The Development and Evolution from the Revolutionary Army of Chinese Workers and Peasants to the Red Army of Chinese Workers and Peasants
1927 After the failure of the Great Revolution, the producers of China * * * realized the importance of armed struggle and military organization from the failure. On August 1 day, under the leadership of China's former enemy committee, such as Zhou Enlai, He Long, Ye Ting, Zhu De and Liu Bocheng, more than 20,000 people, including the 11th Army of the Second Army, the 1st Army of the Fourth Army, all the 20th Army, the Third Army Education Corps of the Fifth Army and the police of Nanchang Police Department, held an armed uprising near Nanchang. The uprising troops were organized into the 1 1 Army, the 20th Army and the 9th Army. The Nanchang Uprising fired the first shot of armed resistance against the Kuomintang reactionaries, marking the beginning of the armed struggle led independently by China Producers' Party. However, under the conditions at that time, the flag of China Producers' Party was not publicly displayed during the uprising, and the uprising troops still used the designation of the Second Army of the National Revolutionary Army, which was still called the National Revolutionary Army.
1in the middle of 927, the emergency meeting held by the Central Committee in Hankou (that is, the "August 7" meeting) determined the policy of carrying out the agrarian revolution and armed uprising, and took leading farmers to hold the autumn harvest uprising as the most important task of the party at that time. However, after the peasant uprising, the "August 7" meeting did not specify how to convene their armed forces. It was not until August of February12000 that the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China clearly stated in the Resolution on the Political Tasks and Strategies of the Chinese Production Party that "the revolutionary army of workers and peasants should be established" and that "this army should have a very extensive political work and a party representative system". On and after August 23rd, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China * * * put forward in an instruction letter to the Hunan Provincial Party Committee and other * * * production party organizations that the peasant guards and the workers and peasants guards who led the peasant uprising were renamed the workers and peasants revolutionary army after the uprising was successful. According to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's decision and instructions, most local * * * production party organizations merged the workers' picket, the workers' and peasants' guard, the cherishing guard and other workers' and peasants' armed forces into a unified workers' and peasants' revolutionary army in the process of leading the peasants' autumn harvest uprising. In the process of renaming the uprising armed forces in various places as the revolutionary army of workers and peasants, the situation is different and the title is different.
Some changed the armed forces of workers and peasants into revolutionary armies of workers and peasants before leading the uprising. In the autumn harvest uprising led by Mao Zedong on the Hunan-Jiangxi border, before the uprising, the former Guard Corps of the General Command of the National Revolutionary Army, the Pinghan Workers and Peasants Volunteers, the Jiyang Workers and Peasants Volunteers, the Anyuan Workers' Picket and the Mine Police Corps, and some peasant self-guards from Chongyang and border towns in southern Hubei were merged into the first division of the Workers and Peasants Revolutionary Army, and then an armed uprising was held. 1in the spring of 928, He Long and others first formed a revolutionary army of workers and peasants with their relatives and the armed forces under the old headquarters in Sangzhi area of western Hunan, and then held an uprising.
Some of them renamed the uprising armed forces the Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants after the success of the uprising. 1927165438+10, the peasant self-defense forces in Huang An and Macheng counties of Hubei province were incorporated into the revolutionary army of workers and peasants-the Eastern Hubei Army after the uprising. 1928 65438+ 10, the Second East Army of the Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants was reorganized into the Seventh Army of the Revolutionary Army of Workers and Peasants. 1927 10 to 1928 spring, after the peasant uprisings in western Jiangxi and southern Jiangxi, the seventh and ninth columns and the fifteenth and sixteenth columns of the revolutionary army of workers and peasants were established respectively. 1928 Spring, after the victory of the Southern Hunan Uprising, the Southern Hunan Central Special Committee organized agricultural armies such as Yizhang, Leiyang, Chenxian, Yongxing and Zixing to be incorporated into the third, seventh and ninth divisions of the Workers and Peasants Revolutionary Army respectively. However, after the uprising in some areas, although the uprising armed forces were also called revolutionary forces, they were not completely consistent with the title of workers and peasants revolution stipulated by the central government. For example, 1927, 10 In mid-June, the peasant uprising led by Queshan County Committee of Henan Province was called the peasant revolutionary army. 1928 65438+ 10 Fang Zhimin and others led the Yiheng peasant uprising. The insurgent armed forces are called the Agrarian Revolutionary Army, and in some areas they are generally called guerrillas.
