Japan on the Eve of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895
Because the capitalist revolution of Meiji Restoration in Japan since 1868 was very systematic and thorough, by the eve of the Sino-Japanese War of 1895, all walks of life in Japan had entered the capitalist period and basically got rid of the shackles of feudal production relations. Compared with the past, Japan's national strength has been greatly improved, and four consortia, mainly Mitsui, Mitsubishi and Sumitomo of An Tian, have been rapidly formed. Great progress has been made in mining, iron and steel smelting, machine building, arms production and textile-based light industry. Militarily, the Japanese army has completely completed capitalist expansion and war preparation. The total strength is: seven field divisions, one battalion after another with fortress guns, plus130,000 troops stationed in Hokkaido, which can mobilize100,000 reserve personnel and form a field force of 230,000 people in the war. The navy has 3 1 warship, * * * 59880 tons and 24 torpedo boats, totaling 1475 tons, and has purchased a considerable number of modern new-style ships with strong firepower and high speed from Britain, which obviously surpasses beiyang fleet, China. Japanese Lu Haijun has completed the transformation from feudalism to capitalism, and has entered the period of capitalist modern army, eyeing up and preparing to compete with China for the control of North Korea and strive to become the leader of Asia.
China on the Eve of the Sino-Japanese War
On the other hand, although China under the control of the Manchu Dynasty was invaded by western powers earlier than Japan, the "Westernization Movement" of China's capitalist reform was earlier than Japan, starting at 1862. However, China at that time was not a free and autonomous China, but China under the control of the Manchu Dynasty. 1644 After the Qing Dynasty entered Shanhaiguan, I was afraid of Han Chinese rebellion and Han Chinese nationalism awakening. Therefore, out of the self-interest of maintaining the Manchu regime, a protracted "literary prison" was implemented in China, which imprisoned the Han people's thoughts and stifled their speech. The "literary inquisition" in Qing Dynasty began in Qing Dynasty 1644 and went through Shunzhi and Kangxi. China, the world is cold, the world is cold. China people snitch on each other, undermine each other and frame each other. The prevalence of informers is followed by the decay of the whole China society and the poor official system. "Three years of clear magistrate, 100 thousand snowflakes and silver" is a description of this image; As a group of intellectuals who guide the direction of the Chinese nation, their thoughts are imprisoned, their speech is restrained and their thoughts are bound. In order to get promoted and get rich, they can only indulge in flattery in the four books, five classics and eight essays, and don't care about the actual situation of society. The whole social atmosphere in China is bad, people are distracted, intrigue, flattery, and frame each other, showing a social scene of lifelessness, decadence and enjoyment.
This doomed that under the invasion of western powers, China's "Westernization Movement" learning from western capitalism was doomed to failure; Although China was invaded by western powers earlier than Japan, it also has a broader space, more room for manoeuvre, richer resources, a larger population, stronger social productivity and comprehensive national strength, and the capitalist reform of the "Westernization Movement" was earlier than Japan. However, due to the implementation of the "literary inquisition", the nationalism of the vast number of Han people has disappeared, and the Han people have been completely enslaved and vilified. As a result, China people did not have the deep sense of nationalist crisis, self-improvement and mission as the Japanese did at that time. China people's thoughts are decadent and rigid, so they can't make unified arrangements and overall plans with deep nationalist spirit and psychology like Japanese. China did not have a capitalist development strategy, and the capitalist strategy in the Westernization Movement was a complete failure. China's capitalist "Westernization Movement" did not take the centralized capitalist road of unified organization, unified arrangement and unified plan. China people take an thoughtless, scattered, small, comprehensive, excessive and disorderly road, and the western capitalist industries are introduced from different provinces. Because there is no collectivization scale and unified arrangement, the industry is backward, consumes more, produces less, and produces low quality and high price. As a result, China's modern capitalist industry gradually shrank, and there was no world-class consortium. On the eve of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, China was still a backward agricultural country, which was caused by the decadent ideas of Chinese people caused by the "literary inquisition" and the failure of organization and management. There was no capitalist industry in modern China.
