This is a magical figure, and the most amazing thing is that he finally reached the peak of power as an ordinary person. He wants to build a country that Zoroastrianism says "light triumphs over darkness", a country that Confucianism says is "people-oriented", and a country that he envisions without corrupt officials, extortion and oppression of the people. [Transferred from Tiexue Community/] He not only cracked down on corrupt officials through severe punishment and laws, but also restrained officials through system and public supervision. He hoped to establish an order of "filial piety to parents, respect for elders and rural harmony". But the court he established was, after all, the Zhujiajian dynasty. Those who follow him to conquer the world should give officials, fields and good houses, and their sons should be crowned as kings and their daughters as princesses, thus becoming the new noble class that exploits the people. Governing the Tang and Song Dynasties: Don't misunderstand the Ming Dynasty. Some people say that the Ming Dynasty was a fatuous, declining and narrow dynasty, and Zhu Yuanzhang was a centralized emperor. But in fact, the Ming dynasty was once a very brilliant, powerful and unparalleled dynasty. There is a stone tablet on the Shinto of the Ming Tombs in Nanjing. This stone tablet is engraved with four gold-plated characters, called "Governing the Tang and Song Dynasties"! These four words are the evaluation given by Emperor Kangxi to Zhu Yuanzhang, which means that the Ming Dynasty once performed better in governing the country than the Tang Dynasty and the Song Dynasty. Emperor Kangxi did not write casually, nor was it just a political show, but told the truth. Let's review how Zhu Yuanzhang managed the country to the level of "managing the Tang and Song Dynasties". The Forbidden City, the Ming Tombs and the Great Wall of Wan Li that we see today were all built by the Ming Dynasty. Blue and white porcelain, Ming furniture and even many cultural achievements are from the Ming Dynasty. The story of the American film Ghost is a copy of the Peony Pavilion more than 400 years ago, and the Ming Dynasty did not leave us. In addition, Zheng He, who shocked the world, has to be mentioned. A few years ago, a British naval officer wrote a book called 142 1 China Discovers the World. He proposed that Zheng He, a native of China, sailed around the world, far surpassing Columbus and Da Gama, bypassing Africa and discovering America. Although this conclusion is incorrect, Zheng He's voyages to the Western Ocean, even though he did not bypass the Cape of Good Hope and reach America, still showed that China was a powerful country at that time. Solve doubts for Simin: Governing the country is people-oriented [transferred from Tiexue Community/] The word "Ming" in the Ming Dynasty originated from Zoroastrianism and advocated that "light overcomes darkness and all beings are equal", which became Zhu Yuanzhang's founding principle, established a country without ethnic oppression and changed the living conditions of ordinary people. In an article written by Zhu Yuanzhang during the Northern Expedition to the Yuan Dynasty, the slogan was "Expulsion of Tatars, Restoration of China, Establishment of Discipline in Chen Gang, Relief for the People". Some people say that Sun Yat-sen wrote this. Are you mistaken? There is nothing wrong. Sun Yat-sen studied Zhu Yuanzhang. "Expulsion of Tatars and Restoration of China" is to overthrow the rule of the Yuan Dynasty with Mongolian nobles as the main body and restore the dignity of the Han people. As a "person", it is not a simple question of which ethnic group will rule, but a question of resisting oppression. "Chen Gang established discipline to help the people of Sri Lanka" is aimed at the corruption and chaotic discipline of the legal system at the end of the Yuan Dynasty, and established discipline to safeguard the legal system. Another idea of Zhu Yuanzhang's governing the country comes from Confucianism. China's tradition is based on Confucian political thought, especially when Zhu Yuanzhang has a certain influence, many Confucian scholars come to give him advice and help him design the blueprint of the future country. The foundation of Confucianism is "people-oriented". In governing the country, Confucianism has always advocated respecting heaven and ancestors and imitating the spirit and principles left by ancestors. The slogan is "Heaven listens to people's words, and God understands people's wishes", which boils down to two things: "Love the people and serve the people". How can the thoughts of Confucian intellectuals be combined with Zoroastrianism? Zhu Yuanzhang wants to write the title of the country as "Ming", which is very clever. In Chinese characters, the sun and the moon are "bright", which is in line with the theory of "respecting heaven" of Emperor China. When Emperor China ascended the throne, he would make sacrifices to heaven. Therefore, Confucianism interprets the word "Ming" as the heaven understood by Confucianism. The idea of Ming Dynasty contains simple people-oriented thought and Confucian traditional people-oriented thought. Zhu