Human factor engineering is actually an important engineering technology discipline and a branch of industrial engineering in management science. It studies the interaction and reasonable combination of human, machine and environment; It is a subject that makes the designed machine and environmental system fit for people's physiological and psychological characteristics and achieves the purpose of improving production efficiency, safety, health and comfort. However, in China, everything involving the spiritual level, how to say? I think it was the sixties and seventies that broke the inertia of capitalism. Many people will think that this is pure nonsense and has nothing to do with it.
When I graduated from college, I had a very good friend who wrote a paper on human factors engineering research. His tutor is a doctor from Berkeley University. He used to teach us reactor analysis. European and American countries began to study the relationship between human beings, machines and the environment earlier than we did. At that time, after he explained his point of view, many professors here were called Professor Tu (at that time, we called all professors who had not studied abroad Professor Tu, which was somewhat similar to the difference between potatoes and potatoes. ) all raised their own questions: in our time, sitting on a hard bench was very passionate? Now I'm sitting on the leather sofa, but I doze off at work, and I'm not in the mood at work ... In that case, why do I try my best to ask for these material comforts? -very simple materialism!
Really, because of its particularity, human factors engineering focuses on the study of people's spiritual cognition of the environment and the physical influence of the environment on people. This is a rather marginal subject. Its development has broken the boundaries between the disciplines we are familiar with and integrated the relevant theories of various disciplines. Its comprehensiveness is self-evident, which leads to the diversification of the name of this subject, the definition of the subject itself is not uniform, and the boundaries are blurred. However, it is undeniable that this subject has a wide range of applications, and some of its viewpoints must attract the attention of our engineers, especially managers!
The research content of human factors engineering mainly includes human behavior, work ability and work restrictions, such as the influence of environmental factors such as lighting, noise and microclimate and applicable equipment on human physiology, psychology and work efficiency.
Having said that, many students who often work in the field may be clear: for example, near the boiler plant, the influence of noise sometimes makes people feel a sudden sense of harm! There is a pipe blowing process before the power plant runs, and the students who have experienced it must be impressed. Harsh screams can upset people. I remember once, after the power plant blew the pipe, the hens of the nearby farmers stopped laying eggs, and a large group of people were organized to block the door of the power plant and prevent workers from entering the factory to work. At that time, many people climbed over the wall and got kicked by the onlookers. Maybe you will say, how can these jokes affect the construction of the project? There may be no direct impact, but after such a thing happens, the workers' psychology may be abnormal, right? When I was at work, I teased each other that someone was kicked in the ass in the morning, or someone fell over the wall and ate the dog ... In such an environment, the engineering quality and industrial safety are not guaranteed! In this way, the project construction will be greatly affected, and this influence should be potential, and it has an unknown trigger condition. Once this potential is realized, how much disaster it will lead to is incalculable!
When I was at the Heyuan construction site, I heard that when the Germans were doing technical guidance, as long as they knew that the field work used a ladder, they would never go up. Why? This is actually a problem of conservation of momentum, because when people climb a ladder, the force exerted by their hands and feet on the ladder is not completely vertical. Even if the horizontal component is small, the rope will swing quite badly after climbing a rope ladder! When adding flue anticorrosion work, because some resin volatiles are toxic, after wearing a pig mouth mask, I feel bored soon, and then I feel tired. In German industrial standards, rope ladders are strictly prohibited! But in China, if you crawl forward and "set up a stall", many workers will say that this boy is "empty"; China's culture is profound, and most male compatriots will continue to do it to save face after hearing such comments. This is actually a hidden danger and belongs to the category of potential risks. But at the scene in China, I haven't heard of any signs of bringing these nuances into detail management.
There is another problem: in hospitals, especially in the operating rooms of emergency departments, doctors and nurses are all light green. Many people ask, aren't all nurses angels in white? Why do you wear green clothes during surgery? I searched Baidu many times and found that many friends take it for granted that green represents life and symbolizes the recovery of everything. What can I say? This answer is correct, but it misses the point. In fact, it also implies an ergonomic principle: during the operation, the doctor's eyes always stay on the bright red blood. After a long time, the visual nerve will adjust itself because of fatigue, and this parallax will be filled with a complementary color. If the doctor looks back at this time, or occasionally turns his eyes to his companion's white coat, he will see "green blood" dotted with spots, which will confuse his vision and affect the operation; Therefore, the fundamental reason why doctors and nurses in the operating room wear light green coats is to reduce visual fatigue, so as to ensure better operation.
The human factor is indeed a crucial factor that can affect the project construction! Accidents caused by human factors are also common in engineering construction. For example, using PSA program, we can calculate that the probability of core melting accident in each reactor of nuclear power plant is one in ten million every year, and the probability of radioactive leakage is one order of magnitude smaller than that of core melting! Take AP 1000 of Shandong Nuclear Power Company as an example. Theoretically, the probability of core melting accident is one in 5.88 million [1.7× 10(-7)/ reactor year], and the probability of radioactive leakage is one in 55 million [1.8× 10].
However, the accident 1979 at Three Mile Island Nuclear Power Station in Pennsylvania, USA, on March 28th, caused both core melting and radioactive leakage. From 1942 to 65438+February 2, the world's first reactor ignited, to1March 28, 979, only 37 years! If calculated from the three mile island nuclear power plant itself, the core melting probability will be greater than this data: > 1/37! This is far from our theoretical results of one in ten million and one in one hundred million. Why? Many people say that theory, after all, is something in books, and it is definitely different from the actual situation; They also doubt the theory, and even regard it as experience, which is the general situation of construction sites in China! But in fact, the probability of accidents caused by human factors is unknown, and we don't know who will make mistakes, when and how big they will be, so the probability given by PSA is deducted from the probability of human factors.
