In the early days of liberation, bandits in the Northeast Liberated Area were mainly Japanese puppet remnants, landlords' armed forces and Kuomintang troops. Bandits in the liberated areas in North China, Northwest China, East China, South China and Southwest China are mainly reactionary forces lurking in the remnants of the Kuomintang, landlords, bullies and professional habitual bandits. They collude with local feudal forces and attempt to wage a long-term struggle with the People's Liberation Army with the so-called "mainland guerrillas". In the struggle against bandits, the CPC Central Committee and the Central Military Commission resolutely implemented the policy of combining military strikes, political struggles and mobilizing the masses, as well as the policy of punishing the first offender, not asking the coerced person, and rewarding the meritorious person. Combined with the central work of democratic reform, rent reduction and interest reduction, repression of tyrants, and propaganda to resist U.S. aggression and aid Korea, we launched a struggle to eliminate the remnants of Kuomintang troops, spies, bandits and other reactionary armed forces. According to the instructions of the Central Committee and the Central Military Commission, the People's Liberation Army has deployed about10.5 million troops, which can be divided into three stages: military repression, split troops repression, and thorough repression combined with rural land reform. They took the form of eliminating bandits, dispersing bandits and catching bandits, quelled the riots of bandits and reactionary gangs, concentrated the infiltrated armed bandits and launched a struggle against bandits throughout the country.
The struggle against bandits in the northeast liberated areas was carried out in special areas, and our party did not gain absolute political power. Beiman and Ximan in the northeast of China are famous bandit areas in history. After Japan surrendered, the Northeast Democratic Allied Forces and the 359th Brigade entered the Northeast early. As the Kuomintang employed puppet troops and habitual bandits everywhere by using legal receiving organs, bandits in Northeast China generally developed. After our Party entered the Northeast, it relied on the old army and some new troops to fight against bandits according to the document "Instructions on Combating Bandits and Mobilizing the Masses" issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China and Northeast Bureau 1946. All parts of Northeast China have closely combined anti-rape and cleaning, army expansion, land reform and support to carry out effective anti-bandits work. They executed Wang, the bandit leader of "Gunkuang", and Zhang Wanxuan, the bandit leader of "Zhanhai", cracked many cases of conspiratorial riots in which rebels tried to attack the county party committee, and completely wiped out the bandits in Northeast China. Political power comes out of the barrel of a gun, and the army and the people join hands to catch the fierce and stubborn. From 1946 to 1948, the three-year struggle against bandits in Northeast China finally won the final victory and consolidated the democratic regime in Xinxian County. Defended the victory of the war of liberation and consolidated the new people's democratic regime.
In the liberated areas of North China, the Kuomintang lurked a large number of bandits in a planned and step-by-step manner, such as the so-called "underground army" and "guerrillas behind enemy lines". In the early days of liberation, there were 30,000 bandits in North China, of which Suiyuan was the most, especially riding bandits. Bandits were mainly active in parts of Suiyuan, Chahar and Pingyuan provinces, which were later liberated. Small bands of bandits are active near Tianjin, Beijing and Taiyuan, and there are also many in Xinxiang and Anyang areas of plain province. They attacked small units and local party and government organs, blocked roads and robbed, damaged traffic and various constructions, and endangered social order. Faced with this grim situation, the North China Military Region held a regional conference on fighting bandits in May 1949, demanding that the masses be widely mobilized to carry out an all-round struggle against bandits. The People's Liberation Army of North China adopted the policy of combining military clearance with political disintegration, organized armed task forces to closely integrate with people's armed forces at all levels, and adopted the methods of campaign operations and unified urban and rural actions to suppress bandits, big and small, in Hebei, Chahar, Shanxi and Pingyuan provinces. By September of 195 1 year, bandits and secret agents had been basically eliminated, with more than 53,000 bandits wiped out and more than 8,800 guns of all kinds seized.
