Rural community construction is a new idea and measure to develop rural areas, revitalize agriculture and wealthy farmers under the framework and background of new rural construction. It is a new way and model for the in-depth development of rural grass-roots mass autonomous organizations, and a new method and system for the extensive promotion of rural social management innovation model. In the construction of rural communities, farmers are the subject of creation and value, and they are the unity of creation and value.
1, farmers are the creative subject of rural community construction.
Farmers are planners, builders and participants in rural communities. The party and the government are the makers and promoters of the principles and policies for rural community construction. Government guidance is the external cause, and peasant action is the internal cause. Only when farmers regard the construction of rural communities as their own major events, can good government policies and large investments achieve good results. If farmers regard rural community construction as a task imposed on them by the government and a passive executor, their choice can only be to use "the weapon of the weak", that is, to consider how to maximize their own interests within the existing policy space. This kind of resistance and practice of farmers will lead to the invalidation of the country's goodwill policy.
In rural community construction, the exertion of farmers' subjectivity has an important influence on the success or failure of rural community construction. First of all, farmers' participation is the basic force of rural community construction. The construction of rural communities depends on the extensive participation of farmers and their initiative and creativity. Only by giving full play to farmers' main role in rural community construction and making farmers the practical subject and main driving force of rural community construction can rural community construction have a solid social foundation. Second, the development needs of farmers are the power source and basic direction of rural community construction. In the process of rural community construction, the requirement of farmers' all-round development is the foundation of rural community construction, the driving force of rural community construction comes from farmers' needs, and the direction of rural community construction comes from farmers' requirements. Thirdly, the improvement of farmers' self-development ability is the guarantee of sustainable construction of rural communities. In the long run, the construction of rural communities can not be completed only by increasing farmers' income, strengthening infrastructure construction and increasing central financial input. Its continuous power and fundamental power come from farmers' innovative spirit, entrepreneurial consciousness, creative labor and the realization of self-worth.
2. Farmers are the value subject of rural community construction.
The dominant position of farmers in rural community construction is finally manifested as the dominant position of farmers' value. The current rural community construction in China is to change the poverty and backwardness in rural areas, improve and improve the quality of life of farmers and achieve the goal of building a well-off society in an all-round way. In the final analysis, it is for the all-round and free development of farmers.
A correct understanding of farmers' value subject status is conducive to social stability in the vast rural areas and to creating a stable and United political situation. Only by confirming farmers' value subject status can we respect and protect their legitimate rights and material interests, improve their living standards, narrow the differences between workers and peasants and between urban and rural areas, enable farmers to share the dividends of reform and opening up and make greater efforts to build rural communities.
Second, the lack of farmers' dominant position in the performance of rural community building
1, excessive administrative intervention
Different from the formation of communities in western countries, the rural community construction in China is not a long-term natural formation, but a government-led political, economic and cultural reform measure aimed at solving the basic problems of rural areas and farmers. The policy support of the party and the government is the biggest guarantee and backing for rural community construction. Therefore, in practical work, it often evolves into an administrative instruction and enforcement, which overemphasizes the control and leading role of the government in community construction and ignores the self-management of the community. Due to the excessive authority of the government and farmers' dependence on the authority of the government, the idea of direct government arrangement and administrative intervention in the construction of rural communities today has been caused. In this way of thinking, all projects, activities and undertakings in community construction are inseparable from the organization, planning and funding of the government, and the community relies too much on the government and lacks the motivation for self-management and self-development.
2. The alienation of rural community autonomy management.
At present, China's rural community management belongs to the weak autonomy mode. The number of communities that strictly implement democratic direct election, village affairs openness, democratic decision-making, democratic management and democratic supervision according to law is limited, and the grassroots democratic practice of community autonomy is far from the expectations of farmers. Rural community autonomy management gives community residents the right to make their own decisions on values and working principles, which is an affirmation of farmers' self-ability and a reflection of farmers' self-improvement ability. However, in the actual construction and management of the community, the top-down administrative power formed over the years deprived farmers of this right. Farmers are only the executors of the plan, and managers give instructions to the masses and supervise their implementation. Under this traditional management mode, there is a lack of communication and trust between managers and farmers, and even in some cases, it has evolved into confrontation and conflict, which leads to the inability of rural community management.
3. Lack of farmers' subjective consciousness.
Subjective consciousness is farmers' cognition and attitude towards their roles and rights (obligations) under the macro background of the current new rural construction, and it is an internal state biased towards the subjective level. There are two forms of farmers' lack of subjective consciousness: first, farmers have failed to consciously realize their due status and rights in community construction and have not realized that they are the masters of rural community construction. They believe that community construction is an area where villages and towns, village cadres and some "capable people" can play a role. They regard community construction and management as a matter for village cadres and the government, and they do not need to participate in it, but are only the objects of governance and management. Second, farmers clearly know their legal status and rights in rural governance, but they voluntarily give up their right to participate in politics for various reasons and become "people without political life" in rural areas. Farmers' weak awareness of democratic rights makes them lack the enthusiasm and ability of community self-management, rely heavily on the government and society, and are used to traditional centralized and unified passive management. The lack of farmers' subjective consciousness hinders the practical basis of realizing the goal of rural community construction.