China's decadent ideas also led to the complete failure of capitalist military reform in modern China. In order to meet the needs of social development in the capitalist era of the world, Zeng Guofan proposed to abolish green camp, a decadent and backward Qing army, on a large scale to save money and concentrate on training a unified new capitalist army throughout the country. His specific plan is to train 90,000 elite soldiers in Fengtian, Zhili, Shandong, Jiangsu, Zhejiang, Fujian and Guangdong coastal provinces, and train 30,000 elite soldiers in Anhui, Jiangxi and Hubei, with an annual reimbursement of about 8 million. Saving military expenditure, improving equipment, training officers and improving the combat effectiveness of the army are very realistic ways to strengthen the army by capitalism. If implemented, it can fundamentally change the huge, bloated, decadent and backward face of the Qing army, realize the elite of the army and greatly improve its combat effectiveness.
However, due to the social decay, turbulence and chaos caused by the long-term implementation of the "literary inquisition", the contradiction between Manchu and Chinese was sharply opposed, and China was unstable. The feudal rulers of Manchukuo were suspicious of abolishing green camp on a large scale in order to maintain their dominance. They were always worried that the Han people would revolt and overthrow the Manchu rule, so they always refused Zeng Guofan's capitalist military reform plan and had to maintain the feudal decadent and ignorant green camp.
On the eve of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the Qing army had guards1.110,000, the Eight Banners140,000, green camp 400,000 and Huai Army 2. 1 10,000. The Qing army is complex and disorderly, among which the Eight Banners have completely lost their fighting capacity in the process of getting rid of productive labor, and they are arrogant and extravagant, and their fighting capacity is not strong. Green camp people are feudal and decadent, and they are in Manchuria to guard against Han Chinese rebellion. Traitors and lackeys who directly obey the feudal rulers of Manchuria have a decadent and malicious ideology. Their main function is not to fight against foreign countries, but to suppress the vast number of Han people at home and safeguard the reactionary regime in the Qing Dynasty. Huai army is an army with no ideals, no doctrine and scattered hearts, which is determined by its hasty speculation in the process of suppressing the Taiping Heavenly Kingdom. The Huai army did not go through a big battle, but started from speculation in suppressing the Taiping Army and hastily became an army. Therefore, it has no faith, dare not fight, is divided, and its thoughts are decadent and backward.
It can be seen that in the huge Manchu army, the troops were numerous and chaotic, and the military system was not unified. Every army has its own secrets and plots, and no one is a warrior loyal to the motherland and the nation. Moreover, in the process of introducing western capitalist military production equipment, it was not organized by the central government to imitate, learn, improve, digest and absorb it on a large scale, but was introduced by the provinces respectively, resulting in the green camp Army in each province. Ammunition models are also different. Green camp's army in Yunnan even used muskets and even broadswords and spears. This backward and chaotic situation accelerated China's military backwardness, chaotic management, and the Qing army was distracted and did not dare to fight, and the mob collapsed at the touch of a button. This was decided by the decadent ideas of China people under the rule of Qing Dynasty.
The number of Qing troops is large and chaotic, with an annual military expenditure of more than 30 million taels of silver, and the financial burden is very heavy. The hard-earned money and people's ointment produced by farmers in China are not national armies loyal to the motherland and the nation, but reactionary armies oppressing the nation. Therefore, the Qing army had no faith, and it was an army to safeguard the Manchu regime. Its main function is internal repression rather than foreign war. This is the fundamental reason why China's modern army can't quickly enter the rabble of capitalist modernization, and it will collapse at the touch of a button. Moreover, the chaotic management and decadent ideas aggravated the decadent turbulence, social depression and decadent ideas of the whole modern society in China. The capitalist army reform in China's "Westernization Movement" was a complete failure, and the Qing army on the eve of the Sino-Japanese War was far from realizing modern capitalism. In modern China, there was no new capitalist army to fight foreign enemies!
Third, the reasons for the failure of Westernization Movement
The failure of "Westernization Movement" was a serious social crisis caused by the long-term implementation of "literary inquisition", which led to the failure of modern capitalist reform in China and the invasion of foreign powers.
