A difficult abdication
19 17 years, the war made Russia exhausted, and Russia stepped into the abyss of disaster: prices soared, food supply became increasingly tight, the czar court was in turmoil, the society was restless, and people's hearts were changeable. In a report on June 5438+1October 19, the "Capital Social Security and Order Protection Bureau" in Petrograd said: "The already abnormal political situation has become more abnormal and tense, and the whole society is eager for a way out of this state."
On February 18, a snowstorm interrupted the operation of Nikolai railway for several days, and the food supply in Petrograd was cut off. Workers' strikes and street protests are developing rapidly. In the rapidly changing situation, about 30,000 workers from the Putin Love Factory, Petrograd's largest enterprise, gathered and announced a general strike. 19, Luo Jiangke, Chairman of the State Duma, personally reported the situation to Nicholas II in Tsar Village on the outskirts of Petrograd, and warned that if the Tsar dissolved the Duma, the revolution would surely break out. At that time, "the revolution will overthrow you, and you will no longer be able to claim the title of king or emperor". Nicholas II replied, "Then ask God for help!" Luo Jiangke once again warned: "God can't do anything. You and your government screwed everything up. The revolution is inevitable. "
Nicholas II, with the support of a group of powerful soldiers around him, strongly advocated suppressing assemblies and demonstrations. In response to this decision, General Miwa alekseev, Acting Chief of General Staff, advised Nicholas II: "Your Majesty, you are deliberately preparing a gallows for yourself. Please don't forget that those rabbles are impolite. " However, Nicholas II did not listen to his opinion.
On 26th, dozens of people were killed and 1, 7 1 the leader of the demonstration was arrested during the suppression by the czar's army. Almost all members of the Bolshevik Petrograd Committee were arrested. After a short silence, the workers took to the streets again, and the demonstrators shouted "Down with the war!" "Down with the Tsar!" "Beg for bread!" Slogan, and captured the ammunition depot, seized guns and ammunition, and released prisoners from prison ... The riots eventually evolved into a revolution-a February revolution that would eventually end the czar's rule. mrzl.com
In this case, Luo asked the czar to instruct trustworthy people to form a new government to save the fate of the dynasty. But Nicholas II didn't think so. He called Luo "a fat man who loves nonsense" and did not give an answer. He ordered the army to go to Petrograd to suppress it. The contradiction has intensified.
On the 27th, deputies to the Duma elected the "Provisional State Duma Committee to restore order in the capital, contact institutions and people" (hereinafter referred to as "Provisional State Duma Committee"). The first thing to do was to abdicate Nicholas II to his son Alexei nikolayevich, who was the regent of Mikhail's Grand Duke Aleksandrovic. That night 10, the State Duma took over the power of the government and set about establishing a new government. mrzl.com
On the same day, engineers representing the Soviet Union were established in Farida Palace. So, on February 27th, two authorities appeared at the same time, both exercising their power in Farida Palace. At the same time, the troops supporting Nicholas II defected one after another, and the last czar was caught in an embarrassing situation of betraying his relatives and friends.
On March 1 day, the delegation of the Soviet Executive Committee held talks with the Duma Interim Committee and finally reached an agreement on the establishment of an interim government.
On 2nd 10, the Duma Committee sent a special person to meet Nicholas II to persuade him to abdicate. Surrounded by the army, cut off from the queen, children and trusted ministers, Nicholas II had to agree to abdicate at 3 pm, but his letter of abdication stated that Alexei suffered from hereditary blood disease, so he directly gave the throne to his younger brother Mikhail Aleksandrovic in the name of himself and his son. Nicholas II handed the abdication edict to two Duma representatives on the special train. It was the middle of winter in Russia, and it was freezing, but Nicholas II's heart was even colder. He wrote in his diary on March 2, 2007, 1965438: "Everyone called back. The core content is that in order to save Russia and maintain the stability of the frontline troops, I must abdicate. I agreed ... in the morning 1, and I left Pskov with a heavy and painful heart. Betrayal, cowardice and deception are everywhere around me! " This is the sad voice when the last czar of Russia abdicated. Of course, at this time, he would not have thought that his fate was worse than what the Duma promised and he expected. He also believes that the Romanov dynasty will continue.
Under the supervision of kerensky.
1965438+On March 3, 2007, the provisional government was proclaimed.
The establishment of the interim government not only means the collapse of the Romanov dynasty, but also means the coexistence of two Russian regimes. However, there are profound differences between the interim government and the Petrograd Executive Committee of the Soviet Union on a series of issues. One of them, and the first question, is how to deal with Nicholas II. The first cabinet meeting of the interim government decided to expel Nicholas II and his family from the Russian border and send them to Britain. On March 3, the Executive Committee of Petrograd Soviet immediately made its own decision: arrest the Tsar and his family and put them under the surveillance of the revolutionary army. Since then, the two regimes have waged a fierce struggle for the future fate of the czar and his family. The Soviet Committee has been demanding the arrest of the czar, but the interim government has been trying to protect him. The interim government was forced to make a decision on March 7 to deprive Nicholas II and his spouse of their freedom. On the same day, kerensky, Minister of Justice of the interim government, said in a speech at the Moscow Soviet: "Now Nicholas II is in my hands, in the hands of the Attorney General! Comrades, I want to tell you that the Russian revolution has begun. Without a drop of blood, I won't allow any more bloodshed. I will never be the horse of the Russian revolution. However, Nicholas II will be sent to the port in the shortest time and take a boat to England under my personal supervision. " Kerensky's remarks aroused strong protests from the Soviet Union. Kerensky had no choice but to send Nicholas II and his family (four daughters: Olga, tatiana, Panait Mariana and anastasia, son Alexei and empress Alexandra Fedoroff) to Tsar Village for protection.
