all one's life
Zhu Ziqing (1898165438+1October 22nd-1August 948 12), formerly known as Huazi, was a famous modern writer, essayist, scholar and democracy fighter. Originally from Shaoxing, Zhejiang, he was born in Donghai, Jiangsu, and later settled in Yangzhou with his grandfather and father. Zhu Ziqing's grandfather, Zhu Zeyu, whose real name was Yu, changed his surname because he inherited the Zhujiajian family. Being cautious, he served as a judge in Donghai County, Jiangsu Province during the Guangxu period of the Qing Dynasty 10 for more than 0 years. My father's name is Hong Jun, and his word is Xiaopo. He married Zhou and is a scholar. In the twenty-seventh year of Guangxu (190 1), Hongjun Zhu went from the East China Sea to Shaobo Town, belonging to Yangzhou Prefecture. Two years later, the whole family moved to Yangzhou City and settled in Yangzhou. Zhu Ziqing's wife is named Chen Zhuyin. When I was a child, I studied in a private school and was influenced by the traditional culture of China. 19 12 entered the first year of primary school.
Zhu Ziqing lived in Yangzhou for 13 years and spent his childhood and adolescence in Yangzhou. His feelings about life in this ancient city are subtle and complicated. Perhaps life is too monotonous, so he later said that there is only a "thin shadow" left in his childhood memory, "just like being washed away by the flood, it is shocking to be lonely!" However, in the long and tortuous journey of life, childhood is the first "post station" after all.
Yangzhou is a famous cultural city with beautiful scenery, with lakes and mountains and pleasant scenery. Many poets, such as Li Bai, Du Fu, Su Dongpo and Ouyang Xiu, have been lingering here, seeking seclusion and success, and have written many magnificent poems. Yangzhou is also a heroic historical city. In the history of resisting foreign aggression, it has written countless brilliant chapters and left many touching stories. The beautiful scenery and rich cultural atmosphere of the ancient city virtually cultivated the temperament of young Zhu Ziqing, and cultivated his peaceful and upright character and interest in natural beauty. The beautiful landscape of Yangzhou, like rain and dew, moistens his heart, nourishes his feelings, enriches his imagination and makes his feelings full of poetry and painting forever. Yangzhou, a famous historical and cultural city, had a subtle and far-reaching influence on him.
19 16 After graduating from high school, Zhu Ziqing was admitted to Peking University Preparatory College. Go to sleep, little man. 19 19 was written in February. It was his first poem. He was a participant in the May 4th patriotic movement and embarked on the literary road under the influence of the May 4th wave. Mao Zedong once praised Zhu Ziqing's backbone, saying that he was "seriously ill and would rather starve to death than receive American' relief food'".
65438-0920 After graduating from the Philosophy Department of Peking University, he taught middle schools in Jiangsu and Zhejiang provinces and took an active part in the New Literature Movement. Poetry Magazine was founded by Yu Pingbo and others in 1922, and it was the earliest poetry publication in the birth period of new poetry. He is a member of the early literature research society. The long poem "Sinking" was published in 1923. At this time, he also wrote beautiful essays such as "Paddle Shadows and Lights Shadow Qinhuai River".
1August, 925, taught in Tsinghua University and began to study China's classical literature. The creation is mainly prose. 1927' s Back and Moonlight on the Lotus Pond are well-known masterpieces. 193 1 year, he studied in Britain and roamed Europe. After returning home, he wrote some miscellaneous notes about Europe. 1September, 932, director of the Chinese Department of Tsinghua University. 1937 War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out, moved to Kunming with the school, and served as a professor at National Southwest Associated University, teaching courses such as Song poetry and literary studies. During this period, I wrote the semantic shadow of prose. 1946 returned to Beijing from Kunming as the director of the Chinese Department of Tsinghua University.