This just reflects the importance of human factors in engineering practice! For example, the operators of nuclear power plants are equipped with psychologists, whose main purpose is to relieve the psychological pressure of people working in important positions; But in this respect, people in China often have a prejudice: seeing a psychiatrist is a symbol of mental illness, and we sometimes say that others are crazy (mental illness) and so on; Therefore, many people who work in important positions will refuse this way of working. From the big environment, this should not be, or should be corrected in China's mainstream consciousness. Just like many female students refuse to go to gynecological hospitals: in China, gynecology and gynecology are combined, and sometimes going to gynecological clinics will give female students some psychological pressure.
Human factors engineering has a wide range of research objects and great uses. To do a good job in a project, especially in the nuclear-related field we are about to enter, our managers must have some research on this subject.
For example, many of us who specialize in purchasing generally think that domestic goods will be worse than imported goods, so most people will choose imported goods when they do equipment matching. However, one thing is designed by foreign designers to meet the general requirements of their own people. For a very simple example, if you buy an electrical appliance in Japan, you may not be able to bring it to China, because the household voltage in Japan is 1 10V and the frequency is 60Hz, which is different from that in China. For example, Russian equipment is more durable, but the average height of Russians is higher than that of China, so the operating desks of some equipment and instruments are higher, and we can't even operate them when we bring them to China! This is ergonomics from the design point of view: our design must meet the requirements of the field staff. These requirements may not be put forward by the field staff, but they are common sense and easy to be ignored. If designers don't have such elaborate ideas, they will be accused or even reviled by on-site staff.
On the other hand, in engineering, human factors engineering is mainly reflected in site management. Personnel should be trained, and the new and the old should be brought as far as possible when working, and the tasks assigned by superiors must be clear. In fact, I think most nuclear power plants in China are not doing well, because the workers involved in practical work generally have low academic qualifications, and they all use KKS codes or their own set of pinyin characters when giving orders in nuclear power plants, which is actually a great difficulty for the workers working on the spot. Someone once cut off a working pipeline by mistake because of the wrong code, which eventually led to an accident. If Chinese instructions were provided when giving instructions to workers, and the specific work place was repeatedly described in Chinese, then the accident should be avoided!
On one occasion, a senior engineer, faced with an inducement that may lead to a serious accident, did not give a decisive order to deal with it, but was afraid of taking responsibility for the accident and looking for emergency procedure documents, which delayed the precious opportunity to prevent the situation from expanding and caused huge losses to the power station. Procedurally speaking, this senior engineer has no mistakes, but how to say it? At that time, many employees in their unit privately said that the senior engineer was incompetent. In engineering, the curse caused by human factors is inevitable, and we can only try to avoid it! At work, don't be afraid to make mistakes. As the saying goes, small mistakes keep coming, but big mistakes don't happen! Only when we have accumulated the necessary experience in dealing with accidents can we be calm in front of things. It's not terrible to make mistakes, and it's not terrible not to repent. What's terrible is to panic and shrink back when facing mistakes.
I don't know if anyone has noticed this situation: usually on a construction site, most of the workers on the site come from the same place, and there are few mixed teams in the north and south. In fact, for fellow villagers, accents, working habits, gestures and so on are relatively close. As Saint Amethyst said, the beginning of life is good in essence and similar in gender, far from learning from each other. If workers from all over the world work together, not to mention the contradictions that customs may cause, that is, there will be errors in speaking and transmitting news and instructions. I once met people from Hangzhou Shunhao Rubber Engineering Co., Ltd. at Heyuan construction site, and I was honored to talk with their workers. People in Hangzhou don't even speak a sound. How can I put it? For example, "police catch thieves", they will read "police stab thieves"; I remember a man in Hangzhou once asked me to help him brush the glue on the rubber. That's what he said: "Xiao Wang, you killed that rubber!" " "I was stunned at the time, so I turned around and started looking for a knife. Because I began to see him cutting rubber with a utility knife, which was quite strange. He can say that he cut it. Why did he say "kill"? When he saw me looking for a knife, he sighed and said, "Alas, you young people know nothing!" " "So I took out my brush and began to brush the rubber sheet. Brush and teach me to say, "See? To be so' kill'! " ; Another time, he asked me to move short pipes, which are rubber-lined short pipes on the construction site. He said, "Xiao Wang, you go and move those bile ducts." I am also puzzled that I have never heard of the word "bile duct" after staying at the construction site for more than a year. I didn't know it until he moved a few times, but fortunately, these two incidents reminded me that they didn't have a middle tone in Hangzhou Mandarin, otherwise I really almost misunderstood, and took a rubber hose of about 50 cm as a "bile duct", and I was bending over and remembering the shape of the "bile duct" for a long time.
Up to now, human factors engineering has included microclimate environment (that is, the relationship between human comfort and microclimate, the influence of high and low temperature working environment on people, microclimate environment standard and improvement), light environment, noise environment, color environment, air environment, feeling (psychophysics, sensory physiology, vision, hearing and other feelings), perception, attention and memory (cognitive psychology) and people's.
Therefore, human factors engineering is a subject that we have to pay attention to from engineering design, engineering construction to project operation!