Yuanzhang's personal experience deeply influenced his thought of governing the country. He is extremely poor, is the bottom of society, and has suffered a lot and oppression. When he became emperor, he told his ministers that when he was young in the countryside, he was really angry. When he saw officials drinking lewd, doing nothing and bullying the people. But what can we do? There is nothing the common people can do. Zhu Yuanzhang said that the people worked hard all year round, planting crops and spinning cloth. The debts owed this year before the crops were planted in the fields have been collected, which is "not their own". The cloth woven by a woman has not been taken off the textile machine, and it is "not her own". They wear rags, eat coarse grains and do hard work all year round. Zhu Yuanzhang kept all this in mind and integrated it into his own strategy of governing the country. Punishing corruption: Killing Xu without favoritism Once, Zhu Yuanzhang talked with his important counselor Liu Ji. He asked Liu Ji how to govern the country now. Liu Ji only said "leniency". The Yuan Dynasty was very miserable in squeezing the people, and now it is necessary to be lenient. Zhu Yuanzhang said "otherwise"! We can't talk about empty leniency, but "leniency" must be "enriching the people and strengthening the army, cracking down on corrupt officials and educating the people." The wealth of the people. Zhu Yuanzhang was very concerned about people's production and introduced measures, such as tax relief for some newly reclaimed land, welcoming some people to flee, and giving them seeds, farm tools and things cultivated by their families if they could not produce. He is very worried. He said that several jujube and apricot trees must be planted at home, because if there is a disaster, these jujube and apricot trees can survive. [Transferred from the Iron Blood Community/] Preserve people's power. In other words, don't put a greater burden on the people. After Zhu Yuanzhang became emperor, he was very simple. Once he came to the yamen from Nanjing. It was very hot and he was soaked to the skin. At that time, the clean clothes prepared by the people next to him were all washed and washed old clothes. He said that I am "rich all over the world" and I can change into ten new clothes a day, but this is the people's strength and I can't waste it. He also asked people around him to save human resources. When two maids lost some silk thread, he called them in and gave them a scolding. Some eunuchs wore new shoes and walked into the rain. They don't care much. He called eunuchs and gave them a good beating. He asked his palace not to have any colorful paintings. All his things needed metal instead of gold and silver, and all of them were changed into copper. Fight against corrupt officials. This is even more obvious. During the Hongwu period, Zhu Yuanzhang used heavy codes to rectify the official ranks in order to establish discipline in Chen Gang, so as to make them clean and love the people. In Ming Dynasty, there was a complete system of supervisory officials, and Douchayuan was set up. Duchayuan has a supervisor who is responsible for supervising officials at all levels. They can report the mistakes, faults and crimes of officials directly to the emperor. A regular assessment system has also been established, with one exam every three years and one exam every nine years. The assessment results are divided into competent, incompetent and normal. Different from other emperors, Zhu Yuanzhang called on the people to supervise officials. He gave instructions to the people all over the country: If people come to me to reflect their problems, no place can stop them. If they dare to stop them, it will be hell to pay. Moreover, Zhu Yuanzhang also demanded that ordinary people should not come alone, nor two people, but thirty or fifty people, the more the better. As soon as the measures came out, the people went to Beijing to complain, corrupt officials were accused, and the wronged good officials were overthrown by the people and promoted. Zhu Yuanzhang compiled a famous work "Da Gao", which recorded cases of violating the law and discipline. He asked all parts of the country to learn "Da Gao", first in schools, to know what is illegal and what kind of punishment will be imposed if it is illegal. In addition, every household should collect "big complaints" to guide the people to know the law and break the law. At the beginning of the founding of the People's Republic of China, he ordered Liu Ji and others to formulate the Daming Law, which took shape after 30 years of revision. This is a famous code he left to history, which occupies an important position in the legal history of China. In addition to supervising education, Zhu Yuanzhang also arrested several major cases, including the case of empty printing in Hongwu for eight years, the case of Guo Huan in Hongwu for eighteen years, and the case of tea smuggling in Lunouyang in Hongwu for thirty years. Enlighten. Zhu Yuanzhang carried out an ancient ritual in the countryside-"drinking in the countryside" ceremony. According to records, this kind of etiquette existed in the