In the Northwest Liberated Area, bandits are mainly the backbone elements of the Kuomintang remnants such as Hu Zongnan, Ma Bufang and Ma Hongkui. They assembled stragglers and habitual bandits to form a powerful bandit army. There are 67 bandits in Gansu, mainly distributed in Linxia, Hexi Corridor, Longdong and Pingliang. There are nearly 10,000 remnants of Ma Bufang and Ma Hongkui in Qinghai, which are distributed in the northwest of Xining and the northeast of Guide. There are more than 40 bandits in Shaanxi, mainly distributed in Wugong, Ankang and Sichuan-Shaanxi border areas. Before the liberation of Ningxia, Ningxia's enemies scattered themselves, and Ma Shaowu and other bandits hid in remote mountainous areas such as Helan Mountain, Tongxin, Xiji, Haiyuan and Guyuan, which brought considerable difficulties to Ningxia. After Ma Shaowu, Zhang Hailu was a habitual bandit who posed the greatest threat to the new people's regime. He knows the military, can command, makes full use of the familiar terrain and many bandits, deceives the masses, buys people's hearts and deals with the PLA. There are bandits in Xinjiang, such as usman and Yaolebos, who mainly live in Yining, Korla and Qingxinbian. These bandits attacked towns everywhere, organized riots and undermined national unity. In order to eradicate bandits, from June 1949 1 1 to July 1953, the Northwest Military Region of the People's Liberation Army successively invested in two regiments, 1 1 troops, 38 divisions and 1. The Northwest Military Region of the People's Liberation Army successively wiped out bandits from Shaanxi, Ma from Gansu, Ma Chengxian from Qinghai, Ma Shaowu from Ningxia and Usman from Xinjiang, and wiped out thousands of bandits, which dealt a heavy blow to their arrogance. Since then, after the main force of the Northwest Military Region was put into production, the defeated bandits regrouped and used religious and ethnic issues to incite riots and other new situations. The Northwest Military Region issued an order to suppress bandits, and all the anti-bandits forces fought in a piecemeal and coordinated manner, demanding the complete elimination of bandits in the northwest region. 1953 In the first half of the year, the Northwest Military Region mobilized more than 126 company19,000 people to encircle the bandits of Maliang and Ma Yuanxiang in the Qingchuan border area of Gansu, and annihilated more than 1600 people. By July 1953, the large-scale bandit fighting in the northwest was over, and bandits and residual bandits were basically eliminated. In more than three years of fighting against bandits, the anti-bandits forces of the Northwest Military Region wiped out 90,900 bandits and seized more than 80 guns and more than 35,000 guns.
According to the statistics of1July, 949 in East China Liberated Area, there were more than 700 bandits on land, 1 13000, and there were also more than 10000 pirates on coastal islands. Banditry activities have developed again, especially in Zhejiang and Fujian. In order to eliminate bandits, from 1949 to 1953, troops of the East China Military Region and the Third Field Army of the China People's Liberation Army and local armed forces fought against bandits in East China. 1In August, 949, the East China Military Region and the Third Field Army issued an order to suppress bandits, and decided to launch an autumn anti-bandits operation in East China, focusing on Zhejiang and Anhui, while marching into Fujian and liberating the coastal islands of Zhejiang. Since the end of August, the anti-bandit troops have adopted the tactics of concentrating superior forces and encircling them in a roundabout way, and flexibly used the policy of combining military strikes with political struggles to annihilate the "China National Self-Defense Forces North Fujian General Command" in northern Fujian. Important bandits such as the "Third Column of the Ministry of National Defense" in Zhejiang and the "Third Column of the Jiangsu-Anhui Military Region" in southern Jiangsu and northern Anhui. After the Korean War broke out in June, 1950, banditry in East China resumed. In view of the new trend of bandits, the East China Military Region decided to concentrate on fighting bandits in Fujian and Zhejiang, where bandits are serious. Anti-bandit troops flexibly use tactics such as surprise attack, encirclement, ambush and manhunt to destroy bandits in rich areas and areas near traffic lines first, and then in remote areas. 165438+ 10 In June, Mao Zedong, chairman of the Central Military Commission, announced that the troops stationed in Fujian would postpone the attack on Kinmen and go all out to carry out the order to suppress bandits, making the troops stationed in Fujian stronger. More than 30 bandits, such as the Eighth Column of Fujian People's Anti-Salvation Army and People's Self-Guard, have been annihilated in the Fujian-Zhejiang-Jiangxi Border Region. By June of 195 1, the task of eliminating bandits in East China was basically completed, and more than 4500 people were wiped out1/kloc-0. From June of 195 1, after more than a year's struggle, the remnants of bandits on land were finally eliminated and the bandits were pacified. The coastal border guards and naval forces of the East China Military Region, with the cooperation of local armed forces and public security departments, also launched a struggle to eliminate maritime bandits. 195 1 year, the naval vessels of the East China Military Region carried out 56 naval battles alone, annihilated hundreds of pirates and sank, wounded and captured 52 boats. At the same time, the land and naval forces of the East China Military Region successively pacified Shengsi Islands, Rugged Islands, Dongtou Islands and Nantian Islands, and liberated more than 50 islands captured by pirates. By the end of 1953, East China had won an all-round victory in fighting bandits, * * * wiped out more than 246,000 bandits, including 7,800 sea bandits, and seized more than 400 guns of various types,112,000 (equivalent).
