggression to Chinese mainland. After World War I, Japan tried to get rid of the political and economic crisis by plundering China, North Korea and other Asian countries, and made a careful invasion plan at the "Oriental Conference" in 1927. 193 1 08 September 18, the Japanese launched the "September 18th Incident" and launched a surprise attack on the northeast of China, occupying the whole northeast in more than three months. The following year, the Japanese attacked Shanghai (1? The 28 th Incident), and captured a large area of land in North China, bullied Peiping and Tianjin, established a pseudo-"Manchukuo" in Northeast China, and engaged in the so-called "autonomy movement" in North China in an attempt to occupy these areas for a long time. After 1936, the overall strategic plan "National Policy Benchmark" formulated by Japan, Japan held a "general officer exercise" to explain the war arrangements for launching a full-scale war of aggression against China to the general officers who participated in the exercise.
Since then, Japan has sent more troops to the northeast of China, dispatched elite Kwantung Army to Beiping and Tianjin, and frequently held military exercises to provoke and wait for an opportunity to wage war. 1On July 3, 937, tojo hideki, chief of staff of the Kwantung Army, proposed to the Japanese government to immediately strike China, and then launched the July 7th Incident. On July 9, China and Japan reached an oral ceasefire agreement. But at the same time, the Japanese army took the opportunity to transfer more than 20,000 troops and 100 planes from northeast China and North Korea to North China. /kloc-in July of 0/7, the Chief of Staff of the Japanese Army formulated the "Operational Guidelines for China when Exerting Force in North China", and the Japanese government decided to mobilize 400,000 troops in an attempt to destroy China by force.
pass by
1 On the afternoon of July 7th, 937, the Japanese North China Guard1The 8th Squadron of the 3rd Brigade of the United Front, led by Captain Masataka Shimizu, went to the area between Huilongmiao and Dawayao, which was close to China's garrison station in Lugouqiao. At 7: 30 in the evening, the Japanese army began to exercise. At 22: 40, the Japanese army claimed that gunfire came from the exercise area and a soldier (Shimura Kijiro) was "missing", and then forcibly entered the ancient city of Wanping, the garrison station in China. The 2 1 10 brigade of the 37th Division in 29 army, China refused. While deploying the battle, the Japanese army pretended to negotiate with China under the pretext of "artillery fire" and "missing soldiers". At around 24: 00, Jicha authorities received a phone call from Taihei Matsui, the head of the Japanese secret service in Peiping. Matsui said: Yesterday, the Japanese army was practicing outside Lugouqiao. When they heard the gunshots, they immediately stopped the team and found a soldier missing. The gunman suspects are China's troops stationed in Lugouqiao. They believe that the gunman has entered the city and demand an immediate search in the city. The Chinese side allowed Japanese soldiers to enter the city in the middle of the night, which may cause local unrest. While the Chinese officers and men were sleeping, the gunshots were not issued by the Chinese side, so they refused. Soon, Matsui called the authorities in Kyrgyzstan and said that if the Chinese side did not allow it, the Japanese army would forcibly search the city. At the same time, the authorities in Kyrgyzstan received a report from Lugouqiao, a garrison in China, saying that the Japanese army had formed a siege attack on the ancient city of Wanping. In order to prevent the situation from getting worse, the authorities of Hebei Province, after consultation with the Japanese side, agreed to jointly send personnel to Lugouqiao for investigation. At this time, the "missing" soldiers claimed by the Japanese side have returned to the team, but they have not been reported. At about 5: 00 am on July 8, the Japanese army suddenly launched a shelling. China's No.5 29 army Command immediately ordered the front-line officers and men: "Be sure to hold the Lugou Bridge and the ancient city of Wanping", "Lugou Bridge, the grave of your class, will live and die with the bridge and cannot retreat." The 3rd Battalion of 2 19 Regiment, which guards Lugou Bridge and Wanping Ancient City, rose under the command of its head Ji Xingwen and battalion commander Jin.
reaction
After the Japanese army provoked the July 7th Incident, it aroused strong repercussions throughout the country. On the second day of the July 7th Incident, the China Producer Party Central Committee electrified the whole country and called: "All China compatriots, Tianjin is in danger! North China is at stake! The Chinese nation is at stake! Only when the whole nation conducts the war of resistance is our way out! " And put forward "don't let Japanese imperialism occupy every inch of China!" "The last drop of blood protects the country!" Loud slogans. Chiang Kai-shek put forward the policy of "not yielding, not expanding" and "not seeking war, but seeking resistance to Japan". Chiang Kai-shek once called Song and Qin Dechun (the second deputy commander of the 29th Army and the mayor of Beiping) and others, saying that "the ancient city of Wanping should stick to it" and "Lugouqiao and Changxindian must not be lost".
