the opium war

Reason: Britain smuggled opium into China, which brought great disaster to the Chinese nation.

Time, place and leader of opium destruction in Humen: June 3 1839, Lin Zexu, Humen, Guangdong.

Significance: This is a great victory of the people of China against smoking, which shows the strong will of the Chinese nation against foreign aggression. Lin Zexu is a well-deserved national hero.

Reason: Britain wants to open the commodity market and raw material producing area in China.

Outbreak: 1840 The British government launched a war of aggression against China.

The result of the Opium War: The Qing government was defeated and forced to sign the treaty of nanking (land cession, reparations, five-port trade and tariff agreement) with Britain.

Influence on China: After the war, China began to change from a feudal society to a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

The Opium War was the beginning of China's modern history.

Lesson 2 The Crime of Foreign Powers Invading China during the Second Opium War

Burning Yuanmingyuan:1856-1860 Britain and France launched the second opium war against China.

The British and French allied forces plundered the treasures of Yuanmingyuan and burned them.

Time: Around the Second Opium War

Crime of aggression against China Russia occupied a large territory of China: way: by forcing the Qing government to sign an unequal treaty to occupy the territory of China.

Area: * * * * occupies more than 654.38+0.5 million square kilometers in the northeast and northwest territories of China.

Foreign Guns Attacked Taiping Army: Time: Around the Second Opium War

Results:1In September, 862, the Taiping Army killed Wall, the leader of the foreign gun team.

Lesson 3 Recovering Xinjiang

Agubai occupied Xinjiang (1865)

Background Britain and Russia supported the puppet regime of Akuta in an attempt to split Xinjiang.

Controversy between "Coastal Defense" and "Blocking and Preventing"

Recover Xinjiang 1876 and lead the Qing army into Xinjiang to defeat the invading army.

After 1878, Xinjiang returned to the embrace of the motherland except Ili.

China and Russia signed a contract, and the Qing government recovered Yili.

1884 Qing government established a province in Xinjiang.

Lesson 4 Sino-Japanese War Sino-Japanese War

Reason: Japan deliberately provoked war to annex Korea and invade China.

After the outbreak: 1894 Japan invaded Seoul, the capital of South Korea, and launched a war of aggression against China.

The main battles of the Sino-Japanese War: the Battle of the Yellow Sea (Deng Shichang), the Battle of Liaodong and the Battle of Ahava.

Date of signing:1April 895

Results: treaty of shimonoseki signed the agreement, including land cutting, compensation, setting up factories and opening more trading ports.

Impact: It greatly deepened the semi-colonial degree of China.

Lesson 5 Eight-Nation Alliance's War of Aggression against China

Background: Anti-imperialist patriotic Boxers rose.

Eight-Nation Alliance occupied Beijing: Dagu-Tianjin-Beijing; Commit heinous crimes along the way

Time: 190 1 year

Compensation of 450 million taels of silver

The main content of the "Xin Chou Treaty" The Qing government prohibited the people of China from participating in anti-imperialist activities.

Tear down ... allow ... demarcation. ...

Impact: China's sovereignty has been seriously damaged. Since then, the Qing government has completely become a tool for imperialism to rule China, and China has completely become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.

Unit 2 Exploration of Modernization

Lesson 6 Westernization Movement

Rising time: 65438+60s.

Establish military industry with the slogan of "self-improvement"

Set up civil industry with the slogan of "seeking wealth"

The main activity of the Westernization School is to establish three navies: Nanyang, Beiyang and Fujian.

Start a new school.

Evaluation of Westernization Movement: It was a self-help movement of failed feudal rulers, which promoted the emergence and development of Chinese national capitalism and opened the way for China's modernization.

Lesson 7 1898 Reform Movement

Background: With the signing of treaty of shimonoseki, the national crisis broke out.

Writing on the bus: the prelude to the reform movement

After Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao founded the World Bulletin, they established a strong society.

Hundred-day Reform of the Reform Movement of 1898: June to September, 1898.

Content of political reform: involving politics, economy, culture and military affairs.

Results: Empress Dowager Cixi staged a coup and the Reform Movement of 1898 failed.