Zhu Ziqing suffered from a serious stomach trouble in his later years. His monthly salary is only enough to buy three bags of flour, which is not enough for his family 12, and he has no money to treat diseases. At that time, the Kuomintang colluded with the United States to launch a civil war, and the United States implemented a policy of aiding Japan. One day, Wu Han asked Zhu Ziqing to sign the declaration of "Protesting American aid policy to Japan and refusing to accept American aid flour". He resolutely signed his name and said, "I would rather die of poverty and illness than accept such insulting charity." In August of this year (1948) and 12, Zhu Ziqing was poor and died in Beijing. Before he died, he told his wife, "I signed a document rejecting American flour, and our family will never buy American flour rationed by the Kuomintang again." Zhu Ziqing was seriously ill and would rather starve to death than accept "relief food" from the United States, which showed the backbone of China people. On the eve of Beijing's liberation, he died of stomach trouble.
work
There are 27 kinds of Zhu Ziqing's works, * * about 1.9 million words, including poetry, prose, literary criticism, academic research and so on. Most of the income is four volumes of Zhu Ziqing's collected works published by Ming Kai Bookstore 1953. From 65438 to 0988, Jiangsu Education Publishing House collected, sorted out and published six complete works of Zhu Ziqing. Although Zhu Ziqing began to write new poems after the May 4th Movement, the Qinhuai River under the Shadows of Paddles and Lights published by 1923 shows his talent in prose creation. From then on, he devoted himself to prose creation and made remarkable achievements. 1928' s collection of essays "Back" made Zhu Ziqing a famous prose writer at that time.
Zhu Ziqing's prose is mainly narrative and lyric prose. The theme of his works can be divided into three series: one is a group of essays with the main content of writing social life and attacking dark reality. Representative works include The Cost of Life-Seventy cents, White People-God's Favorite, and Government Massacre. Second, a number of essays, represented by figures, children and bereaved women, mainly describe personal and family life, showing the human relationship between father and son, husband and wife and friends, with strong human feelings. Thirdly, a group of lyric sketches with natural scenery as the theme, such as Green, Spring, Qinhuai River in the Shadow of Paddle Lights and Moonlight on the Lotus Pond, are his representative works. The latter two essays are the best written by Zhu Ziqing, among which "The Back" and "Moonlight on the Lotus Pond" are well-known masterpieces. His prose is simple and meticulous, clear and gloomy, famous for its refined language and beautiful writing style, and full of true feelings.
His landscape prose occupies an important position in the creation of modern literary prose, and his technique of describing landscape in vernacular Chinese is the most attractive. For example, in "Green", the quality and color of plum rain pool Waterfall are described delicately and profoundly by means of metaphor and contrast, and the writing style is deliberately demanding, showing superb skills in controlling language and writing.
His superb writing skills are vividly displayed in Moonlight on the Lotus Pond. For example, when describing the beauty of lotus in the moonlight, the author compares it to a pearl, a star in the blue sky and a beauty bathed in it; When describing the delicate fragrance of lotus flowers, use the phrase "like a faint song floating from a distant building" to compare the delicate fragrance to a song and a faint fragrance. This synaesthesia technique is accurate and wonderful.
Zhu Ziqing also has another language style of prose, that is, in simple narration, expressing sincere and deep feelings in plain language. This kind of works can often show the author's integrity, enthusiasm and enterprising spirit, such as "The Price of Life-70 cents" and "White Man-God's Favorite! They are all masterpieces of this style, and the most influential one is back. This essay washes away his old lead, and through his father's every move, the reader seems to see the author's bleak family background and his father's deep love for his son.
Catalogue of works
Xue Chao (poetry anthology) 1922, Business.
Trace (Poetry and Prose) 1924, Yadong Library.
Later (prose collection) 1928, enlightened.
Miscellaneous notes on European travel (essays) 1934, Wu.
You and me (essays) 1936, business.
London Miscellaneous Notes (Prose Collection) 1943, Enlightened
Teaching Chinese (Essay) 1945, Enlightened.
Classic Talk (Essay) 1946, Wenguang
Distinguish between poetic expression and intention (poetics) 1947, enlightenment.
New Poetry Miscellaneous Words (Poetics) 1947, Writers Bookstore.
Standards and scales (paper) 1948, Wenguang
China Collection (Prose) 1948, Mingshan Bookstore.
On Appreciation of Elegant Customs (Essay) 1948, Observatory.
Collected Works of Zhu Ziqing (Volume 1-4) 1953, Wu.
Collection of Zhu Ziqing's Classical Literature (Volume I) 198 1 year, ancient books.
Zhu Ziqing's Preface and Postscript Book Review Collection (Essay) 1983, Sanlian.