After the Marco Polo Bridge Incident, China's * * * production party immediately electrified the whole country and called on the whole nation to resist Japan. Chiang Kai-shek also delivered a speech on solving the Lugouqiao Incident on July 17, 2007. The Lugouqiao Incident kicked off the national War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.
On July 17, 2007, Chiang Kai-shek made a speech in Lushan, pointing out that "the Lugouqiao Incident has reached the last moment of concession" and "there is no chance of compromise. If we give up our land area and sovereignty, we will be sinners of the Chinese nation. " 29 army, who fought bravely against the enemy in the Battle of Lugouqiao, was warmly supported by all walks of life in the country. People from all over the world have organized groups and sent letters of condolence and gifts. Students from Peiping and Tianjin organized field service groups to rescue the wounded and transport ammunition to the front; Residents in Lugouqiao area send water, meals and military supplies to the troops; Changxindian railway workers quickly built air-raid shelters and dug holes in the walls to help the army stick to the ancient city of Wanping; The Overseas Chinese Federation also called for encouraging 29 army to make persistent efforts. After the July 7th Incident broke out, the Japanese attack met with stubborn resistance from the China army. Seeing that the attempt to occupy the Lugou Bridge could not be realized, the Japanese army played a conspiracy of "local negotiations". On the one hand, they wanted to bring China to heel through negotiations, on the other hand, they wanted to buy time for sending troops in the name of negotiations.
follow-up action
1 1,1On July 9, 9, the agreement reached between the Japanese garrison in North China and the Hebei authorities was proved to be a dead letter by the intermittent gunfire of Lugou Bridge. "On-the-spot negotiation" won the Japanese army time to send more troops to North China, but it blinded the attention of Hebei authorities, delayed the preparation of 29 army's troops deployment, and brought great harm to the anti-Japanese war in Peiping and Tianjin. By July 25th, more than 60,000 Japanese troops had assembled in Peiping and Tianjin. After the deployment of Japanese troops in North China was basically completed, in order to find a new excuse for further launching the war of aggression against China, the Langfang Incident and the Guang 'anmen Incident were deliberately created on July 25th and 26th.
On the afternoon of 26th, the defenders in North China issued an ultimatum to 29 army, demanding that all defenders in China withdraw from the Peiping-Tianjin area before 28th, or they will take action. Song Yan refused, and on the 27th, he issued a declaration to protect the country and defend the country against Japan. On the same day, with the approval of the Emperor, the Japanese General Staff Department ordered the Japanese North China Guard to launch an attack on 29 army, and transferred about 200,000 people from five divisions from China, and issued a formal combat mission to the commander of the North China Guard to Yueqing: "Responsible for crusade against the China army in Ping Jin." A bloody battle between Tianjin and Hebei is inevitable. China's army then rose up to resist, wiped out the golden road, and the strong men hated the country.
On the morning of July 28th, the Japanese army launched a general attack on Beiping as scheduled. At that time, the headquarters of Kiyosuke Qingye had assembled in the 20th Division of the Korean Army around Peiping, and the Kwantung Army was independently mixed into two brigades: 1 and1. The infantry brigade of China Army stationed in the station is about 10000. Under the cover of 100 cannons, armored vehicles and dozens of planes, we headed for Nanyuan and Nanyuan in the western suburbs of Beiping. The first batch of 29 army soldiers stood up in their respective stations and wrote an unyielding battle song. Nanyuan is the focus of the Japanese attack. More than 8,000 people of the 29th Army stationed in Nanyuan (including more than 65,438 people+more than 0,500 military training students trained in Nanyuan) fought bloody battles. Tong, the deputy commander of the first 29 army, and Zhao Zhuanglie, the division commander of 132, died, and many students of the military training regiment also gave their young lives in the battle.
On the night of 28th, Song left Beiping, and on 29th, Beiping fell. In the early morning of 29th, Zhang Qingyu, the captain of Jidong Security Team 1 Corps, and Zhang Yantian, the captain of the Second Corps, launched an uprising in Tongxian County. Anyway, they fought against Japan, killed hundreds of people, including the head of Tongxian secret service, and captured the traitor Yin Rugeng alive (later escaped).
On July 29th, 29 army 38th Division, led by Li Wentian, the deputy commander, launched the battle of Peiping and Tianjin. The 38th Division attacked the Japanese army in Tianjin Railway Station and Guang Hai Temple, and captured many people. However, it was bombarded by Japanese planes and suffered heavy casualties, so it was ordered to retreat. On the 30th, Tianjin fell.
affect
After the July 7th Incident, Japan mobilized almost all its military forces and began an all-round invasion of China.