1928 On May 25th, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued the Military Work Outline, which clearly stipulated and required the general principles of military movement, the expansion of workers and peasants' armed forces, the establishment of the Red Army, the party organization and political work in the army. It stipulates: "The army established in the separatist region can be officially named the Red Army, and the name of the original revolutionary army of workers and peasants (army) can be abolished." From June 65438 to June 0928, the revolutionary army of workers and peasants and other armed forces of workers and peasants in the revolutionary base areas began to be renamed the Red Army in succession according to the provisions of the Military Work Outline issued by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China.
1930 In May, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China secretly held a national meeting of Red Army representatives in Shanghai. At the meeting, it was decided that the Red Army from all over the country would concentrate on forming legions. 1 June, 928 to1September, 934, the Red Army formed the 1st1Army, 3rd Army, 2nd Army, 5th Army, 6th Army, Hong Jiu Army and 8th Army. 1August 1930 to1July 1936, the Red Army was organized into the Red Army, the Red Fourth Army and the Red Second Army. 1933 In May, the Chinese Soviet Provisional Central Government decided to organize the headquarters of the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army, and appointed Zhu De as the commander-in-chief of the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army and Zhou Enlai as the general political commissar of the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army.
The Development and Evolution from the Chinese Workers and Peasants Red Army to the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army
1937 after War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression was in full swing, the generals of the Chinese Red Army of Workers and Peasants sent electricity and volunteered to kill the enemy. Representatives from the Central Committee held many negotiations with the Kuomintang government on the reorganization of the Chinese Red Army of Workers and Peasants. It was not until August 22 that the Kuomintang government officially announced that the main force of the Red Army had been reorganized into the Eighth Route Army of the National Revolutionary Army. On August 25, the Central Military Commission issued an order to reorganize the first, second and fourth armies of the Chinese Red Army of Workers and Peasants and the Red Army of Workers and Peasants in northern Shaanxi into the Eighth Route Army of the National Revolutionary Army. Zhu De is the commander-in-chief, Peng is the deputy commander-in-chief, Ye Jianying is the chief of staff, and Zuo Quan is the deputy chief of staff and deputy director of the political department. The army * * * 46,000 people. Subsequently, the divisions of the Eighth Route Army successively went to the anti-Japanese front in North China. On September 1 1, the Military Commission of the National Government ordered the Eighth Route Army to be changed into the 18th Army of the National Revolutionary Army, which was subordinate to the Second World War Zone, and appointed Zhu De as the commander-in-chief of the 18th Army and Peng as the deputy commander-in-chief. 14, Zhu De and Peng issued a circular on the reorganization of the Eighth Route Army into the 18th Army of the National Revolutionary Army: "I 1 1 received a notice from the Nanjing Military Commission that my own Middle Route Army was reorganized into the 18th Army of the National Revolutionary Army, with Zhu De as the commander-in-chief and Peng as the deputy commander-in-chief." Since the Red Army was reorganized into the Eighth Route Army, the name of the Eighth Route Army has left a deep impression on the masses. Although the National Government ordered it to change its serial number, in general, people still used to call it the Eighth Route Army.
On August 1937 and 1 day, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China issued "Instructions on Work in Guerrilla Areas", proposing that in order to adapt to the new situation of establishing an anti-Japanese national united front, all guerrilla areas should carry out their work under the principle of preserving and consolidating revolutionary armed forces and ensuring the absolute leadership of the Party. The larger Red Army can negotiate with the nearby Kuomintang garrison and local governments to change the designation and establishment. All our armed forces can change their names automatically and carry out independent activities in the name of anti-Japanese volunteers and anti-Japanese guerrillas before they really negotiate with the local Kuomintang government and the Kuomintang defenders. In this way, a considerable number of Red Army and guerrillas left over from 65,438+05 areas in eight southern provinces such as Hunan, Jiangxi, Fujian, Guangdong, Zhejiang, Hubei, Henan and Anhui have been reorganized into anti-Japanese volunteers and anti-Japanese guerrillas through negotiations and struggles.