Lesson 8 Xinhai Revolution

Background: With the deepening of the national crisis in China, the bourgeoisie started a national democratic revolution.

Xingzhonghui: Time and place: 1894, Honolulu, USA.

Time and place: Tokyo, Japan 1905

Sun Xin founded the revolutionary program of the revolutionary party China United League: the 16-character program (later developed into the "Three People's Principles")

The significance of experience: it greatly promoted the national bourgeois democratic revolutionary movement.

Ge19110 June10, Wuchang Uprising in Hubei Province.

The provinces responded in succession and declared independence.

The Wuchang Uprising elected Sun Yat-sen as the interim president of the Republic of China.

19 12 On New Year's Day, Sun Yat-sen took office in Nanjing and the Republic of China was formally established.

Results: Yuan Shikai stole the fruits of the victory of the Revolution of 1911 and established the rule of Beiyang warlords.

Historical significance: overthrew the Qing dynasty, ended the feudal monarchy, and made democracy and ideas deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.

Lesson 9 New Culture Movement

Background: the spread of western ideas such as democracy and freedom in China; Yuan Shikai's perverse behavior led to the fierce conflict between the old and new ideological trends.

Leaders: Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Hu Shi and Lu Xun.

New main position: new youth

Two Flags in the Early Stage of Cultural Movement: Democracy and Science

Main contents: advocate democracy and oppose dictatorship and autocracy; Advocate science and oppose superstition and blind obedience.

Cloud advocates new morality and opposes old morality; Advocate new literature and oppose old literature.

Dynamic background: The victory of Russian socialist revolution in October made China's advanced intellectuals see the "dawn of the new century".

Representative figure in the later stage of the movement: Li Dazhao

Main activities of spreading Marxism in China: publishing Victory of the Common People and Victory of Bolshevism, and establishing Weekly Review.

Evaluation: positive impact; negative impact

Unit 3 The Rise of the New Democratic Revolution

The May 4th Patriotic Movement and the Establishment of China Producers' Party.

Background (fuse): China's diplomatic failure at the Paris Peace Conference.

After the early stage: Beijing students held demonstrations (slogans) and went on strike.

Patriotic Movement in the Late May 4th Movement: Shanghai workers' strike, businessmen's strike and students' strike.

Results: Initial victory was achieved (release, strike and refusal).

Significance: This is a thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal patriotic movement and the beginning of China's new-democratic revolution.

Conditions: the combination of Marxism and the workers' movement in China, and the establishment of early organizations in China.

Time and place:1921July, Shanghai

China * * * Production Party was established: the "first congress" was held, and the party's program was adopted to determine the party's central task.

Main contents: Election of the Central Bureau and its secretary: Chen Duxiu.

Significance: Since the emergence of China's * * * production party, China's revolutionary outlook has taken on a new look.

Northern Expedition (1926-1927)

Background: The largest Kuomintang: 1924, the first cooperation between the Kuomintang and the * * * production party.

Whampoa Military Academy was established: Huangpu, Guangzhou 1925.

Goal: to overthrow the rule of the northern warlords and unify the whole country.

The main targets of the Northern Expedition: Wu, Sun, and Zhang.

Main battlefield: Hubei, Hunan

The Northern Expedition successfully marched into Wuchang and Jiangxi, basically eliminating the main force of Wu and Sun.

The victory in less than half a year, from the Pearl River basin to the Yangtze River basin.

Reasons for the failure of the National Revolutionary Movement: the Kuomintang Rightist Rebellion Revolution (4. 12 Counter-revolutionary coup)

Impact: The national revolutionary movement failed and the first cooperation between the two countries broke down.

Nanjing National Government was established and its capital: April 1927, Nanjing.

Nature: a reactionary government representing the interests of the big landlords and the big bourgeoisie.

A single spark can start a prairie fire.

Nanchang Uprising Time and Leaders: 1927 August 1, Zhou Enlai, He Long, Zhu De.

Significance: The first shot of armed resistance against the reactionary rule of the Kuomintang was fired.

A single spark, time, leadership, location: September 1927, Mao Zedong, Hunan-Jiangxi border.

