Raw silk is divided into warp and weft after processing, and interweaves with each other according to certain knitting rules to form silk fabric, which is the knitting process.
China is the first country in the world to invent silk weaving technology. As a technical invention, it has taken effective safety measures. Therefore, in a long historical period, China is the only country in the world that can manufacture silk products.
The so-called spinning in the process of textile processing is to take animal or plant fibers and twist them into continuous and infinitely extending yarns to suit the weaving behavior.
The spinning process includes eight steps: impurity removal, opening, opening, carding, combing, drafting, twisting and winding.
1, impurity removal
Spinning is a science that studies the processing of textile short fibers into yarns. Yarn is generally made of many short fibers with different lengths, and some are made of very long continuous monofilaments.
In the process of spinning, impurities need to be removed first, that is, the raw materials are preliminarily processed, which is also called the preparation of spinning raw materials. Different kinds of raw materials, different kinds and properties of impurities, and different processing methods and processes.
The primary processing methods of raw materials mainly include physical methods (such as cotton ginning), chemical methods (such as degumming of hemp and scouring of spun silk) and methods combining physical and chemical methods (such as washing, weeding and carbonization of wool).
2. release; Emissions; issue
It is necessary to change the block fiber into a single fiber state, remove the transverse connection of fiber raw materials, and establish a firm longitudinal connection from end to end. The former is called fiber release and the latter is called fiber collection.
Loose fiber is to completely remove the transverse connection between fibers, but the damage of fibers must be reduced as much as possible. The collection of fibers is to re-establish the orderly longitudinal connection of released fibers, which is continuous, and the fibers in the collection should be evenly distributed and have a certain linear density and strength.
Fiber assembly also needs to increase a certain twist. The assembly process is not completed at one time, and it can only be completed through carding, drafting and twisting.
Step 3 start
Opening is to tear large pieces of fiber into small bundles. Broadly speaking, the degumming of hemp is also an opening. With the opening, the connection between fibers and impurities is weakened, so that impurities are removed and fibers are mixed.
Opening and removing impurities are not completed at one time, but are gradually realized through the reasonable configuration of tearing, beating and separating.
4, combing
The carding function is to further loosen the small pieces and bundles of fibers into a single state through a large number of dense carding needles on the carding machine, thus further improving the loosening of fibers. After carding, the transverse connection between fibers is basically eliminated, and impurity removal and mixing are more sufficient.
However, a large number of fibers are bent and have hooks, and there is still a certain horizontal connection between each fiber.
Step 5 comb
The carding function of the comber is to comb the two ends of the fiber more carefully under the clamping state. Comber processing can eliminate short fibers and fine impurities below a certain length, and promote fibers to be more parallel and straight. Chemical fiber is generally not processed by combing machine because of its neat length, less impurities and good straight and parallel state.
Step 6 draft
The drafting process of combed sliver is called drawing. It lays a foundation for firmly establishing the regular end-to-end connection relationship between fibers. However, drafting will bring uneven yarn short joints, so it is necessary to configure reasonable drafting device and process parameters.
7. Twisted
Torsion is to twist the whisker around its own axis, so that the fibers parallel to the axial direction of the whisker are spiral, thus generating radial pressure to fix the longitudinal connection between the fibers.
8. curved
Winding a semi-finished product or finished product into a certain form to facilitate the storage, transportation and processing of the next process is called winding. The winding process should be carried out continuously on the basis of not affecting the output and quality of products, and efforts should be made to realize continuous production among all processes and minimize the quality problems caused by the winding process.
In short, the spinning process generally includes the functions of raw material preparation, opening, carding, impurity removal, mixing, drafting, merging, twisting and winding, and some functions are realized by repeated times.
Extended data:
Development history of spinning technology
1, hand twist
Most natural fibers, such as wool and cotton, are only a few inches long, so they must be twisted into long yarns before weaving. The earliest people who adopted this method may be the residents who lived in Mia Zagro mountain area in Mesopotamia around 9000 BC, because they were the first people to tame sheep.
At this time, the original wool yarn can be produced by twisting with both hands. Later, flax and cotton fibers were also used to make yarns, which made the varieties of fabrics more abundant.
2. Hand-spun rods and spindles
From about 7000 BC, people began to spin with burning rods and spindles. The spinner holds a twisting rod filled with fibers in one hand, and pulls the fibers into loose yarn with the other hand, which is wound on the groove at the top of another rod or spindle.
The bottom of the spindle is weighted and fixed with a flat stone or spindle. The spinning machine rotates the spindle like a top, and the spindle tightens the loose yarn into yarn, and then winds the yarn on the spindle. This method has been used for thousands of years, and the quality of some yarns produced is quite good.
3. spinning wheel
The appearance of spinning wheel has a great influence on spinning technology. It is generally believed that the spinning wheel originated in China and evolved from the silk reeling machine. The origin of the European spinning wheel is not clear. They appeared relatively late, and the earliest recorded spinning wheel was around14th century.
/kloc-In the 5th century, an improved spinning wheel appeared in Saxony (now part of East Germany). Fuel rod is installed on the machine, and the wheels are controlled by pedals. This machine can be wound while spinning, so that the spinner can free his hands and reduce the labor force.
References:
Baidu encyclopedia-spinning
What are the technological processes of textile? Textile processing includes two parts: spinning process and weaving process.
Spinning technology mainly includes: cleaning, carding, combing, drawing, roving and spinning.