Selected Prose of Zhu Ziqing 1986, Hundred Flowers
Complete Works of Zhu Ziqing (Volume 1-3) 1988 Jiangsu Education (Incomplete)-
Zhu Ziqing's Prose Collection:
1, urgent
2. "Song"
3. Qinhuai River in the Shadow of Plasma Lamp
4. Traces of Wenzhou
Step 5 "Back off"
6. Ship civilization
7.moonlight in the lotus pond
8. Women
9、《lt； Postscript of plum blossom
10, White Man-God's Favorite
1 1, "Huai Wei praises Jun Qing"
12 Ahe
13, children
14, Mourning Wei Jiesan
15, Travel Miscellanies
16, gone with the wind
17, talking about dreams
Bai Cai 18
19, Miscellaneous Notes on Maritime Travel
20. "a letter"
2 1, preface
Famous scholars' evaluation of Pei county
Yu Dafu's introduction to two essays in China's new literature series: Although Zhu Ziqing is a poet, his prose is still full of that kind of poetry. Among the prose writers in the Literature Research Association, except for Ms. Bing Xin, the beauty of the article depends on him.
Mr. Zhu Peixian of Ye Shengtao: When it comes to the perfection of style and the skill of writing, we must first mention Mr. Zhu.
Lin Fei's Notes on Modern Sixty Articles: Zhu Ziqing's success is that he is good at expressing his inner feelings about natural scenery delicately through accurate observation.
Zhu ziqing's prose: Zhu ziqing's prose is very particular about language, even if it is a word or two, he will never relax. However, his emphasis on language is by no means rhetoric.
An anecdote about wearing a string.
Send a letter to help my father.
After the Lugouqiao Incident, Mr. Zhu Ziqing moved to the rear area. He wrote to Li Jianwu, who was teaching in Shanghai at that time, asking him to help his old father who lived in Yangzhou nearby. Li Jianwu naturally won't let his teacher down. Then, why does Mr. Zhu Ziqing have such confidence in others? It turns out that the two have already established a profound friendship between teachers and students. -1925 After the summer vacation, Mr. Zhu Ziqing came to Tsinghua University to be a professor of literature in China. Li Jianwu just graduated from the middle school affiliated to Beijing Normal University and was admitted to the Chinese Department of Tsinghua University. In the first class, Teacher Zhu Ziqing called the roll and asked Li Jianwu, "Li Jianwu, this name is so strange. Is it Li Jianwu who often writes articles in newspapers?" Li Jianwu replied: "I dare not hide from the teacher, it's me." It is true that when Li Jianwu and Jane were studying in the middle school attached to Normal University, they organized a fire club to engage in new literature activities. "Then I already know you!" Mr. Zhu said happily. After class, Teacher Zhu Ziqing advised Li Jianwu: "You should learn creative writing. It's not appropriate to learn Chinese, so switch to a foreign language department. " At that time, the Chinese Department only read ancient books, so Mr. Zhu Ziqing said so. Li Jianwu listened to Mr. Zhu Ziqing and transferred to the Foreign Languages Department the following year. Although the teachers and students are not in the same department, Li Jianwu wrote his works first to Teacher Zhu, who has always been his mentor. Teacher Zhu Ziqing also helped Li Jianwu to finalize the draft carefully every time. Years of communication have strengthened their sincere relationship between teachers and students for life.
No American flour
Mr. Zhu Ziqing suffered from a serious stomach trouble because of his long and hard life and work. At the beginning of 1948, the people's liberation war entered the final stage, and his condition became worse. But he didn't care about rest, but devoted himself to the struggle more selflessly. At this time, Mr. Zhu Ziqing was seriously ill and had no money for medical treatment, but he did not hesitate to sign his name on the declaration, which read: "In order to show the dignity and integrity of the people of China, we categorically reject all handouts from the United States, whether purchased or given ..." and immediately asked the children to return the flour ration card. At the beginning of August, Mr. Zhu Ziqing's condition deteriorated and hospital treatment was ineffective. Unfortunately, he died in 12 at the age of 50. Before he died, Mr. Zhu Ziqing urged his family in a weak voice: "One thing to remember: I signed a document rejecting American flour, and our family will not buy American flour rationed by the Kuomintang in the future!"
