Test center 1: the change of economic structure and the rise of national industry in China in the late Qing Dynasty

1. Reason for change

(1) The development of commodity economy and the continuous expansion of domestic market.

(2) the economic invasion of western capitalist countries.

Step 2 change performance

(1) gradual disintegration of natural economy:

▲ Reasons: ① Capitalist invasion, dumping goods to China and plundering raw materials (main reasons). (2) The development of commodity economy has expanded the domestic market. (3) The emergence and development of domestic capitalist machinery industry. ④ Decentralized individual handicrafts have low technical content and high cost.

▲ Performance: Individual agriculture and cottage industry are separated, and textiles are separated; Further commercialization of agricultural production; The southeast coast is the most prominent.

▲ Impact: The gradual disintegration of the natural economy has further developed the commodity economy, providing conditions for the emergence of Chinese national capitalism, and at the same time, China has gradually become a vassal of world capitalism.

(2) the emergence of new economic components (modern enterprises): the emergence of foreign-funded enterprises (first appeared in trading ports in the 19 era); Westernization enterprises appear; The rise of national capitalist enterprises, etc.

3. Westernization Movement (65438+60s to 65438+90s)

(1) Rising background: ① The Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement and the two Opium Wars made the Qing government face the ruling crisis of internal troubles and foreign invasion. Some bureaucrats in the Qing government realized the importance of learning western technology and formed temporary support from the Westernization School and Empress Dowager Cixi.

(2) The fundamental purpose: to maintain the rule of the Qing Dynasty.

(3) Slogan: Tease teachers, tease foreigners and improve yourself. Guiding ideology: teasing China and the West.

(4) Representative: Central Committee: Yixin; Venue: Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo and Zhang Zhidong.

(5) Main contents: ① Establishing military industry under the banner of self-improvement: 186 1 year, Zeng Guofan founded Anqing Inner Ordnance Institute (the first one, the starting symbol of industrial modernization); 1865 Li Hongzhang founded Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration (the largest); Zuo founded Fuzhou Shipping Bureau and Chonghou founded Tianjin Machinery Manufacturing Bureau. (2) Creating civilian industries with the slogan of "enriching the people": Li Hongzhang founded Shanghai Steamship Merchants Bureau (marking the beginning of modern water transportation in China), Tianjin Kaiping Coal Mine, Zhang Zhidong founded Hubei Textile Layout and Hubei Hanyang Iron Works. ③ Coastal defense planning: From the mid-1970s of 19, three navies of Beiyang, Nanyang and Fujian were initially established. (4) Establish modern education: establish a new school (186 1 year Shi Jing Wentong Museum), send overseas students, and create a precedent for modern education.

(6) Nature: the self-help movement of the landlord class.

(7) Outcome: The fiasco of the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895 declared the bankruptcy of the Westernization Movement. ▲ Reasons for bankruptcy: the root cause: the feudal system has not been completely changed, just learning technology; Other reasons: foreign powers monopolize technology, die-hards obstruct it, and lack a strong leadership core.

(8) Evaluation: ① Positive effect: It started the modernization process of China. Introduce advanced western technology and develop modern education and military affairs; A number of technical talents and skilled workers have been trained; Promoted the spread of western science and culture; Resisted foreign economic aggression; Objectively stimulated the emergence of Chinese national capitalism.

Limitations: Representing the feudal ruling class, aiming at maintaining feudal rule; Limited to learning western technology, without changing the feudal system; So China's prosperity has not been realized.

4. The emergence of Chinese national capitalism (65438+ 1960s and 1970s)

(1) Background: ① Foreign capitalism invaded and the natural economy gradually disintegrated. ② Stimulation of foreign enterprises, Westernization movement and induction of Westernization enterprises.

(2) Overview: ① Time: 65438+ 1960s and 1970s. ② Region: Mainly distributed in the southeast coastal areas such as Shanghai and Guangdong. ③ Main national industries: Fang Juzan Shanghai Board Factory Machine Factory, Chen Qiyuan Guangdong Nanhai Office Jichanglong Silk Reeling Factory, Zhu Qiang Tianjin Office Yilaimou Machine Factory.

(3) Impact: Impact the natural economy, accelerate the disintegration of the feudal system, and promote the modernization of China.

5. The initial development of Chinese national capitalism (from the end of 19 to the beginning of the 20th century or from the Sino-Japanese War to the Revolution of 1911)

(1) Background: ① After the Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, foreign powers exported capital to China, which further disintegrated China's natural economy. In order to solve the financial crisis, the Qing government relaxed the restrictions on private factories. (3) The enthusiasm of national capitalists for saving the country, the promotion of the Reform and New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty, and the stimulation of the right recovery movement.

(2) Performance: The number and scale of enterprises have expanded, and they have developed from coastal areas to inland areas.