4. Lack of farmers' dominant position.
The ultimate beneficiaries of rural community construction and development are farmers living in the community, which determines that farmers are the main participants and decision makers in community construction. Farmers have the most say in a series of major issues involving community construction. Only by giving full play to farmers' initiative, enthusiasm and creativity can rural community construction have vitality, vitality and lasting motivation. However, on the other hand, the practice of rural community construction today is mostly actively promoted by the government. The government plays the role of decision-maker and executor in rural community construction. The status and willingness of the majority of community residents as the main body of the community have not been fully confirmed and guaranteed, and the autonomy of farmers to participate in community construction has been ignored, which makes the community construction empty of government passion, but it is difficult to give play to the enthusiasm of farmers to participate in community construction.
Third, how to ensure farmers' dominant position in community construction?
At present, the theory and practice of rural community construction have just been recognized and valued. In community construction, the government strongly advocates that farmers do not buy it, and farmers have a low sense of identity and participation in community construction. The main reason is that farmers' dominant position has not been adhered to, and their enthusiasm for participating in community construction has not been fully mobilized. How to ensure farmers' dominant position in community construction? We believe that we must do the following key issues well:
1, the government should change from a leading role to a guiding role, which is a process of redefining the government's own functions.
Judging from the existing experience, the government has always played a leading role in how to promote the construction of rural communities, which is embodied in the system design, financial investment, coordination of various departments and mobilization of social forces in rural communities. In practice, this kind of leading behavior often can not get the response and support of farmers, and has little effect. Therefore, the government must change its concept, respect farmers' autonomy, shift from government-led to government-led, and shift from excessive intervention and guidance in community construction to cooperation between the government and the community. Farmers are the main force in rural social and community construction, while the state is in the role of guidance and help. The way should be changed from administrative instructions to guidance, from simple orders to negotiation and communication. The government should change the way of direct arrangement and administrative intervention in community construction into advocacy, mobilization, certain economic and policy support, supervision, evaluation and experience promotion, and use policies to promote the accumulation of community construction resources and sustainable development of communities. For example, the role of the American government is only to formulate relevant laws, regulations and plans, and no longer participate in specific community work. The specific work of community development is entrusted to community organizations and non-governmental organizations, and the government's function is macro-control. This behavior of the government not only greatly lightens its own burden, but also greatly exerts its leading role in community construction, killing two birds with one stone. For example, in South Korea, the government strongly supports the Xinxiang Movement, but rarely participates in the specific affairs of rural communities, fully respects and mobilizes the subjective initiative of rural residents, and gives full play to the enthusiasm of farmers in rural community construction. In order to fully mobilize the enthusiasm of rural residents in building communities, the government has stepped up publicity efforts, such as putting forward a theme slogan every year, holding community competitions, formulating reward and punishment measures, encouraging and praising well, and criticizing badly to stimulate the enthusiasm of rural residents.
2. Build an institutionalized and standardized community participation mechanism.
The construction of rural communities in the new era contains dual value goals, which not only reflects the re-integration of rural society by the state to consolidate the political power, but also reflects the process of further empowering rural society by the state. As the ultimate beneficiaries of community construction and development are farmers living in the community, this determines that farmers should be the main participants in community construction, and the process of community construction is the process of villagers' participation. Community construction can satisfy the public interests of community residents, guarantee the democratic rights of community subjects, enhance the dominant position of community subjects in community construction, and stimulate the enthusiasm of community members. Therefore, it is necessary to build community public authority and form an equal consultation mechanism for community public affairs, so that public issues involving all community members can guarantee the equal rights of all members in consultation; At the same time, establish institutionalized participation channels within the community, so that farmers can have effective channels to express their own interests, thus promoting the formation of public will and public decision-making. At the same time, it is necessary to establish a stable community governance participation mechanism, combining community residents' participation with representatives' participation, individual participation with collective participation, institutionalized participation with non-institutionalized participation to meet the development requirements of social participation. Through the institutionalized and standardized community participation mechanism, the public affairs in the community rely more and more on the extensive participation of villagers, thus forming their own decision-making and implementation system, and farmers can truly become the masters of community construction. In the United States, the mode of community construction is decided by community members. Through the participation of members, various resources can be found to meet the needs and achieve the goals without government participation. In some cases, community members can recall community managers through elections.
3. Cultivate farmers' subjective consciousness and establish the political character of farmers' independent participation.
Subjective consciousness is the internal mechanism for people to exert their conscious initiative and the internal condition for people to form subjectivity. For a long time, the feudal natural economy in China caused the low degree of socialization of agricultural production, which made farmers subject to nature and society to a great extent and did not form a positive subjective consciousness of conquering nature; Under the long-term highly centralized system, people's will, personality and lifestyle are generally severely suppressed. Governments or officials are used to issuing orders, while ordinary people are used to obeying orders and listening to their superiors, which has become a common consciousness of farmers. Most rural residents do not realize that they are the main body of community construction, and think that community construction is the responsibility of relevant government departments and has nothing to do with themselves. This psychological weakness of farmers is an important reason for inefficient governance. However, farmers themselves are powerless in cultivating civic awareness and establishing modern democratic concepts. They need to rely on external education, publicity and other forces to gradually cultivate their sense of independence, establish their sense of ownership, rights, law and community, realize their sense of political participation, and make community participation a natural desire of farmers' inner psychology.
4. Vigorously develop rural community organizations and improve farmers' organizational ability.
The lack of farmers' subjective consciousness objectively makes it difficult for atomized farmers to play their subjectivity in rural community public affairs. The strong traditional background of small farmers makes them lack the civic awareness and the ability to establish farmers' self-organization needed by modern society. The degree of rural social organization is low, and the development of non-governmental organizations representing farmers' interests and affecting government power is seriously insufficient. It is difficult for scattered villagers to organize and express their interests through collective action.