The Summer Palace, which enjoys a high reputation among the world's classical gardens, is harmonious and unified. In the center of Qian Shan, 60 meters high in Wanshou Mountain, a number of buildings such as Paiyunmen, Paiyungu, Dehui Hall, Foxiang Pavilion and Wisdom Sea are vertically arranged from low to high, standing by the mountain, rising step by step and magnificent. With the tall Buddha pavilion as the main body, the center line of the whole park is formed. The promenade built along the north bank of Kunming Lake is 728 meters long and has 273 rooms. It spans the Wanshou Mountain like a ribbon, connecting the Qian Shan buildings in the east. There are more than 14000 beautiful paintings in the promenade, which is known as the "gallery". The humorous garden is located in the northeast corner of the Summer Palace and at the east foot of Wanshou Mountain. It has rich characteristics of Jiangnan gardens and is known as "the garden in the garden".
Kunming Lake, which accounts for three quarters of the total area of the park, is clear and green with pleasant scenery. On the vast lake, there are three small islands dotted around, and the main scenery is Xidi, Xidi Six Bridges, Dongdi, Nanhu Island, Seventeen-hole Bridge and so on. There are pavilions, Zhichun Pavilion, Phoenix Wharf and other exquisite buildings on the shore of the lake. Among them, the Qingyan Boat (Shiwan) located on the northwest shore of the lake is a famous aquatic building in the park, which combines Chinese and Western cultures and is exquisite and gorgeous. There are green forests and bamboos on the back of the mountain lake, and the scenery is elegant. There are winding paths of pine forests and flowing bridges everywhere, and the style is very different from that of Qianshan Mountain. The Suzhou River at the foot of the mountain twists and turns, sometimes narrow and sometimes wide, which is quite characteristic of Jiangnan. There is a multi-treasure glass tower built among the trees on the shore. There is also a Tibetan-like building in Houshan-Zongyin Pavilion in Xiang Yan, which has a strange shape. Suzhou street, originally a private trading street in the palace, has been restored and opened to tourists. The colorful Summer Palace is surrounded by mountains and waters, which reflects the superb level of gardening art in China.
The Summer Palace is the largest existing garden in China, covering an area of 5.64 million square meters, with a wall circumference of about 200 li, nearly twice as large as the Summer Palace in Beijing. The magnificent and beautiful gardens and temples of different ethnic styles such as Han, Mongolian and Tibetan outside the gardens make Chengde a famous tourist city in northern China.
In different historical stages, the layout of the humble administrator's garden is different, especially the early humble administrator's garden is not exactly the same as today's. It is this difference that has gradually formed the unique characteristics of Humble Administrator's Garden, mainly including:
(1) Be good at water control according to local conditions. According to "Humble Administrator's Garden" and "Returning to Tian Ju", this garden is "mostly vacant, with water standing in it and a little sparse around trees". "The ground can be pooled, the soil can be pooled, the product can be high, and the mountains can be mountains. Ikenoe, you can have a house among the mountains. " It fully embodies the advantages of making more use of accumulated water in the humble administrator's garden and dredging it into a pool; It looks like a lake, forming a swaying personality and characteristics. The existing water surface in the middle of Humble Administrator's Garden is nearly six acres, accounting for about one third of the garden area. "All pavilions and pavilions are based on water", creating a cheerful atmosphere in a large area of water garden space, basically maintaining the characteristics of "bare forest" in the Ming Dynasty.
(2) elegant and natural. Early humble administrator's garden, with lush trees, confused water color and natural scenery. The buildings in the park are very sparse, only "one hall, six pavilions on the first floor", and the number of buildings is very small, which is far lower than the building density in today's gardens. Bamboo fences, thatched pavilions and thatched huts are integrated with the natural landscape, which is simple and elegant and has a unique natural scenery. The existing landscape in the middle of Humble Administrator's Garden accounts for about three-fifths of the garden area. There are two islands in the pool, and the Chi Pan at the top of the mountain is dotted with only a few pavilions and small buildings, which makes the scenic spot look sparse, elegant and natural. Although this layout has not yet taken shape in the Ming Dynasty, it has the demeanor of a humble administrator's garden in the Ming Dynasty.
(3) The courtyard is strewn at random and tortuous. Garden architecture of humble administrator's garden. Most of them were single in the early days, and great changes took place in the late Qing Dynasty. First of all, the number of garden buildings such as pavilions, verandahs and painted boats has increased significantly. The building density in the middle reaches 16.3%. Secondly, the architecture tends to group combination, and the courtyard space changes twists and turns. Such as Xiao Canglang, as can be seen from the map of Wen Zhiming Zhuozheng Group, it is just a small pavilion by the water. During the Eight Banners period, the Feng Zhi Guild Hall was already a group of house boat. The pavilions and covered bridges such as Xiaofeihong, Dezhen Pavilion, Educated Youth Yiyuan, Xiaocanglang and Tingsongfeng are surrounded by water and have a unique style. There is also a group of gardens to the east of Shuiting, namely Piba Garden, which consists of three groups of courtyards: Haitang Spring House, Tingyuxuan and Jiashi Pavilion. The main building is Linglong Pavilion. Between the landscape and the house, these two courtyards are interspersed, which better solves the transition between the house and the garden. At the same time, for the landscape, because of the contrast of these courtyard spaces of different sizes, the main space is more spacious and spacious
The appearance and change of this garden-style courtyard space in the garden is probably related to the reduction of garden area, except for the reasons of use. The humble administrator's garden in Guangxu period was only 1.2 hectares. Like other gardens in Suzhou, it occupies a small area, so the primary task of gardening activities is to create infinite natural landscapes in a small space. This kind of garden-in-garden, multi-space courtyard combination and spatial division and infiltration ",contrast and contrast;" The combination of concealment and manifestation of space, the twists and turns of space between reality and reality, concealment and exposure; The methods of releasing space first, collecting space first, restraining it first and then promoting it are aimed at breaking through the limitations of space, obtaining the effect of seeing the big from the small, and thus obtaining rich landscapes. This treatment is of universal significance in Suzhou gardens, and it is also the same feature of Suzhou gardens.