Therefore, it is necessary to have a systematic theoretical understanding of Manchu's entry into the customs: on the eve of Manchu's entry into the customs, Manchu was still in a slave society, which was very different from the feudal society of thousands of Han nationality. Because Manchuria was far behind the Han nationality, it was quite barbaric, and it slaughtered the city many times in the process of attacking the Ming Dynasty. At the same time, advanced, skilled in riding and shooting, unified organization, strict management and clear rewards and punishments are all reflected in it. The Eight Banners is not only an effective political leadership organization, but also an effective economic organization and military group. They are "soldiers when they leave and people when they enter", as Huang Taiji said, "Ming people are self-reliant and soldiers are outside, but they rely on the government to pay for food; Our country goes out as a soldier, enters for the people, returns the soldiers first, and makes the whole equipment, plowing the fields and herding horses fat and strong. Once the farming is finished, we will let our family manage the harvest, and I will go as soon as the ordnance is processed. " It can be seen that it is well-organized because of the rise of backward nationalities, and its Orion background makes it good at riding and shooting, and it is good at using troops, enjoying the reputation of "Manchu soldiers to ten thousand people, invincible in the world". In this way, in the long-term battle with the Ming army, it has been developing and growing, from weak to strong. By surrendering to the Ming army, it has formed the Eight Banners of the Han Army and green camp with tight organization and unified management, thus defeating the Ming army and unifying China!
Thus, the early "Kanggan Prosperity" was created: the vibrant Huma nationality in the Great Wall was brought to China, which changed the feudal and decadent political situation in China at that time and changed the political outlook, thus leading the Eight Banners green camp to open up territory and create the famous "Kanggan Prosperity". However, this is only a reflection. Due to the inevitable backwardness of mankind, China has experienced "anti-inductive prosperity".
1. Starting from narrow nationalism, it overemphasizes the difference between nationality and Manchu, and puts forward the basic national policy of "pushing first, worshiping first and worshiping Manchu first", emphasizing the difference between Manchu and Chinese. In the TV series "Yongzheng Dynasty", Yongzheng made it clear that if the imperial clan is available, the imperial clan should be used first, and then the Manchu flag should be used. This means that everything starts from Manchuria, giving priority to Manchuria under the same conditions. Manchu and Han have clear boundaries and great differences. Although it also emphasized the unification of Manchu and Han, it also hindered the progress of the Chinese nation under the protection of Manchu interests.
2. On the eve of Manchuria's entry into the customs, it was in the late primitive clan era and the early slave society era. At the same time, Manchuria was barbaric and slave-like. After the demise of the Ming Dynasty, it brought its advantages of exploring the east and the west, being good at riding and shooting, well-organized and unified management to China, creating a "prosperous time for kanggan" and enslaving the backward slave society. "Enclosure" is to delimit the land of Han people at will and establish their own manor. The so-called "taking it for yourself" means forcing the Han people in the enclosure to join the flag and become slaves of the masters of the Manchu Dynasty, which reflects the plunder and oppression of the Han society by the Manchu Dynasty. Although the Manchu rulers later abolished the order of "enclosure" and "appropriation" in order to adapt to the exhibition of the Han people, they were still enslaved in the era of slave owners' associations. It is obvious that the vast number of Han people are regarded as their slaves and masters in Kangxi Emperor and Yongzheng Dynasty. In this way, China people are not so humble, and they still have national integrity and self-confidence. However, due to the entry of the Qing Dynasty, China people were enslaved and vilified in an all-round way, which made China suddenly decline after experiencing the "prosperous period of Kanggan". 1894- 1895 The fiasco of the Sino-Japanese War, with no capitalist history, was turbulent and never recovered. The entry of Qing Dynasty had a great influence on modern China.