On Zhu Ziqing's Failure to Receive American "Relief Grain"
Han Wu
"Zhu Ziqing was seriously ill and would rather starve to death than receive American' relief food'" ("Mao
"Selected Works of Dong Ze", Volume 4, page 1499) I feel particularly cordial and indignant about this matter. material
Ten years later, when I read these words, the scene was still vivid. The so-called "liberation"
Grain "is such a thing:1June 1948, when the legal tender of the Kuomintang government was like Dajiangdong.
The next time, it has been depreciating, and it costs tens of thousands of dollars to buy a pack of cigarettes. The salary of a professor is a monthly salary.
Yes, it is, but the devaluation of the French currency is faster and prices are rising faster. A professor who used to have a better life,
At this time, it is as difficult to live as the broad masses of people. Especially for people with a big family, life is more
For difficulties. The Kuomintang government also knows the people's antipathy, especially the intellectuals in colleges and universities.
They can't stand this situation. So he played a trick and made a match.
You can buy "American aid flour" at a lower price by purchasing vouchers. It is also at this time that beauty
The China administration actively assisted the Japanese, and Si Tuleideng, the American ambassador to China, slandered and slandered the people of China.
An insulting cry. On the one hand, it is cheap, on the other hand, it supports the Japanese and insults the people of China. I
Some of us discussed and tried to expose the conspiracy of the Kuomintang government and protest against the insult of the American government.
Insult, make a public statement.
The statement goes like this:
Oppose the pro-Japanese policy of the U.S. government and protest against the U.S. Consul General Ka and Mei.
Si Tuleideng, China's ambassador to China, slandered and insulted the people of China to show his respect for the people of China.
Strict and moral, we categorically reject all American charity with the nature of buying souls.
About buying or giving. The following colleagues agreed to refuse to buy cheap flour from the United States and return it unanimously.
It is hereby declared that the gift card is returned.
June, 37 17
The statement has been written and the signatures have been collected. As usual, it was decided that everyone was responsible for contacting if.
Fuck, I run errands for most old professors. I took the manuscript to find Zhu Ziqing.
Mr. Wang had a serious stomach trouble at that time, so he could only eat very little and eat more.
Vomiting, emaciated face, low voice. He has many children, and his life is more difficult than anyone else.
Difficult. But as soon as he read the manuscript, he signed it without hesitation. He always writes according to the rules.
Every moment. This time, he signed his name meticulously with trembling hands. what
This should also be explained. 1946 After returning to Tsinghua campus from Kunming, his attitude has improved.
Significant changes, no longer silent. He opposed the civil war and hated the Kuomintang. About the producer of * * *
The law has also begun to change. He once recited poems in the liberated areas at public meetings and sometimes even talked with them.
The students dressed up and danced yangko together, making them sweat. Oppose the United States and the Kuomintang
I always look for him in the struggle of declarations, telegrams, statements and so on. As soon as he saw me, he also
Understand the purpose, "have you signed it?" Write your name after reading the manuscript. Just me.
As far as I can remember, nine times out of ten he signed it. Sometimes you don't sign because
Words are a little angry. I also found other professors this time, all of whom are better than usual.
Most people who are familiar with or live nearby have signed their names, but they have also hit a nail. There is a professor.
There are only three children, but his answer is simple: "No! I want to live! " Zhu Ziqing's belly
The disease comes from hunger, and his family has a large population, so he needs to feed. Someone posted the bill in the later period of Kunming.
The salary of people like us is only about ten yuan equivalent to the pre-war silver dollar.
Zhu Ziqing cares about politics, but he doesn't express his opinions much. It can be said that he is gentle.
There is anger. During the Anti-Japanese War, the news was blocked by the Kuomintang.
Righteousness passively resisted Japan, but actively clashed with the * * * production party, causing several anti-* * climaxes.
People in the home front don't know. He thinks that as long as you resist, you should live a hard life.
Rarely complain. Although he sympathized with many political activities in Kunming, he seldom participated. reach
Wen Yiduo was assassinated by Kuomintang reactionaries and was filled with indignation. After returning to Peiping after demobilization,
Seeing that American imperialism helped the Kuomintang to launch a civil war and hit the Kuomintang hard, his attitude changed.