On March 2 1, Nicholas II wrote in his diary: "Today, during the day, the current Minister of Justice kerensky suddenly came, went into all the rooms, wanted to see all the people, talked with me for five minutes, introduced us to the new warden, and then left." Kerensky arranged his own guards to protect the Tsar's family from the harassment and threats of Soviet institutions. Nicholas II wrote in his diary on March 27th: "After morning prayers, kerensky came. He asked to limit our meeting to dinner time and sit separately from the children. It seems that he did this to let the revolutionary soldiers represent the Committee and have nothing to say. In order to avoid any violence, we can only obey. "
With the constant changes in the internal situation of the interim government, kerensky has gradually become a key figure in holding real power. On July 8th, Nicholas II wrote the following words in his diary: "There has been a change in government personnel: Duke Lviv resigned, and kerensky will become the Prime Minister of the Cabinet, concurrently minister of the army and navy, and will also take over the Ministry of Commerce and Industry. This man has played an active role in his present position; The greater his power, the better things will be. " For the safety of Nicholas II's family, the interim government decided to transfer his family to Tobolsk, Siberia, and kerensky personally arranged and supervised the transfer process. All this makes Nicholas II full of hope for the future. He wrote in his diary: "kerensky finally appeared, and he said we can start. The sun rises in Ran Ran, and the scenery is beautiful ... ".
In Tobolsk, 300 soldiers and 7 officers were responsible for defending the Tsar's family. They live comfortably and are quite free. Nicholas II recorded in his diary almost every day that he prayed, walked in the garden and read with his children.
The ultimate fate under Soviet control
1October 25th (19 17), the October Revolution broke out and the proletariat seized power. Kerensky escaped after "an absurd refit". The fate of Nicholas II and his family changed dramatically in an instant.
19 18 From February 26th, the Soviet "Cheka" personnel took over the monitoring of Nicholas II and his family. Due to the turmoil in Siberia, the supreme authorities decided to transfer the Tsar family.
On March 30, Nicholas II learned the news of the transfer and wrote in his diary: "The Central Committee sent an order to transfer everyone living in this house." On April 9th, he wrote: "Djakov Lev, special envoy of the Central Committee, has arrived from Moscow. He wants to come in and search. "
On April 12, Jakovleff announced to Nicholas II the instructions he had received from the Central Committee. Knowing the danger of transfer, Nicholas II replied, "I'm not leaving!" Yakovlev warned: "Please don't let me use force. This is the order of the people's Committee. " On April 30th, Jakovleff moved the Tsar family to Yekaterinburg and was isolated in a house called Ipatieff.
During his detention, Nicholas II's diary mostly recorded the children's affairs: his son was in poor health, his daughter's neglected birthday, and the lines were full of fatherly love. Reading these words makes people feel that they are not the last emperor, but a helpless father. In the last diary found on June 30, Nicholas II lamented: "After leaving Polsk, Alexei took a bath for the first time."
/kloc-On the night of July, 0/6, Yurovski, the head of Cheka, who was in charge of the Tsar's family, came to the place where the Tsar was detained and announced: "Because of the unstable situation in the city, the romanov family had to move from upstairs to the basement." Nicholas II, his wife, son and four daughters, as well as doctors and chefs, were immediately taken to the basement. In the empty room, two chairs were brought in and Nicholas and his son sat down. Then came in 12 soldiers with guns, and Yurovski announced their execution. Before Nicholas II could react and volley, the tsar died immediately, and the others fell in a pool of blood after a burst of volley.
The bodies of the Tsar's family were immediately dragged onto a truck that had already stopped in the yard. At this time, Yurovski found that the czar's two daughters had not expired and were still moaning. But now you can't shoot, because people in the street are afraid of hearing gunshots (it is precisely because of this situation that there are all kinds of legends that the czar's daughter fled to Europe). The body was transported to an abandoned open space in the suburbs, burned and buried in an abandoned mine.
That year, Nicholas II was 50 years old, his wife was 46 years old, his son 14 years old, his eldest daughter Olga was 23 years old, his second daughter tatiana was 2 1 year old, his third daughter Panait Mariana 19 years old and his youngest daughter anastasia 17 years old.
In addition, other members of the Tsar family were also arrested and transferred. Fortunately, Nicholas II's mother, Panait Mariana Fedoroff, returned to her native Denmark. The Romanov family has a separate lineage abroad, but Nicholas II has no survivors. In this way, the last tsar's tumultuous love and hate ended in the horn of the Russian proletariat's triumphant progress and the gunfire of "red terror".
There are two theories about killing the Tsar family. One view is that the local regime in Yekaterinburg acts on its own, and the highest authorities of the regime insist on this view; Another view is that the execution of the Tsar family was ordered by Moscow, and it was the "Cheka" personnel who participated in this action who insisted on this view. However, one thing is certain. After the czar's family was executed, the central organ of the Soviet Union confirmed this action. On July 19 18, the Presidium of the All-Russian Central Executive Committee held a meeting to discuss this matter, and the subsequent resolution was that the All-Russian Central Executive Committee "considered this decision unconditionally correct". On July 23rd, Ural Workers Daily published the following news: "On the night of July 16 ~ 17, according to the Soviet resolution of Ural Red Army soldiers, former Tsar nicholas romanov was executed. The crowned executioner took advantage of the kindness of the revolution and lived too long. " (
This article is transferred from People's E Network: