When studying Zhuge Liang's culture, there is another problem that needs to be clarified, that is, Zhuge Liang's historical culture itself and Zhuge Liang's cultural phenomenon are two different concepts that are both related and different. Zhuge Liang's history and culture is the real history of Zhuge Liang, not exaggeration, exaggeration, collateral, fiction, collateral, myths and legends. Zhuge Liang's cultural phenomena need not be confined to Zhuge Liang's own historical truth, but can be fictional. You can also make up three truths and seven fictions, or you can make up all of them, make a new creation, and so on. As a historical researcher, you should first focus on the study of Zhuge Liang's history and culture.
Just as Zhuge Liang's history and culture embodies China's excellent traditional culture and embodies the essence of China's traditional culture, such as Confucianism, Taoism, France, Mohism, Huang and Lao. In this paper, the author can only select the most important ones and make a rough discussion on the historical and cultural connotation of Zhuge Liang.
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Zhuge Liang's historical and cultural aspects can be summarized from his material achievements and spiritual achievements.
First of all, judging from the material achievements of Zhuge Liang's culture, it can be summarized in at least six aspects: in the aspect of governing Shu according to law and employing people by virtue, he presided over the formulation of Shuke, personally wrote down the laws and regulations for rectifying official management such as eight tasks, seven commandments, six fears and five fears, and also promoted running schools and employing people by virtue.
In developing agricultural production, we have adopted the policy of "land to the tiller, building a car behind closed doors", encouraging farming, building and protecting water conservancy facilities, and building dams to prevent floods; A good soldier saves the general, and he does not persuade farmers; Policy measures such as building bridges and roads, dividing troops and reclaiming wasteland, and setting up agricultural officials.
In handicraft production, it is more advantageous to implement salt and iron official camp and set up salt captain. He attached importance to the creation, improvement and innovation of iron smelting and ordnance equipment, set up a commander in chief in charge of gold, and made ordnance equipment more advanced than Wei and Wu Yuan at that time.
In commercial trade, we should attach importance to the production of Shu brocade, develop Shu brocade trade and set up brocade officials.
In foreign policy, he joined forces with Wu to resist Wei, relieved the worry of looking east, led the army to the northern expedition, and went out of Qishan five times.
On the ethnic policy, the policy of appeasing foreigners was implemented to pacify the south of China, realize the rough security of foreigners and Han people, and enable the Yi people to send troops to support the Northern Expedition.
Under Zhuge Liang's governance, in the past ten years, the Shu-Han society has shown a prosperous scene of "opening up wasteland and guarding the border, the granary is impregnable, the equipment is excellent, the savings are surplus, the courtship is not good, and the road is not intoxicating" and a clean and upright political situation of "the officials can't bear to be raped and the people are motivated".
The above material achievements, of course, also include spiritual achievements, which are worth summarizing, studying and learning from.
However, more importantly, what is worth studying is the outstanding traditional cultural essence of the Chinese nation, which is a typical achievement of Zhuge Liang's cultural spirit. These aspects can be summarized as the following five aspects at least:
Patriotism. Zhuge Liang is a loyal minister of Shu Han and a typical loyal monarch throughout the ages. He was loyal to former monarch Liu Bei and later ruler Liu Chan. Thanks to Liu Bei's three visits to the thatched cottage, he was "grateful to tears, so the Emperor Xu Shi (Liu Bei) drove him" and "tried his best to serve loyalty and righteousness"; He was given the responsibility of being an orphan, and helped Liu Chan, the late ruler, "manage every detail of affairs", and he decided to be salty. However, he was "arbitrary, not disrespectful, but did what the people did" (The History of the Three Kingdoms, Shu Zhi and Zhuge Liang Chuan), and never coveted the throne like Cao Mengde and Sima Zhong Da. He has no intention of usurping the throne, nor is he greedy. In order to revive the Han Dynasty, unify the world and the country. His devotion to three generations, loyal and noble character and family style have become a model of China's patriotism, which is always worthy of emulation.
People-oriented thought. People are the foundation of the country, and the core content of China's ancient thought of governing the country by virtue is to be benevolent, to respect and protect the people, and to benefit the people. It requires officials to manage the country generously and kindly and educate the people. Only in this way can the country be safe and the world be peaceful. Zhuge Liang is a model practitioner of this fine traditional thought. He has a kind heart, educates the people and advocates "ruling the world with great virtue, not focusing on small interests."
Academic style of practical application. Practical application is of practical value to governing the country. Zhuge Liang is an outstanding politician and strategist, not an academic researcher, but his academic spirit has a practical academic style. He does not advocate hard study, but advocates applying what he has learned. In reading, he grasped the outline of the book, experienced the essence of the book, and learned useful thoughts and lessons from it. Understanding and mastering the world situation, thus learning from the academic attitude and methods of governing the country, has become a model for 1000 years to practice academic style, which has been passed down to this day.
Principles of elite management. The reason why the rulers of China regard meritocracy as the principle of governing the country is that all laws, decrees and measures governing the country need to be implemented by people. The virtue and stupidity of officials have a great influence on the smooth flow of laws and regulations. Therefore, selecting and appointing talents requires good officials to govern the country. Zhuge Liang inherited and carried forward this fine tradition in governing Shu Han. He believes that "meritocracy" is a major issue related to the security of the country. He once metaphorically said that the state needs to help government officials, just as a house needs pillars. The pillars are not thin, the house collapses, and the officials are not weak. In order to "cultivate talents", he also "built a high platform in the south of Chengdu, extending people all around" ("Huayang National Records")
A near-perfect model of personality and official morality. Zhuge Liang's practice became the highest model of the feudal ruling class's personality ideal and official morality. If these models of morality and official virtue are excluded from their class nature, they can become the models of personality and official virtue of all mankind beyond class, time and space and region. For example, he is diligent and studious, plowing hard, reading widely and applying what he has learned; He is indifferent to Zhi Ming, quiet and far-reaching, not asking for Wen Da, and unable to do so; He is lofty and confident, chooses his master carefully and waits for a wise king; In order to repay the kindness of taking care of the three people, he set an example, assisted the court with his own wisdom and strategy, and managed Shu Han with his outstanding ability of governing the country, the army, the country, diplomacy, the people and foreign countries. He is loyal to the Han dynasty, regardless of the first master and the second master; He is expensive but not arrogant, rich but not extravagant, and does not forget his old friends; He emphasized faith and commitment; Corporal Li Xian, promoting and reusing talents; He is open-minded, strict with himself and brave in self-reproach; He is calm and impartial; Law is not expensive, and rewards and punishments are clear; He is people-oriented and has a benevolent heart. He can create and invent many new production tools and advanced military instruments with innovative thinking to benefit and defend the people. His incorruptibility, frugality, thrifty three generations, loyal family style, etc. are all models of personality, morality and official virtue, which are always worthy of emulation and promotion by officials and people.