The July 7th Incident was the beginning of China's comprehensive War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, and China opened the first large-scale anti-fascist battlefield in the East. * * * Countries cooperated for the second time, and the anti-Japanese national united front was finally formed; The Red Army was reorganized into the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army.
evaluate
In the 1930s, fascism became the public enemy of all mankind, and the main contradiction in the world changed from the hegemony struggle of imperialist countries in the First World War to the contest between fascist forces and anti-fascist forces. With the increasing alliance between Germany, Italy and Japan fascists, the Versailles-Washington system established after years of hard work has collapsed, the order of the international community has lost control of international treaties, and fascist aggressors can almost do whatever they want. By 1936, the fascist countries are about to launch a world war.
1937 in July, the Japanese fascist group, after full preparation, flagrantly launched the July 7th Incident, which escalated the local war provoked in northeast China six years ago into a full-scale war of aggression against China, and took the lead in igniting the Second World War in the east of the world.
After the July 7th Incident, Japanese imperialism stepped up its aggression against China, which not only threatened the survival of the people, but also directly threatened the life and death of the Chinese nation. The China National Government was completely disillusioned with Japan's remaining illusion of peace, and Chiang Kai-shek made a positive response to the idea of establishing an anti-Japanese national united front put forward by China Producers' Party.
The unprecedented anti-Japanese national United front fully embodies the idea that "national consciousness is above everything else" and has produced great national cohesion at the critical moment of the current enemy. The national crisis has awakened the Chinese nation, which has been sleeping for nearly a hundred years, and the ruthless war has educated the people of all ethnic groups throughout the country. All people in China, from coastal areas to inland areas, from cities to remote areas, have been mobilized.
The anti-Japanese national salvation movement of the whole nation rose rapidly and was in full swing. Japanese imperialism is facing the unprecedented awakening of the Chinese nation, so it is doomed to perish and the Chinese nation is beginning to revive day by day. The fire near Lugouqiao ignited the anti-Japanese flame of the whole Chinese nation, which pushed China into a new historical period.
The people of China United as one and fought against the brilliant achievements of Japanese fascism, which swept away the image of China's poverty and weakness in the past century and won a great victory against foreign aggression for the first time.
After the July 7th Incident broke out, the whole Chinese nation was awakened unprecedentedly, and the national spirit and national integrity were revived, which was the fundamental force for China people to persist in the eight-year war of resistance and finally defeat Japanese imperialism.
Today, in the 2 1 century, this great national spirit deserves special cherish and development. It has been 70 years since the July 7th Incident broke out, but the ghost of Japanese militarism still lingers, and the extreme right forces in Japan are trying to reverse the case of the war of aggression by various means. All peace-loving and justice-loving people in China and the world should be on high alert. Remember the past, the teacher of the future, only by respecting and facing up to history can we win the future.
70 years after the July 7th Incident
There are only six veterans reunited at Lugouqiao this year.
China News Service, Nanjing, July 4th (Reporter Ding Meisun Xiangming) Today, Li Hongbin, a witness to the July 7th Incident and a veteran of the former 29th Army of the Kuomintang, left Nanjing for Beijing to attend the reunion of the witnesses to the July 7th Incident in Lugouqiao. Nanjing Folk Anti-Japanese War Historical Materials Exhibition Hall held a forum to see the elderly off. At the same time, the organizer announced that the "Guowei" charity event for caring for anti-Japanese war veterans kicked off, and a series of nationwide activities to visit anti-Japanese war veterans were officially launched.
At the symposium, Hong Bin, an old Li Man, recalled the tragic scene of the battle and the heroic sacrifice of countless comrades-in-arms, and could not help but burst into tears. He said that the twenty-nine army veterans who participated in the Lugouqiao Anti-Japanese War, the youngest is 88 years old, and the oldest is 106 years old, with less than 40 people in the country, and their physical condition is not very optimistic. Hong Bin, an old Li Man, told reporters many times: "Fifty years, sixty years, seventy years, there is no next decade (that is, the eightieth anniversary)."
"I came to the meeting today, not just me, but on behalf of the martyrs and comrades who died in Qian Qian. I came to the meeting with a sense of mission. I hope that more people from all walks of life will pay attention to the anti-Japanese war veterans and remember the spirit of the anti-Japanese war! " Although Wang Chuying, an 85-year-old veteran of the Anti-Japanese War, is not a veteran of 29 army, he also came to participate in the public welfare activities of caring for veterans in Guowei.
According to reports, only six 29 army veterans can participate in the 70th anniversary of the July 7th Incident this year. The other five veterans are Cui (9 1), Zhao (92), Zhang Kezong (88), Ma Buxian (88) and Sun Jingsheng (93). Seventy years ago, they were all fighters in 29 army, fighting against the Japanese invaders in the July 7th Incident.
At that time, six old people will re-board the Lugou Bridge, remember their comrades-in-arms, narrate historical details, and finally leave a precious group photo. Children of the 29th Army, Zhao and other descendants of famous soldiers will also participate in commemorative activities with veterans.