While negotiating with the local authorities of the Kuomintang in the southern guerrilla areas, the Central Committee also sent representatives to negotiate with the Kuomintang on the reorganization of the Southern Red Army and guerrillas. According to the agreement reached through consultation between the two sides, the Military Commission of Nanjing National Government officially announced in June 1937 10 that the Red Army and guerrillas operating in eight southern provinces were reorganized into the New Fourth Army of the National Revolutionary Army (hereinafter referred to as the New Fourth Army). Subsequently, after consultation with the Kuomintang, the Central Committee appointed Ye Ting as commander, Xiang Ying as deputy commander, Zhang as chief of staff, Yuan as director of political department, Zhou Zikun as deputy chief of staff and Deng Zihui as deputy director. On February 25th of the same year, 1938, the headquarters of the New Fourth Army was established in Hankou, and 10 moved to Nanchang, Jiangxi on October 6th. Later, he moved to Yan Temple in Shexian County, southern Anhui. The new fourth army has four detachments, 1 spy camp. The whole army is about 10300. After the reorganization of the New Fourth Army, the detachments immediately went to the anti-Japanese front line in the north and south of the Yangtze River.
194 1 year 1 year after the "Southern Anhui Incident", in order to counter Chiang Kai-shek's reactionary order to cancel the designation of the New Fourth Army, the Central Military Commission issued an order to rebuild the headquarters of the New Fourth Army in 194 1 year 1 year, and appointed Chen Yi as the new fourth army. The new headquarters of the New Fourth Army is located in Yancheng, Jiangsu Province. Based on the headquarters of the Eighth Route Army of the New Fourth Army in Central China, the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army, which are active in the south of Longhai Railway, are unified and reorganized into seven divisions and an independent brigade with more than 90,000 troops, and continue to persist in the war of resistance behind enemy lines in Central China.
The Development and Evolution from the Eighth Route Army and the New Fourth Army to the China People's Liberation Army
After War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory, the Kuomintang ruling clique headed by Chiang Kai-shek monopolized the fruits of victory, wiped out China's * * * production party and its armed forces, and plotted to launch a civil war. In order to adapt to the situation that the Kuomintang is about to launch a civil war, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China formulated the strategic policy of "developing northward and defending southward", and all strategic areas quickly adjusted their strategic deployment according to the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China's instructions: the main force of the People's Liberation Army in the customs area 1 1000000 and more than 20000 cadres of the party, government and army were sent to the northeast; The New Fourth Army in Zhejiang, southern Jiangsu, southern Anhui and central Anhui withdrew to the north of the Yangtze River; Hubei People's Anti-Japanese Salvation Army (that is, the Eighth Route Army South Detachment) and our Henan Military Region troops withdrew to the Hubei-Henan People's Liberation Army with Tongbai as the center and joined the Fifth Division of the New Fourth Army.
On June 365438+1October 3 1 and 1945, the Northeast People's Autonomous Army was composed of troops from various liberated areas in Shanhaiguan Pass and the Northeast Anti-Japanese Coalition Forces, with Lin Biao as the commander-in-chief, Peng Zhen and Luo Ronghuan as the first and second political commissars respectively, and Zhou Baozhong as the first, second and third deputy commanders respectively. 1946 65438+1October 14, the Northeast People's Autonomous Army was renamed the Northeast Democratic Coalition Army.
While adjusting the strategic deployment, the central government gave instructions on the formation and command relationship of the field corps, requiring all strategic areas to be equipped with mobile assault troops with strong mobility, that is, they can fight in other areas without their own strategic areas. According to the instructions of the Central Committee, the troops in various strategic areas have been reorganized one after another, and successively formed the Shanxi-Hebei-Shandong-Henan Field Army, the Shanxi-Chaji Field Army, the Shandong Field Army and the Central China Field Army. By June 1946, the whole army had been organized into 27 field columns (some called divisions) and 6 field brigades. 6 10000 field troops and 660,000 local troops.