3. China Huada conducted a long and unprecedented "literary inquisition". Before and after the Qing Dynasty entered the customs, China's literati and nationalists, starting from the Chinese tradition of respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries and defending Confucianism, launched a fierce struggle with the Qing Dynasty. The anti-Manchu wave spread all over the north and south of China in the late Ming Dynasty. Under the leadership of Confucian scholar-officials in China, people from all walks of life in China participated in it, and the momentum was huge. They put forward the slogan of "the head can be broken, but the hair can't be shaved", which almost destroyed the Manchu regime. After the military victory, the Manchu Dynasty massacred Confucian scholars and nationalists in China on a large scale. Then, due to the large-scale resistance to the king and the foreign countries, Manchu ruled Manchuria for more than 200 years, always suspecting and guarding against the vast number of Han people, who "pushed, worshipped and initiated" Manchuria. Anyone who has anti-Manchu remarks and sees them again will be executed in the middle of the year, involving nine families, and the reaction is too strong and sensitive. Originally, the Han nationality had given in and the anti-Qing wave had been eliminated. However, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty were still nervous from their narrow selfishness, thus implementing a protracted and unprecedented "literary prison" in China. For example, "The breeze can't read, why turn over the books?" For another example, the original intention of "taking turbidity as clear" was to talk about the quality of people's hearts, but the rulers of the Qing Dynasty were too sensitive to capture the wind shadow, and thought that the author was not good at talking about the Qing Dynasty and killed the author by taking "clear" as "turbidity as clear". There are also the famous Dai Mingshi "Nanshan Collection" case and Lv Liuliang case. In this way, China not only slaughtered a large number of nationalists, but also killed many innocent people. China people are cautious, nervous and suspicious of each other, and the wind of informers prevails, which broke the nationalist cultural atmosphere of national unity that should have existed before the invasion of China by western powers, and was not suitable for the emerging capitalist reform era at that time, which was an inevitable capital.
It can be seen that Manchu rulers should not emphasize the differences between Manchu and Han from the perspective of development, but should abandon the past of Han resistance at the beginning of entry and actively carry out the reform of national unity capitalism. Regrettably, the feudal rulers of Manchuria failed to make full use of the historical opportunity of national unity brought by the "prosperous period of Kanggan" and the good world cultural conditions on the eve of the capitalist revolution, thus missing the excellent historical opportunity of capitalist reform in centralization of authority and wrongly implementing the "literary inquisition".
During the Manchu Dynasty, the "literary inquisition" lasted for more than 120 years from the entry of Qing Dynasty to the middle period of Qianlong. After four generations of Shunzhi, Kangxi, Yongzheng and Qianlong, China people were vilified and enslaved, China's social atmosphere was decadent, and China people were degenerate, selfish and mercenary, losing their minimum sense of nationalism, which made the Manchu Dynasty fragmented and divided. It is impossible to safeguard one's own interests through capitalist reform. Therefore, although the rulers of the Manchu dynasty also vigorously advocated the "Westernization Movement" of capitalist reform, they tried to save the Manchu mansion that was in danger and on the verge of collapse through the "Westernization Movement". However, due to the backward ethnic policy, unstable domestic political situation and disunity at home, the "Westernization Movement" of capitalist reform was a complete failure: not only the economic reform was chaotic, but also the provinces themselves, rather than being organized by the central government; And militarily, it is impossible to abolish the huge green camp and form a new capitalist army. At that time, China's huge military expenditure was not used for army reorganization, drills, unified military system, weapons drills and updating capitalist military equipment, but for maintaining the Eight Banners that lost their combat effectiveness and maintaining internal repression in green camp. Its main function is to suppress and maintain the Manchu regime, rather than Japan's foreign operations and expansion to maintain Japan. The two are fundamentally different!
Therefore, the "Westernization Movement" of China's modern capitalist reform was neither systematic nor thorough, and everything was in chaos. The economic reform failed, and so did the military reform. The failure of "Westernization Movement" in modern China is the appearance, and the essence behind the appearance is the failure of nationalist thought. Without the correct guidance of nationalist strategic thinking, we will also lose scientific organizational methods and be unable to truly digest and absorb new things of capitalism. It was not adapted to the capitalist era that was in the ascendant at that time, which was caused by the "literary prison" of China people's disunity, ulterior motives, mercenary, enterprising, decadent and chaotic society, rather than the institutional reason of centralization!