The weaving process mainly includes winding, warping, sizing, drawing in, weaving and finishing.
I. Main equipment and tasks of spinning process:
1, cotton cleaning process: remove most impurities, defects and short fibers unsuitable for spinning in raw cotton.
2. Carding machine: The cotton roll unloaded in the cotton cleaning process is processed by the processes of taker-in, cylinder cover and doffer.
Carding, removing impurities, mixing into sliver, and packaging.
3, carding process:
Comber:
1) Impurity removal: removing neps, impurities and fiber defects in fibers.
2) carding: further separating fibers and excluding short fibers below a certain length.
3) Drafting: the sliver is thinned to a certain thickness to improve the parallel straightness of the fiber.
4. Drawing process:
Drawing frame:
1) drawing: 6~8 sliver drawing to improve the unevenness of long section.
2) Drafting: the sliver is elongated and refined to a specified weight, and the fiber straightness and parallelism are further improved.
3) sliver mixing: the drawing frame carries out sliver mixing according to process drawing and drafting.
4) Stripping: the ring strips are made into well-formed cooked strips and put into the cotton sliver cylinder at regular intervals.
5. Roving process:
Roving frame: After the drawn sliver is drawn and twisted, the sliver has a certain strength, which is beneficial to the winding and unwinding of roving on the spinning frame.
6, spinning process:
Spinning frame: the roving is drawn to the required fineness, twisted to form a spun yarn with a certain twist and strength, and wound on the bobbin.
Second, the main equipment and tasks of weaving process:
1, winding process:
Winding machine: Rewinding the bobbin yarn from the twisting machine into a package with a certain shape and large capacity, eliminating impurities and defects on the yarn at the same time, and improving the productivity of the subsequent process.
2, warping process:
Warping machine: according to the requirements of process design, a certain number of warp yarns are wound in parallel on the warp beam under a certain tension and according to the specified length and width.
3. Sizing process:
Sizing machine: In order to make the single fibers of silk adhere to each other and increase the breaking strength of silk, it is beneficial to weaving smoothly on the machine. Put the warping beam on the sizing machine, suck the pulp, and put it in the oven to dry.
4. Warping-in process:
Let-in machine: according to the requirements of process design, each warp yarn on the warp beam is inserted into the heald and reed in a certain order, and the drop wire is inserted on the warp yarn, which ensures the smoothness of all weaving links.
5, weaving process:
Shuttle loom: the warp beam passes through the shuttle, and the weft yarn is guided on the shuttle loom, interwoven into grey cloth according to the technological requirements, and wound into a cloth roll.
What are the main weaving processes of chemical fiber cloth? The weaving process of chemical fiber cloth is mainly as follows:
1. warping: this process can be divided into axial warping and sectional warping according to product characteristics.
Split beam warping is to divide a whole beam into several parts, and then merge them into a whole beam after pulping. For example, the total warping of the whole shaft is 10000. There are only 1000 spools in the top row, so it will be divided into 10 sub-axes. The number of warps per axis is 1000. The width of each sub-axis should be the same. If the required width of the product is 170CM. The width of the secondary shaft is also 170CM.
Strip warping: This is a widely used method of iron warping. As mentioned above, the total warpage of a whole shaft is 10000, and the upper exhaust pipe is 1000, so the whole shaft will be divided into 10. The width of each warp is 17CM, and the total width is 170CM.
The length of warping is generally calculated according to the number of revolutions of the big round frame. This length calculation method is not very standard, because with the increase of revolution, the outer diameter of the big round frame is increasing, and the circumference is also increasing. The circumference of a large round frame is generally 2. Five meters, four meters, five meters. More than 4 meters. For example, the number of revolutions of the first warp is 100. Then the next one should also be 100 rpm, neither more nor less. More is called long hanging and less is called short hanging. If it is long, it can only be cut off, which is a waste of raw materials. If it's short, you'll be knitting to this position on the plane. It is difficult to knit because of many knots. I'm afraid it's woven, and the surface of the cloth is flawed.
The similarity between the two warping methods is that the warping wire is wound on the big creel first, and then wound on the empty tray from the big creel.
2. Sizing: pull the warping beam to the sizing machine, let the warp surface suck the sizing through the sizing tank, and dry it in the oven. Then put it on an empty plate. The purpose of sizing the silk is to make the single fibers of the silk adhere to each other, increase the breaking strength of the silk, and facilitate the smooth weaving on the machine.
With the development of textile machinery, there is now a combined sizing machine, that is, when warping by separate shafts, the silk from the creel forms the warp surface, and then directly enters the sizing tank and oven. Put an empty disk directly into the disk. This simplifies the working procedure, improves the benefit and improves the product quality. But the investment is large.
3. Spindle assembly: Assemble the auxiliary shaft with mud as required. In this way, the length between shafts will be changed due to warping, tension and other factors during sizing, so only the shortest one can be made and the long one can only be cut off.
4. Yarn separation: In order to facilitate smooth weaving, the warp yarn is divided into upper and lower layers with a splicer, and then the rope is threaded into the creel.
5. Let-in: Pull a complete warp beam into the heald drawing workshop, with the cooperation of professionals, pull out the warp surface, separate the warp according to the twisting machine, and thread it into the heald frame required by the product process. This process is called heald threading. After the heald is put on, a certain number of warps are fished into the gaps between the reeds with a reed fishing knife. This process is called fishing.
6. On-machine weaving: This process is divided into sley, warp hanging, needle planting and weft density change. So you can start the trial run.