The process and significance of the autumn harvest uprising: from attacking the city slightly to marching into the countryside, the first rural revolutionary base area (Jinggangshan) was opened and the road of encircling the city from the countryside began.

Time: 65438+April 0928

Joining forces in Jinggangshan: The troops led by Zhu De, Chen Yi and Mao Zedong were reorganized into the Fourth Army of the Red Army of Chinese Workers and Peasants (Zhu De was the commander and Mao Zedong was the party representative).

The Red Army is not afraid of expeditions.

Background (reason): The fifth counter-campaign failed.

Red departure: time, place, initial route: 1934, 10, central revolutionary base, Wujiang Zunyi, Xiangjiang River.

Military time and place: 1935 65438+ 10, Zunyi, Guizhou.

Without going through: the main content of Zunyi meeting: solving … canceling … affirming … confirming … establishing …

Fear of Meaning: Saving the Party, the Red Army and the China Revolution is a turning point in the history of the Party.

Route in the late Long March: Sidu Chishui Jinsha River Dadu River flies over Luding Bridge, climbs snow-capped mountains and crosses grasslands.

Two conquest victories: Wu Qihe in 1935 and Gansu in 1936.

Difficult significance: The attempt of the Kuomintang reactionaries to destroy the Red Army was crushed, the basic strength of the Party and the Red Army was preserved, and the China Revolution turned the corner.

War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression of the Chinese nation

Unforgettable September 18

9: 193 1 September 18.

Overview: The Japanese army created the wicker lake incident, attacked the Northeast Army's Peking University camp in China, and shelled Shenyang City.

Chiang Kai-shek: The policy of non-resistance led to the fall of the three northeastern provinces.

All walks of life in China responded to the people's demands to stop the civil war, resist Japanese aggression and organize the Northeast Anti-Japanese Volunteers.

Change to * * *: Send Yang Jingyu to the Northeast to launch anti-Japanese guerrillas.

Background: Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng asked Chiang Kai-shek to unite against Japan, but they were rejected.

Time:1936 65438+February 65438+February.

General situation of security: Zhang and Yang practiced "military remonstrance". Electrify the whole country and demand to stop the civil war and unite with * * * to resist Japan, also known as the "Double Twelve Incident".

Better be dead than conquered people.

Background: After Japan invaded the three northeastern provinces, it continued southward in an attempt to occupy North China.

Lugouqiao Incident Time:1July 7, 937

Summary: Japanese troops attacked Lugou Bridge and shelled Wanping Ancient City. China defenders rose up to resist.

Impact: A nationwide outbreak of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.

The second cooperation between the two parties: the formal establishment of the anti-Japanese national United front

Nanjing Massacre Time:1937 65438+February.

Summary: More than 300,000 soldiers and civilians in China were massacred.

Build the Great Wall with flesh and blood

Time:1937,9

Pingxingguan Street Location: Pingxingguan, Shanxi

Overview: The Eighth Route Army 1 15 Division annihilated the Japanese army 1000 people.

Significance: This is the first great victory since War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression.

Time: 1938

Location of Taierzhuang Campaign: Taierzhuang, Shandong Province

Overview: Kuomintang Li Zongren led the troops to annihilate more than 10,000 Japanese troops.

Significance: Great victory since the Anti-Japanese War.

Background of Hundred Regiments War: The Japanese army mainly attacked the anti-Japanese base areas, and the troops and people led by the Japanese army became the mainstay of the anti-Japanese war.

Command, significance: Peng War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, China's army took the initiative to attack the Japanese army's biggest battle.

Time: 65438+April 0945

Seven locations in China: Yan 'an.

Main contents: Formulated the party's political line.

Significance: It has prepared conditions for the victory of War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the bright future of China.

The world anti-fascist war has won successively.

After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, China and War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression began a partial counterattack.

On August 1945, the Japanese army announced its unconditional surrender.

Unit 5 Victory of the People's Liberation War

Civil war bonfire

Background: After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the people longed for peace, but Chiang Kai-shek plotted to launch a civil war and strive for domestic peace.