1in June, 946, the Kuomintang publicly tore up the armistice agreement signed by the two countries and brazenly attacked the liberated areas in the Central Plains, and the civil war broke out in an all-round way. The soldiers and civilians in the liberated areas rose to defend themselves, and the people's liberation war was launched in an all-round way. Due to the fundamental changes in strategic tasks, the troops in the liberated areas were renamed the People's Liberation Army from the Eighth Route Army, the New Fourth Army and the Northeast Democratic Allied Forces. For example, the Northwest Field Army was officially named the Northwest Field Army of the People's Liberation Army in July 1947 according to the instructions of the Central Military Commission. Northeast Democratic Allied Forces 1948+ 10 was renamed Northeast People's Liberation Army.
1947 10 June10, the China people's liberation army headquarters issued the "China people's liberation army declaration", reaffirming that the PLA's operational purpose is "for the liberation of the people of China and the Chinese nation". The declaration called for "overthrowing Chiang Kai-shek and liberating all China". And announced the eight basic policies of the China People's Liberation Army. On the same day, the China People's Liberation Army Headquarters re-promulgated the "Three Disciplines and Eight Notices".
According to the spirit of Politburo meeting of the Chinese Communist Party in September 1948, the Central Military Commission of China issued a general order on unifying the establishment of the whole army and the corps designation in June of the same year. The "General Order" made unified provisions on the organization and designation of the whole army. China People's Liberation Army is divided into field troops, local troops and guerrillas. The column of the field army was renamed the Army. Above the Army, there are two levels: Corps and Field Army, and below the Army, it is generally compiled in three levels. The title of the People's Liberation Army is also clearly defined in the General Order. Although titles such as "China People's Liberation Army" and "China People's Liberation Army" appeared in the documents of the Central Committee and the Central Military Commission and in the reports of Xinhua News Agency after the outbreak of the 1946 civil war, although various units were renamed as the China People's Liberation Army one after another after the outbreak of the all-out civil war, the titles and use of units in various regions were not unified for a long time. Therefore, the above-mentioned general orders stipulate that all units at regimental and divisional levels should be labeled as "China People's Liberation Army", such as "China People's Liberation Army North China Military Region", "China People's Liberation Army East China Field Army", "China People's Liberation Army X Corps" and "China People's Liberation Army XX Army". The unified establishment and naming of the whole army is an important organizational measure for the regularization of the China People's Liberation Army.
1 949 65438+1October 15 The Central Military Commission of China also issued instructions, pointing out that according to the development of the war, last June165438+1October1various field armies were no longer suitable to be named as the first field army. According to the instructions of the Central Military Commission, 10 to June, 1949+65438, the PLA units were reorganized. At the same time, the four larger guerrillas who persisted in the struggle in the south of the Yangtze River were reorganized into the China People's Liberation Army's Fujian-Guangdong-Jiangxi Border Region Column, the China People's Liberation Army's Guangdong-Jiangxi-Hunan Border Region Column, the China People's Liberation Army's Guangxi-Yunnan-Guizhou Border Region Column and the China People's Liberation Army's Fujian-Zhejiang-Jiangxi Border Region Column. Subsequently, guerrillas in other areas were first reorganized and then organized into columns or corps.
On the eve of the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC), Mao Zedong pointed out at the first plenary session of the People's Political Consultative Conference in China: "Our national defense will be consolidated and imperialists will not be allowed to invade our country again. On the basis of the heroic and tried-and-tested People's Liberation Army, our people's armed forces must be preserved and developed. We will not only have a strong army, but also a strong air force and a strong navy. "
The establishment of People's Republic of China (PRC) ushered in a new era of China's historical development. In addition to continuing to accomplish the mission of reunifying the mainland of the motherland, the People's Liberation Army also undertakes the great task of defending the territorial integrity and national security of socialist countries and participating in socialist modernization. At the same time, it has continuously strengthened its own revolutionization, modernization and regularization, and has successively set up air force, navy, artillery, armored force, air defense force, public security force, engineering corps, railway corps, second artillery and other arms (some of which have been streamlined and reorganized due to the needs of military development). The People's Liberation Army has developed from a single army to a modern revolutionary army with multiple arms. Especially since the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Party, the construction of the People's Liberation Army has entered a new period of development. This great people's army is striding into the 2 1 century with its brilliant achievements in revolutionization, modernization and regularization, and with the brand-new years of mighty civilization.