(3) Impact: ① The national bourgeoisie stepped onto the historical stage, set off the Reform Movement and the Revolution of 1911, and accelerated the modernization process of China. (2) Accelerate the disintegration of feudal relations of production. (3) forming a social ideological trend of teasing industry to save the country.

Test site 2: the tortuous development of national industry during the Republic of China

1. The short spring of national industry (19 12, the founding of the Republic of China ~ 19 18, the end of World War I)

(1) Background: ① Promotion of the Revolution of 1911 (measures such as overthrowing the imperial system of the Qing Dynasty, establishing the Republic of China, and rewarding industries). (2) During World War I, the great powers temporarily relaxed their economic aggression against China. Anti-imperialist and patriotic struggles of the masses, such as boycotting Japanese goods. ④ The promotion of saving the country by industry and the support of Beiyang warlord government.

(2) Performance: The number of enterprises and investment increased, with the textile and flour industries developing the fastest, with industrialists including Zhang Jian, Zhou Rong and Rong Desheng.

(3) Impact: ① Economically: Resist foreign economic aggression to some extent. (2) Politically, expanding the ranks of the proletariat will lay the foundation for China's transformation to the new-democratic revolution and the establishment of China. Ideologically, it led to the development of the New Culture Movement.

(4) Outcome: After World War I, European powers made a comeback and national industries declined rapidly.

2. In the first ten years under the rule of the National Government, the development was remarkable (1927 ~ 1937).

(1) Background: ① National unification. (2) The National Government has introduced policies that are conducive to economic development, such as launching a campaign to build the national economy and amending the New Testament.

(2) Overview: The national industries have developed remarkably, and the industrial output value of China has reached the highest level since modern times. 1936, national capital once surpassed bureaucratic capital and foreign capital.

(3) Influence: To some extent, it resisted the economic aggression of foreign powers and laid a certain material foundation for War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's victory.

3. The national industry suffered a heavy blow (War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period, 1937~ 1945).

▲ Background and reasons: ① Japan launched a full-scale war of aggression against China, which on the one hand caused a lack of stable environment for the development of national industries, and on the other hand caused damage to national industries. (2) In the enemy-occupied areas, Japan carried out brutal economic plunder by teasing the military administrative areas and entrusting administrative areas. (3) In the Kuomintang-controlled areas, bureaucratic capital expanded rapidly, and by teasing the economic control areas (minerals, steel, transportation), the national industries were eroded, attacked and squeezed.

4. The national industry is shrinking day by day (during the War of Liberation, 1945~ 1949).

▲ Background and reasons: ① The economic monopoly of bureaucratic capital cruelly cruelly crushes national industries. (2) The influx of American capital and commodities.

Extension and expansion

5. Adjustment of national economy and industry (1949~ 1952)

(1) reason: the adjustment is to restore the economy and let the country master the economic lifeline.

(2) Performance: Confiscating bureaucratic capital, establishing a socialist state-owned economy, restricting utilization, and rationally adjusting capitalist industry and commerce.

(3) Impact: make the country grasp the economic lifeline, promote economic recovery and consolidate political power.

6. Transformation of national capitalism (1953~ 1956)

(1) Reason: Reform for the establishment of socialist public ownership.

(2) Performance: adopting state capitalism for public-private partnership; Implement a policy of inciting peace and redeeming land.

(3) Impact: The public ownership of production assets was established, national capitalists became socialist workers, and the socialist system was established in China. 7. The position and role of national capitalism in modern history.

(1) Economically, the national capitalist industry is a new economic factor, which accelerates the disintegration of the natural economy and promotes the industrialization and urbanization of China's economy. Its emergence and development are conducive to social progress.

(2) Politically, it led to the emergence and development of the national bourgeoisie, provided an important economic premise for the Reform Movement and the Democratic Revolution Movement, and promoted the process of political democratization in China. It is also one of the prerequisites for the growth of the proletariat, which prepares the class conditions for the arrival of the new-democratic revolution and the establishment of the China * * * production party.

(3) From the ideological point of view, constantly impacting and shaking the dominant position of feudal orthodoxy provided social conditions for the spread of western bourgeois ideology and culture; Promoted China's ideological emancipation movement.

(4) From the development trend, national capitalism has less industrial capital, small scale, weak technical force, no complete industrial system, unreasonable regional distribution, and it is difficult to develop independently to a certain extent by relying on foreign capitalism, domestic feudal forces and bureaucratic capitalism.

Consolidation exercise

1. After the Opium War, foreign cotton was beautiful in quality and cheap in price. The number of people who buy foreign cotton is ten rooms and nine rooms. The situation reflected in this material should have appeared at that time.