Chongqing negotiation time: 65438+August 0945

Results: China * * * reached the "October 10th Agreement" for peaceful founding.

Outbreak time:1June 946

Internal symbol: Chiang Kai-shek attacked the Central Plains Liberated Area.

Fight to northern Shaanxi

Weather time: 1947 summer

General situation of fire attack on Dabie Mountain: Liu and Deng armies advanced into Dabie Mountain and opened up Dabie Mountain base area.

Significance: It has seriously threatened Nanjing, the ruling center of the Kuomintang, and Wuhan, an important town in Hubei.

Strategic Armageddon

Background: After two years of fighting, the People's Liberation Army has wiped out a large number of enemy troops, and the time is ripe for a decisive battle with the Kuomintang.

Liaoshen Campaign: 1948, Lin Biao and Luo Rongheng led the Northeast People's Liberation Army to liberate the whole Northeast.

The Great Huaihai Campaign: Commanded by Chen Yi and Deng Xiaoping. The victory of this war laid the foundation for the liberation of the provinces south of the Yangtze River.

Battle of Pingjin: The victory of this battle basically liberated the whole of North China (peaceful liberation of Peiping).

The significance of the victory of the three major battles: the main force of the Kuomintang army was basically eliminated, which greatly accelerated the victory of the national people's liberation war.

Millions of Heroes Crossing the River:1949 The liberation of Nanjing on April 23rd marked the downfall of the Kuomintang regime which had ruled China for 22 years.

Unit 6 Economic and Social Life

The Development of Modern National Industry in China

The purpose of running an industry is to develop domestic industry and commerce and save the interests of China.

Industrialist Zhang Jian put forward the slogan of "saving the country through industry" and founded Sheng Da Cotton Mill and other enterprises.

The process of running an industry during the First World War, its enterprises made great progress.

After World War I, the cotton mill was in trouble and was merged.

From Westernization Movement to the Late Qing Dynasty: the national industry sprouted, but it was difficult to survive and develop.

After the Revolution of 1911, various industrial groups appeared one after another, and overseas Chinese returned to China to invest.

During World War I: Entering the "golden age" of development,

After World War I: Development was frustrated.

After the victory of China's modern national War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression, it did not recover well.

The tortuous development of industry is relatively backward under the oppression of three mountains.

The main features of modern national industries are mainly concentrated in the light industry sector.

The development between regions is very uneven.

Lesson 20 Changes in Social Life

The emergence of modern traffic communication in China: traffic: ships and trains

Communication: telegram

Photos and movies were introduced into China from the west.

Changes in cultural life, the establishment of foreign newspapers and China newspapers, and the establishment of the Commercial Press.

Changes in social customs: old customs (men wear braids, women bind their feet, clothes on top of feathers, prone, etc. )

New style (braiding hair, foot binding, Chinese tunic suit, shaking hands, etc. )

The limitation of social life changes in modern China: only in cities can there be great changes.

Unit 7 Lesson 265438 +0, Lesson 22 Science and Technology and Ideology and Culture (1) (2)

The first railway built by China people: Zhan Tianyou; Zhangjing railway

The list of virtues reveals the mystery of alkali production

Wei Yuan: Compiled the Atlas of Sea Countries, and advocated "learning from foreigners to control foreigners".

Yan Fu, an epoch-making thinker, translated the theory of evolution and advocated the view that "natural selection is the way to survive".

Encourage the people to save the country and oppose foreign aggression.

During the Westernization Movement: Establishing New Schools

The beginning of new education during the Reform Movement of 1898: the establishment of Shi Jing University Hall

The Qing government promulgated the constitution of the Music School.

1905 abolish the imperial examination system (please ask Zhang Zhidong to abolish the imperial examination)

Lu Xun: Diary of a Madman and Kong Yiji.

Guo Moruo: Qu Yuan

Zhao Shuli: "Li Youcai Banhua"

Eulogize civilization and lash dark literature and art Ding Ling: The sun shines on the Sanggan River.

Xu Beihong: Ma Yishan

Nie Er: march of the volunteers

Xian Xinghai: Yellow River Chorus.

I'm so tired. Give me two.