I stood up before the U.S. imperialists and their running dogs, the Kuomintang reactionaries, except for a few times.
Except that he joined us. There are several things worth mentioning. One is him.
Efforts to compile the complete works of Wen Yiduo, I pointed out in the postscript of the complete works:
Mr. Pei Xian is an old friend and colleague for more than ten years. For this book, he spent.
One year, collect the legacy, edit and correct it. Draft a table of contents ... in a word, there are no pages.
With Mr. Xian's efforts, this collection is impossible to edit.
The publication of more than one complete work at that time was a protest against the Kuomintang reactionaries and
On the contrary, compared with some people, these people were classmates or old classmates.
I've been a friend for twenty or thirty years and died more than once. I never cared, and I never did.
I wrote a commemorative article. The other is his love for young students. For example,
Once two students in his department fought, one was from the NLD and the other was a national.
The third youth league of the party. The reason for the fight was of course political, and both of them complained to the teacher.
Mr. Qing Zi was afraid that his classmate Min Qing would suffer, and secretly advised him to make some concessions. I'm learning about it.
Love, then write and put forward opinions and ask him to consider who is right and who is wrong in politics, probably.
The tone of the wording is a bit sharp. He came to my house the next day, very serious.
Explain his intention and blame it on the Spring and Autumn Sage. He said a few words about improving students in order to
Protect him from the youth league's revenge, and at the same time he agrees that my opinion is correct. material
Later, I told this situation to Min Qing's classmate, who was also very moved. He is very interested in the Kuomintang.
Although the opposition to government rule is not loud, it can be seen from one thing I have personally contacted.
I can see that at this time, in order to save the dying fate, the Kuomintang reactionaries have strengthened their rights.
Special agent control in colleges and universities. In order to protest, I wrote an academic paper, The Study of the Early Ming Dynasty.
School ",it is said that in the early Ming Dynasty, Kuomintang reactionaries were scolded and sent to the school to publish Journal of Tsinghua.
Release. Some editors of this magazine are party member, but of course they refuse to publish it, thinking that it doesn't count.
Academic articles. I talked to Mr. Zi Qing, who is also the editorial board of the magazine and has written to the Lord.
The editor, who strongly advocated publication, finally published this article. From this incident, we can see his
Changes in thoughts and feelings.
Being tortured by stomach trouble for a long time, he was too weak, but he also knew that it was almost dawn.
Dark clouds are about to pass, and good days are coming. He was very pleased and wrote on the table.
Under the glass plate, there are two poems: "But if you can see the sun, although it is brilliant, why are you depressed at dusk?" from
In the Tang Dynasty, Li Shangyin's poem "to see the sun, for all his glory, Buried by the Coming Night" was used to reverse his conviction. These two poems are ten.
Fen aptly expressed his feelings at that time.
On July 23rd, a symposium on "Today's Tasks of Intellectuals" was held in Tsinghua University I-shaped Auditorium.
Yes, this is his last political activity. I personally invited him to join him at his home.
Stroll from the North Yard to the I-shaped Hall. He walked for a while, paused for a while, and said to me intermittently:
"You are right, this road is right. However, people like me are not used to it.
Teach us slowly. So that I can keep up with you. "He also spoke at the meeting,
This is also the meaning of the main paragraph. He said: "Intellectuals have two paths: one is
Helping idle people climb up is an accomplice. There are such people in feudal society and capitalist society. project
It's downward. Intellectuals can go up and down, so they are a class, not a class.
It is not easy for many intellectuals to give up their vested interests. Now we live a public life.
I can't live. This is not that reason is unwilling to accept it, and reason knows that it should accept it.
I can't get used to it. "
Mr. Zi Qing rationally knew that he wanted to abandon his vested interests and lead a public life, and he made progress again.
A step forward, which is a big step forward. He refused to buy American flour and signed his name.
Later, the diary of this day recorded this incident:1June 8, and this incident lost 6 million French francs every month.
It had a great impact on my family, but I signed it anyway. Because I am anti-American and help Japan, I should be directly responsible.
Do it. This shows his determination.
Not only that, the day before his death, he told his wife, "There is one thing to remember.
I signed a document refusing American aid to flour! "Since Mr. Qing is the knowledge of the old times.