A. Southeast coastal areas B. Middle reaches of the Yangtze River

C. Bohai Bay D. Middle and lower reaches of the Yellow River

2. 1850, the American consul in Xiamen said: In Xiamen, a large number of American bed sheets, shirt fabrics and twill fabrics are overstocked and cannot be sold at suitable prices. The reasons for the above phenomenon do not include

A. China's natural economy's tenacious resistance to foreign goods

B. Resist the closed-door policy

C. The result of blindly exporting goods to China

China people's poverty and consumption concept are not conducive to the sale of foreign goods.

3.65438+In the 1960s and 1970s, China's modern economy coexisted in this way: ① natural economy; ② National capitalist economy; ③ Westernization enterprises; ④ Foreign capitalist enterprises.

A.①②③ B.①②④ C.①③④ D.②③④

4. Zhang Zhidong said: If a fool thinks that what China people need abroad will be copied, it will gradually open up the atmosphere, although the source will not be exhausted. This clearly shows that he advocates

A. Imitate the Western political system B. Establish a modern military industry

C. Establishing modern civil industry D. Learning western natural science

There is a post in the forum of a historical website to discuss the historical influence of Westernization Movement. Which of the following viewpoints and their bases are correct: ① Westernization failed because it failed to achieve the goal of self-improvement; ② The Westernization Movement started the modernization of China, because it introduced machine production; ③ The Westernization Movement resisted the economic aggression of the great powers; Because its private enterprises completely control the market; (4) The Westernization Movement further disintegrated China's natural economy because of its mechanized production.

A.②③④ B.①②③ C.①②④ D.①③④

6. Some people say that the Westernization Movement is to make people plant flowers, not willows. The land of teasing willows here refers to

A. Strengthening the power of feudal rule

B. the emergence of new economic factors and class forces

C. curbing the expansion of foreign economic power

D. Introducing modern science and technology

7. Zhang Jian, the champion of the Sino-Japanese War, was shocked by the failure of the Sino-Japanese War and resolutely took the crown and went to sea. This shows that he regards saving the country as the mission of the times, setting up industry as an important way to save the country, criticizes the imperial examination system with practical actions, and thinks that economy is the basis of political reform.

A.①② B.①③ C.②③ D.③④

8. From 1895, in a short time of 10 years, Zhang Jian's enterprises have expanded from 1 home to more than 20, forming a cross-industry capital enterprise group focusing on textiles. This is mainly due to

A. Introduction of Westernization Enterprises

B. The mass anti-imperialist patriotic movement

C. the Qing government relaxed the restrictions on private factories.

D. The great powers relaxed their economic aggression against China.

9. According to the plot of national capitalist economic development, it is pointed out that point C in the figure is at the peak of development: ① the national bourgeoisie advocates saving the country through industry; (2) Imperialism was busy with war and relaxed its aggression against China; (3) patriotism and profit stimulation make the national bourgeoisie happy to invest in new industries; The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the autocratic rule of Qing Dynasty and opened the way for the development of national industry.

A.①②④ B.②③④ C.①②③ D.①②③④

10. In the first ten years under the rule of the National Government, China's national industry developed rapidly, while War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression and the War of Liberation were in a desperate situation. The main reasons for this change include

A. Japan's war of aggression against China B. American economic aggression

C. The squeeze of monopoly capital D. The impact of the First World War

1 1. Modern national industries in China were mainly concentrated in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River and the southeast coast, and the inland industries were very weak. Later, under the special historical background, factories moved to the central and western regions on a large scale, and the industrial layout of China was adjusted to a certain extent. This special historical background is

A. The Northern Expedition B. War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression

C. Liberation War D. The implementation of the plan of teasing 15

12. 1882 He Kunshan, a businessman, founded a water supply company in Guangzhou, but local gentlemen tried their best to obstruct it on the grounds of disturbing the geomantic landscape, so he had to give up. This incident shows that

A. Entrepreneurship must conform to folk customs.

B. the conditions for the emergence of national industries are not yet mature.

C westernization enterprises are afraid of national capitalist enterprises competing for profits with them.

D. feudal bondage is a huge obstacle to the development of national industry.

13. Liu Hongsheng, the king of making matches, recalled that China Wool Textile Factory, Match Raw Material Factory and Lanzhou Northwest Wool Textile Factory all had bureaucratic capital investment. I used to be a big boss in Shanghai, but I became a big boss's buddy in Chongqing. This material shows that his exclusion and suppression mainly come from

A. feudal government B. bureaucratic capital

C. Foreign capital D. Landlord class

At the beginning of the 20th century, a government was established in China, and the following lyrics were widely circulated as the national anthem: Let East Asian civilization, let China be early, let the United States catch up with Europe, let the old country be new, let the five-color flag fly, let the country be glorious, let the beautiful rivers and mountains shine, let our compatriots inspire civilization, and let world peace last forever. This administration encourages the United States to pursue Europe as follows: ① separation of powers; (2) responsible cabinet system; (3) the land ownership of the cultivator; (4) encourage industrial and commercial development.

A.①②③ B.②③④ C.①②④ D.①③④