(4) Garden landscape, flowers and trees win. Humble Administrator's Garden is known as an "excellent tree". Come down in one continuous line for hundreds of years. Two-thirds of the early thirty-one scenes of Wang Humble Administrator's Garden are based on plant themes, such as peach blossom slices, "Peach blossoms are planted on the shore and flowers are like clouds"; Zhuxi, "there are thousands of beautiful bamboos in Jiaxi" and "the scenery is very quiet"; There are hundreds of books in Yaopu with colorful flowers. "It's not fair to return to the pastoral home, but to brush the ground with weeping willows," dense trees and stone moss. "Every spring, camellia is like fire and magnolia is like snow. Apricot blossoms are in full bloom, "covering the clouds and valleys." "The burden of summer. The hibiscus trees in autumn overlap like brocade curtains. In winter, old Mei Yan bends back and forth. She is proud of the frost. There are Pan Hongxuan, Zhimeiting, Bamboo Fragrant Gallery, Bamboo Post, Zitengwu, Zhanhua Zhangjian and other landscapes. Today, Humble Administrator's Garden still maintains the tradition of winning by plant landscape. Lotus, camellia and azalea are three famous characteristic flowers. There are only 23 landscapes in Central China, of which 80% are mainly plants. Such as the lotus flowers in Yuanxiangtang and Fengge ("Xiang Yuan Qing" and "He Feng comes from all sides"); Yuxuan Linglong Pavilion leans on bamboo ("Leaning on Jasper" and "Moonlight Through Bamboo"); Orange Frost Pavilion ("There must be forest frost in Dongting"); Listen to the bamboo, lotus and banana in the rain garden ("Listen to the rain and enter the autumn bamboo", "The banana leaves are half yellow and the lotus leaves are green, and two autumn rains sound"); Magnolia in Yulantang ("This life should be as clean as Yulantang"); Plum in Xueyun Pavilion ("It is not snow from a distance, but it has a faint fragrance"); Listen to the pines in the pine wind ("the wind blows cold pines since ancient times"), as well as the begonia in Chunwu, the willows in Liu Yin Road, the handles in the garden, and the pines, bamboos and cypresses in Jiashige.
The gardening art of Humble Administrator's Garden occupies an important position in the history of gardening in China. It represents the characteristics and achievements of private gardens in the south of the Yangtze River in a historical stage.
Three wonders of lingering garden
A misty mountain peak
The peak of Liuyuan Cloud is a masterpiece of Taihu Stone, which combines the thinness, wrinkling, leakage and transparency of Taihu Stone. According to legend, this strange stone is still a relic of the flower stone in the late Song Dynasty. At the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, although the war in the north was tight and the nomads from the north were besieged on all sides, Song Huizong built a large-scale construction project in Tokyo, and built the "Yanfu Palace" and "Wanshou Mountain". He ordered a nationwide collection of exotic flowers and stones and boasted that he would collect all the treasures in the palace. In the fourth year of Suining in Hui Zong, Suzhou-Hangzhou Yingfeng Bureau was set up to collect famous flowers and stones. The director of Suzhou-Hangzhou Yingfeng Bureau is Zhu Mian, who is the best at buttering up oversight. Since he became this official, he had the power to buy "Hua Shigang", so he let go of his hands and feet and tried his best to collect and scrape among the people. As long as there is a stone or a tree in someone's house, he will immediately send troops and take it home if he finds it and takes a fancy to it. Anyone who dares to resist will be punished as "disrespecting the emperor". Sometimes in order to move trees and stones, even the walls of residential buildings and even houses are torn down. At that time, Zhu Myanmar found too many flowers and stones from the people, which finally aroused the peasant uprising in Fang La. At that time, one of the slogans of the Fang La Uprising Army was to kill Zhu Myanmar, which echoed the Fang La Uprising Army. The peasant uprising led by Shi Sheng also broke out in Suzhou. Soon, the Northern Song Dynasty regime was finally destroyed by gold because of the emptiness of the national treasury and the poverty of the people, and Zong Wei himself became a prisoner. The crested bee is a relic of flowers and was not delivered in time.
Nanmudian
The pillars of Nanmu Temple were originally made of superior nanmu, but during the Anti-Japanese War, Nanmu Temple became a stable, and hungry marching horses ate up the superior nanmu pillars. Later, when the garden was restored after the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the nanmu column had to be plastered with cement and painted outside.
ichthyolite
There is a natural marble painting "Fish Fossil" in the Wu Fengxian Pavilion of Lingering Garden, which is known as one of the "Three Treasures of Lingering Garden". I saw a marble standing on the wall, surrounded by mountains in the middle of the stone face, with overlapping vertical walls, flowing water in the lower part and waterfalls hanging down, and graceful flowing water in the upper part, just above the center, with a white dot, just like the sun or the bright moon. This is a natural landscape painting. This marble with a diameter of about one meter is produced in Diancang Mountain, Yunnan, and its thickness is only 10.