A typical character in Zi, who used to be a liberal, didn't like to take part in political activities.
Especially more intense and aggressive political activities. However, he has a sense of justice, and
With the strengthening of the enslavement and oppression of the Kuomintang and American imperialism to the people of China and China.
After all, he can't stand armed provocation, slaughter and repression. He speaks, he acts,
Show your attitude through cultural life, reciting poems and dancing yangko.
On the other hand, he resolutely refused to take the middle route and the third road. He was asked to attend.
He resolutely refused to join New Road, a middle-line publication run by the Kuomintang. But he brought it.
The disease attended our seminar.
He distinguished between right and wrong, love and hate, and finally took a clear-cut stand in his later years.
Looking up and standing up, I would rather starve to death than resolutely refuse the enemy's "relief." This product
De, this kind of integrity is worth learning today. "We China people have backbone. allow
Many people who used to be liberals or democratic individualists are in the United States and Japan.
His lackeys stood up before the Kuomintang reactionaries. "(Selected Works of Mao Zedong, Volume 4, 1499.
Comrade Mao Zedong praised the backbone of Wen Yiduo and Zhu Ziqing, saying, "We should write a eulogy for Wen Yiduo,
Writing Zhu Ziqing's Ode is a battle between our dead, especially between Mr. Yiduo and Mr. Ziqing. "
The responsibility of friends. The future of this ode to our national heroism remains to be seen. this
A text can only be regarded as some reactions caused by rereading the article Farewell to Stuart Leiden.
Just a memory.
Zhu Ziqing's Prose Style
Li Guangtian said in the article "The Most Complete Personality": "The number of lines behind is less than 50, and the number of words is only 1500 words ... Because this short passage was selected into the Chinese textbook for middle school students, in the eyes of middle school students, the word' Zhu Ziqing' has become an inseparable whole with the back." What is said here is the situation before liberation. As for the post-liberation, fewer people chose "Back", while "Moonlight on the Lotus Pond" has been selected as a teaching material and recited by college and middle school students because of its beautiful writing.
Why is Zhu Ziqing's prose so admired? Mainly because his prose has the character of truth, goodness and beauty. Truth means true content and sincere feelings. Goodness means that the thoughts and feelings expressed in the works are progressive, and the author's right and wrong are consistent with the broad masses of the people. Beauty, of course, includes many aspects, but what ordinary prose works can't do is that its language is beautiful and full of charm, as clear and smooth as a stream, as sweet and chewy as an olive.
How did Zhu Ziqing pursue truth, goodness and beauty in his prose creation?
Judging from the content, Zhu Ziqing wrote all his own personal experiences. Not only is the event well-founded, but a detail is also true and accurate. He can't tolerate anything untrue in his prose. There is such a thing: there is a sentence in his Moonlight on the Lotus Pond: "The most lively thing at this time is the cicada in the tree and the frog in the water." Later, a reader wrote to tell him that cicadas would not call at night. Zhu Ziqing thought that he did hear cicadas that night, but to be on the safe side, he asked several people and wrote to an entomologist for advice. As a result, everyone thinks that cicadas don't bark at night, but only occasionally. Zhu Ziqing therefore suspected that he was mistaken, and planned to delete the sentence of cicada's barking when the collection of essays "Back" was reprinted. But later, he heard the cicada singing on the moonlit night twice with his own eyes. He didn't believe that he had written it wrong. Most people didn't know the cicada singing on the moonlit night accurately. To this end, he wrote an article explaining that it is not easy to observe things. It can be seen from this incident that Zhu Ziqing's attitude towards the authenticity of writing content is so serious.
The sincerity of Zhu Ziqing's prose feelings is well known. His Back and For the Dead Woman are called "the first-class love literature between heaven and earth". In the faint pen and ink, there is a deep feeling, without any affectation, but with moving power. In his essays, such as On Realism and Picturesque, On Slogans and Slogans, and The Preface of Zhong Ming's A Record of Disgusting and Bitterness, he emphasized that "truth" is "nature", "rhetoric is sincere" and "propaganda and writing cannot be without a sincere attitude". It is this "sincere attitude" that makes him pour his true feelings between the lines. And this kind of emotion revealed from the deep heart is more likely to cause readers to sing.