In terms of naval construction, in view of the failure of British invasion from the sea in the two Opium Wars, the Qing government was determined to vigorously develop the navy. 1In May, 875, the Qing government appointed Li Hongzhang to supervise Beiyang coastal defense, with an annual appropriation of 4 million yuan. After more than ten years' development, Beiyang Navy officially entered the ranks on 1888, and has two armored ships, Dingyuan, Zhenyuan and Jingyuan. The total tonnage is nearly 50,000 tons, and there are 323 guns of various calibers, including 68 large-caliber giant guns and torpedo tubes. When Beiyang Navy was founded in 1888, it was second to none in Asia and was also a naval power in the world at that time.
However, the Manchu rulers vigorously developed the navy not to take the initiative to attack and maintain the trend of national progress, but to maintain the Manchu regime, and the purpose of building the navy was to defend. In this way, Beiyang Navy did not add a ship or carry out modernization after it became an army in 1888. In this way, by the eve of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894, the quantity and quality of warships had obviously lagged behind that of Japan, mainly reflected in ship speed, firepower, ammunition, logistics supply, rear base, land-sea cooperation and many other aspects.
1, beiyang fleet's firepower is too weak. When beiyang fleet 1888 entered the army, its quality was world-class and its firepower was strong. However, on the eve of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894, the artillery was upgraded on a large scale, and the rapid-fire gun replaced the traditional old gun and became the protagonist. On warships, a large number of rapid-fire guns were mainly installed on the left and right sides, which increased the firepower several times. At that time, the main ships of the world's naval powers were installed on both sides.
1894 On the eve of the Sino-Japanese War, beiyang fleet was still using an old gun and didn't even have a rapid-fire gun. 12 cm rapid-fire gun can fire 8- 10 rounds per minute, and 15 cm rapid-fire gun can fire 5-6 rounds per minute, while beiyang fleet's old breech gun only fires 1 round per minute. In this way, the firing rate of Japanese rapid-fire guns is at least five times that of beiyang fleet. According to the statistics of the British Naval Yearbook, in the Yellow Sea naval battle, the artillery fire of Japanese ships was Beiyang. The victory of Japanese ships in the Yellow Sea naval battle depended on rapid-fire guns. Zhang Zhexuan, the first mate who came to the distant ship to help, also said: "I open a giant gun, and the enemy can use the fast gun five; If I miss, I have been hit by many enemy bombs, and I have no quick gun attack. "
Moreover, the number of guns in beiyang fleet is obviously less than that in Japan. The number of guns of the capital ship is only 4-6, which are placed at the bow and stern of the ship respectively, and there are no guns on both sides. However, the Japanese capital ship installed the most advanced rapid-fire guns imported from Britain on the port and starboard, making the number of guns per ship reach 8-65438+.
2. The speed of beiyang fleet is too slow. 1888 when Beiyang navy was established, it was very fast, but by the eve of 1894, it was already out of date. Except "Jingyuan" and "Zhiyuan" barely reached 18, all the other capital ships were 14.5 or 15. Japan's capital ship 16 knots or more, including the first guerrilla 18 knots or more, and its famous "Yoshino" ship reached 22.5 knots. In this way, Japanese ships gained speed advantage in naval battles, and were able to divide and encircle beiyang fleet, sinking the old Beiyang ships Chaoyong and Yang Wei first, and then sinking Zhiyuan and Zhiyuan. At that time, beiyang fleet had run out of ammunition and food, but it was getting late, and Japanese ships retreated for fear of being attacked by torpedoes. If Japanese ships continue to insist and storm, it is entirely possible to destroy beiyang fleet.