Zhou Dynasty, but it was not seriously implemented in previous dynasties, but was implemented by Zhu Yuanzhang. At the end of the year and the beginning of the year, local chiefs and chiefs (the most basic officials, equivalent to the current community directors) called local residents to sum up their work for one year. There are many complicated rules in the ceremony of "drinking in the country": the venerable old man sits in front and the literate person acts as the host. The most important thing is to judge by this etiquette. People's performance in the local year, whose children are diligent and filial to their parents, whose children are petty thieves and whose children work a little harder, are all judged by this etiquette and will be punished or rewarded. If you are punished, you may not be allowed to drink on that day, and some simply stand at the door and refuse to attend this banquet. Zhu Yuanzhang asked the local intellectuals to attend the ceremony of "drinking in the countryside", stress the law of understanding, and infiltrate the law and education into the grassroots. He set up a "register of friends", which stated the basic requirements for ordinary people, just like the current "Civil Code". He copied this basic requirement into big letters and posted it on the road, printed it by engraving and distributed it everywhere. He sends people to the street for publicity five times a month. As he walked, he knocked on the bangzi and shouted six words: "Be filial to your parents, respect your parents, live in harmony in the countryside, teach your children and grandchildren, and be safe." Zhu Yuanzhang also took great pains to establish a complete academic system throughout the country. This system includes the establishment of schools in imperial academy (then known as "imperial academy") and Fuzhou County in the central government, as well as martial arts and health science schools in the army, ethnic minorities and border areas. Therefore, schools in the Ming Dynasty are the most popular and extensive in history. 1980 I went to Wuwei, Gansu, far away. At that time, the traffic was not very developed, and no plane arrived in Lanzhou. It took a long time to get there by bus. I saw a large Wuwei county school, which was established in the early Ming Dynasty. So far away, the school was built there in the Ming Dynasty. There is a saying in the Ming Dynasty that "there must be a school in the imperial examination", and anyone who was born in the imperial examination must pass the school education. Prince enfeoffment: Can't escape "Imperial Law". In the history of China, we can never get rid of this cycle, and some people call it "Wang Fa". What was Zhu Yuanzhang's biggest mistake? Many people may think that the hero killed the hero. In my opinion, adhering to the vassal enfeoffment system has left endless troubles for myself and the Ming Dynasty. After Zhu Yuanzhang became emperor, he wanted to ensure the continuation of this dynasty, and of course he also wanted to strengthen the army and rule. He thinks he should choose the closest person to support him, and this is his son. Therefore, Zhu Yuanzhang's sons were all made princes and arranged all over the country. [Transferred from the Iron Blood Community/] In fact, Zhu Yuanzhang also expected that there might be problems with the prince's packet. So, in 1957, in Hongwu, he personally drafted Ming Taizu Xun (the earliest was Zu Xun Lu, later revised as Ming Taizu Xun), which was carved into a book for later generations to read and for officials to abide by. One of them stipulates that the prince "will not crack the soil and leave the people." When the Zhou Dynasty and the Han Dynasty enfeoffed governors, they set aside a piece of land. You eat this land and take care of the people here, so you have several "China". Zhu Yuanzhang said, I am now enfeoffment prince. The prince only enjoys a little lower etiquette than the emperor. When all kinds of officials kowtow to you, you can have a mansion and a small number of troops (1 1,000 or more) as your guards, but you can't command local troops. The praetorian guard belongs to the commander-in-chief of the kingdom, and no local army can be under the control of the prince. This shows that Zhu Yuanzhang was on guard against the emergence of "China". In the eighth year of Hongwu, Ye Boju, the discipline supervisor of Pingyao County, Shanxi Province, wrote a book of 10,000 words to Zhu Yuanzhang. The first thing he did was to oppose Zhu Yuanzhang's enfeoffment of the Prince. When Zhu Yuanzhang saw it, he was furious and said that this man would provoke our father-son relationship and must be arrested and shot himself. Zhu Yuanzhang believes that the prevention of the prince has been written in the Instructions of Ming Taizu, which is clear and does not accept Ye Boju's criticism. He thinks my system is very good, the power of the prince is not very great, and there is no prince to rebel. However, it was this system that eventually led to the catastrophe of the Ming Dynasty. Shortly after Zhu Yuanzhang's death, the "Battle of Jingnan" broke out, and the Northern King rose up and finally overthrew his nephew.