In the Central South Liberated Area, after the Kuomintang regular army was expelled from six provinces in Central South, its remaining armed forces dispersed and retreated into the mountains, and they fled to become bandits. The Kuomintang authorities systematically retained a large number of hidden spies, incorporated the armed forces of habitual bandits and landlords and hooligans all over the country, corrected the forces of feudal sects, and established various "anti-* * national salvation forces" scattered in western Henan, western Hubei, the border of Hubei, Henan and Anhui, northeastern Jiangxi, southern Jiangxi, western Hunan, northern Guangdong, western Guangdong, Pearl River Delta, southeastern Guangxi and western Guangxi. On the eve of the liberation of Guangxi, more than 65,438+10,000 remnant Kuomintang troops under the command of Bai Suixi retreated from their old nest in Guangxi in an attempt to defend Guangxi. After the liberation of Guangxi, under the planning and command of Chiang Kai-shek clique, they forced people to be bandits under the slogan of "opposing foreign countries" and "opposing grain expropriation". According to incomplete statistics, the number of armed bandits exceeds 1 100 million. These reactionary armed forces fought against the newly established people's government, constantly creating riots, disrupting traffic, setting fire to poison and looting, seriously threatening the consolidation of political power and social peace, and the broad masses suffered greatly. In order to exterminate bandits and stabilize people's livelihood, from April 1949 to June 1953, the field army and local armed forces of the Central South Military Region of the China People's Liberation Army successively mobilized 46 divisions of the field army, 7 divisions of the local armed forces, 3 brigades and 82 independent regiments, and adopted the strategy of concentrating forces, suppressing them centrally, shrinking all regions and completing them within a time limit. Hunan Military Region launched anti-bandits operations in several key areas, such as Xiangxi, Changde TaiFu Shan and Shaoyang Longshan. The Guangdong Military Region has encircled bandits entrenched in Beijiang River, Pearl River Delta, South Road and coastal islands, while the Guangxi Military Region has stationed bandits in southern Guangxi, killing 1l people. In July, according to the new situation after the outbreak of the Korean War, the Central South Military Region strengthened its coastal defense forces, accelerated the process of eliminating bandits, and jointly encircled the bandits in the border areas of Hunan, Hubei, Sichuan, Guizhou and Guangxi. In Guangdong, efforts should be made to eliminate the remnants of bandits in Beijiang and western Guangdong and block their internal retreat. By May of the following year, bandits who were openly active in Central and South China were eliminated.
Bandits are most active in the southwest liberated areas. Bandits take dangerous mountains and bad waters, wild mountains and barren slopes, stop and rob military vehicles, rob money and goods, kill people and steal goods, endangering all directions. The reactionary rulers of the Kuomintang tried to use this area as a guerrilla base for counterattacking and rejuvenating the country. Therefore, not only have a large number of scattered agents, feudal bullies, hooligans and reactionary agents gathered here, but their counter-revolutionary arrangements here are more thorough than those in other regions. According to statistics, there are about 30,000 counter-revolutionary armed forces in eastern Sichuan and 20,000 in southern Sichuan, and their activities in northern Sichuan, western Sichuan, Xikang and Guizhou are also extremely frequent. The southwest has just been liberated, and the people have only lived a peaceful life for a few days. Now such a chaotic situation has seriously affected the prestige of the * * * production party in the eyes of the people. Eliminating bandits has become a comprehensive central task in southwest China. We can't start without destroying bandits. In view of the unfavorable situation in the early stage of the anti-bandit struggle in Sichuan and other places, some comrades in the party timely adjusted the thinking of cadres and soldiers in view of the causes, political nature, long-term and arduous nature of the anti-bandit struggle. Deng Xiaoping, political commissar of the Southwest Military Region, called on all officers and men to fight against bandits, calling it the "Second Huaihai Campaign". Yunnan is one of the last peaceful liberated provinces in Chinese mainland. Imperialist forces and feudal forces have remained basically unchanged. Bandits, local tyrants and chiefs, Kuomintang spies, counter-revolutionaries and stragglers all have a large number of standard weapons, so the situation of bandits is particularly serious. March 1950, 15 In order to completely annihilate the big bandits gathered in remote areas and eliminate the hidden spy bandits, the Southwest Bureau of the Central Committee and the Southwest Military Region jointly issued the "Instructions on Organizing and Unifying the Struggle against Bandits", requiring all military regions and military divisions to set up bandit committees in counties, districts, townships and Bulgaria. After the unified struggle against bandits was organized, the struggle against bandits in southwest China gradually changed from the initial passive state to the active state.
According to the summer heat stipulated by the higher authorities, the local anti-bandits committee can be divided into three stages: concentrated encirclement and suppression, regional suppression and social suppression, so as to mobilize and organize the masses to participate in the anti-bandits struggle to the maximum extent; The army implements the contract responsibility system and is responsible for suppressing bandits in a certain area, which has formed a vigorous situation in which the party, government, army and people are fighting bandits together. Thanks to the concerted efforts of cadres and the masses of Qi Xin, bandits have nowhere to hide. Fuling, Nanchuan and Baxian adopted the tactics of encircling with iron walls, and basically achieved the goal of suppressing one area. After the United States sent troops to Korea and occupied Taiwan Province Province, the number of bandits gathered in the border areas suddenly increased, and the bandits took the opportunity to make trouble, rob and destroy. With the approval of the Central Military Commission, the Southwest Military Region got in touch with the troops of Enshi Military Region in Hubei, Xiangxi Military Region in Hunan, Yishan Military Region in Guangxi, Baise Military Division in Shaanxi, and Shannan Military Region, and cooperated closely with the troops that carried out the frontier meeting to suppress the Communist Party, supporting each other, and completely annihilated the bandits who fled in various border areas. The fight against bandits in Southwest China lasted for two and a half years. By the autumn of 1952, bandits were wiped out 1 16000 people, and all bandits with more than 10 were wiped out.
After three years of fighting against bandits from 1950 to 1953, the People's Liberation Army wiped out more than 2.4 million bandits and basically put down bandits all over the country.