After the Yellow Sea naval battle, beiyang fleet suffered heavy losses. Because they didn't have the speed advantage, they didn't dare to go out to fight, while Japanese ships used several small boats as bait to induce beiyang fleet to attack. Then, the First Guerrilla quickly blocked it and prevented it from returning to Hong Kong, thus adowing beiyang fleet at sea. Fortunately, Ding saw through the plot of the Japanese ship and never got away from it. He relied on the rapid-fire guns of the land artillery company to fight against the Japanese naval guns. Japan landed in Rongcheng Bay behind the Ahava military port and captured the land artillery company. Only maritime cooperation can destroy beiyang fleet. If beiyang fleet has the speed advantage, or reaches the same speed, there is no need to defend the port, and it can go to sea for mobile operations, which has the advantage of flexibility and will not be easily wiped out.
It can be seen that on the eve of the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the Qing government did not develop a navy at all, but added one after 1888, which was outdated and did not keep up with the times. China is gradually lagging behind Japan, and Japan, under the guidance of the offensive strategic thought of actively attacking abroad, striving for living space and favorable situation, has set off a nationwide upsurge of donating money to build ships, and Japanese nationalism is high. Three or four years before the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Japan purchased or built several capital ships equipped with fast guns from Britain, France and other countries, and reformed the old ships to improve their speed. By the Sino-Japanese War 1894, the Japanese joint fleet had been formed, which had formed an overwhelming advantage for beiyang fleet to win World War I.
Beiyang fleet prefect Ding suggested to the Qing court that the fleet should be overhauled, boilers should be replaced, the speed should be increased, and Krupp-made new rapid-fire guns should be installed on the port and starboard to change the backward appearance of the fleet. These two items need more than two million yuan, which is not much. However, the rulers of the Qing Dynasty were content with the status quo and thought that the territory was large enough. Not only did they not add any more ships, but they also used naval military expenses to build the Summer Palace to celebrate Cixi's 60th birthday. Refused to modernize the fleet, thus missed an opportunity to strengthen itself, leading to a fiasco in the Sino-Japanese War. China people became the sick man of East Asia and lost 720 million yuan. The Sino-Japanese War was a comprehensive contest based on sea power. If the navy has an advantage, the opposing army will not be able to land, at least in an invincible position. With the strength of beiyang fleet at that time, if developed, it would be more than enough to defeat Japanese warships. If we don't develop and spend more than two million yuan on modernization, we will achieve a balance of power with Japan, we won't suffer a fiasco, we won't lose 720 million yuan, and China people won't become the "sick man of East Asia". The modern history of China, Japan and even the world will be rewritten!
3. The quality of ammunition is poor and the supply is poor.
Shen Shoukun, chief gunner of Dingyuan Ship, said: "Some bombs made in China are not in conformity with the chamber, and some are made of inferior iron. The surface of the bombs is riddled with holes. It is difficult to guarantee that they will be blown up before export, even if the fuse is lit, many of them will not be drawn out. It is really harmful to encounter such weapons in the cold. " Zhang Zhexuan also pointed out: "Most medicines are inappropriate and unprepared. In the battle of Donggou, the medicine was delayed because the marbles were running out, and the medicine was temporarily reduced because of factors that were not suitable for the chamber. " The problem of ammunition quality reflects the chaotic situation of China's "Westernization Movement" reform. It is not that the central unified organization carried out capitalist reform and learned from the west, and there was no centralized and unified planning and overall arrangement to learn from the west. On the contrary, it is quite chaotic. Guns are carried out in different provinces, resulting in different calibers, poor quality, no follow-up, too much consumption and chaos. In this regard, General beiyang fleet's statement has further revealed that if the fuse of the "shell" fails to fire, the shell will not explode when it hits the enemy ship. In the battle of Toyoshima, the Japanese ship Yoshino was hit and the shells penetrated the side and entered the engine room. In the Yellow Sea naval battle, Japanese ships broke into the waterline at a high speed, and Bi Rui, Chicheng, Xijing Maru and Matsushima were shot many times, but no one was fatally injured, and the Japanese ship did not sink, indicating that the ammunition was not only fired slowly, but also of high quality.
In the later period of the Yellow Sea naval battle, beiyang fleet ran out of ammunition and had no combat power, which showed that the logistics supply was too poor, and the same problem was fully reflected in the army.
4, the land and sea defense is too poor and the rear base is not perfect.
During the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, the Qing army did not cooperate well between land and sea, and the navy was used to protect the army and prevent the enemy from landing. The plan failed because of beiyang fleet's weak firepower and slow speed. The army can also preserve beiyang fleet stationed in Ahava military port by relying on the land battery. As long as beiyang fleet was in the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, Japan would not win the war, nor would it lose 720 million silver. However, on land, the battery is not perfect and the equipment is not good.
It can be seen that this is the failure of the strategic guiding ideology. Only attach importance to the attack of the enemy at sea, ignoring the land defense. Once the enemy land in the rear, it will collapse, which shows that the land and sea defense is too poor, the guiding ideology is problematic, and the naval base construction is too poor and there is no heavy defense. The guiding ideology of the Qing Dynasty was that the army was used for internal repression, and the army was distributed in the mainland and scattered on the vast land of China, which could not form a unified and modern heavy group with fighting capacity. Relying only on the navy to resist the invasion of foreign enemies made the land and sea disconnected and unrelated, and the construction of the rear base failed. There are not enough effective army troops to ensure the safety of naval bases. Because the main functions of the army were used for internal repression, it was impossible to compile and implement a unified new capitalist army, but the huge and decadent green camp elements remained. The huge green camp is scattered all over China, with chaotic management, different firearms and inconvenient transportation, so it is impossible to organize a unified fight against foreign invasion. This is the fiasco of the Sino-Japanese War caused by the failure of strategic thinking. The army is numerous and chaotic, the military expenditure is huge, the management is chaotic, the equipment is backward, the transportation is inconvenient, and the modern army is not elite, which leads to a huge army. After the huge military expenditure, the combat effectiveness declined and there were no soldiers in the war. For example, the Qing army mobilized more than 60,000 troops in four counter-attacks against Haicheng, while the Japanese army mobilized 6,000 people at most, which was an advantage of ten to one. It can fight for a month without falling down. Reflected the decline of the army; Another example is the Battle of Ahava. Until beiyang fleet was completely annihilated, there were still hundreds of thousands of green camp in China on their way to Ahava. They didn't have a train at all, so they didn't arrive when beiyang fleet perished. Even if they do, it's useless, and they can't stand the bombardment of modern Japanese troops and the Japanese army's onslaught in the spirit of "Bushido." China's army was defeated in a hurry, and the failure to counterattack Haicheng was an example.
It can be seen that the failure of the Sino-Japanese War is the appearance, and the essence behind the appearance is the failure of strategic thinking and the failure of strategic thinking management. Everything is a failure, so of course it failed on the battlefield. This is the ruler of the Manchu Dynasty. After launching the "literary inquisition", he was afraid of the resistance of the Han people. Starting from his own selfishness, he used the main military forces for internal defense rather than external competition. Manchu thought that the territory was large enough, so it could not be developed in China.
On the eve of the invasion of western powers, Japan was controlled by the Japanese themselves, not foreigners, and Japan has never been invaded in history. Therefore, on the eve of the invasion of western powers, Japan had a good Confucian atmosphere of respecting the king and rejecting foreign countries, which was introduced from the prosperous Tang Dynasty in China. When the western powers invaded Japan, the Japanese refused to sink and became a conquered nation. The Japanese respected the king and bravely resisted. In order to resist foreign invasion, the Japanese first overthrew the shogunate, ended the situation of Japan's division, disintegration and separatism, and established the unification of centralization. Then learn from the west in an all-round way. When politics, economy, military and all walks of life entered the capitalist period, Japanese soldiers generally accepted the "Bushido" education of loyalty to the monarch and patriotism, and their combat effectiveness was extremely strong, far superior to that of the Qing army in operating modern weapons. Because of its unified capitalist military system, they rationally digested and absorbed the advanced military production imported from the west, and gradually localized it, with advanced equipment, reasonable configuration and perfect logistics support. Ammunition, personnel and equipment can first arrive at the port by train, and then be directly transported to the battlefield by port shipment, thus forming a modern corps with abundant personnel, thus forming an overwhelming advantage over the decadent, lax, under-equipped, poorly trained, chaotic and backward Manchu army in World War I.