With the deepening of the reform of hydropower construction enterprises, project construction has become the main construction management mode of hydropower construction enterprises. The so-called project method construction is a scientific management mode that takes a complete project as the implementation management object, realizes its project objectives through the optimal allocation and dynamic management of production factors according to the internal laws of the project, and aims at improving economic benefits.
Construction machinery and equipment is one of the main production factors. Whether the capability and technical status of equipment can meet the requirements of the project and ensure the smooth completion of the project requires high-level equipment management. Only by strengthening the equipment management of the construction project, rationally allocating the equipment according to the project, ensuring the safe use of the equipment, and carrying out detailed cost accounting, giving full play to the asset benefit of the equipment and reducing the project cost can the project achieve better economic benefits. The equipment management of construction project is a target management method. Focusing on the construction period and quality of the project, the goal is to meet the needs of construction production and create maximum benefits, and the goal is more clear and specific. Then, how to do well the equipment management of the project under construction, the author thinks that it should be strengthened from the following three aspects. First, the optimal configuration of equipment The selection and configuration of equipment in a new project is very critical. Choosing the right equipment and reasonable configuration is the premise of a good project, which often plays a multiplier role in the project. 1 First of all, we should understand the construction organization design of the project, and decide the specifications, models and quantities of the equipment entering the site according to the scale, construction period, construction conditions and site. , prepare the machinery use plan suitable for this project, arrange the time plan of construction machinery entering and leaving the site, and control the total amount and progress of construction equipment. Before the equipment enters the site, it should be carefully arranged, and damaged and idle equipment is not allowed to enter the site. The equipment entering the site should give full play to its role, and the phenomenon of repairing the equipment as soon as it is started should be put an end to. Some units start new projects, no matter whether the equipment is good or not, they all enter the construction site. After construction, the construction period is often delayed due to equipment problems, which affects the efficiency of the project. Some advanced foreign construction enterprises have strict access to equipment, and the equipment is in poor condition and has leakage, which is also worth learning. 2. According to the characteristics of hydropower construction enterprises, equipment selection should be based on the principle of "adjustment first, then leasing". First, make full use of the idle equipment in the enterprise, and lease the insufficient and deficient equipment through the leasing market. It is a huge waste that the idle equipment of enterprises is not fully utilized. No matter how well the project is done, you can't fill the hole. Making good use of idle equipment will bring huge economic benefits. At the same time, the project itself must be cautious in equipment procurement. It must be demonstrated and selected by many parties, and the return on investment must be budgeted. This project should consider whether the investment can be recovered. We can't blindly purchase equipment, increase the project cost and bring more stock assets to the later stage of the project. After the project is over, it will become a burden and difficult to deal with. After some projects of hydropower construction enterprises in China are completed, there is no benefit or even loss after cost accounting. The reason is that the equipment investment in the early stage of the project is too large. Some people think that although we are not profitable, it can't be counted as a loss. This is a serious bad tendency to make mistakes by yourself and others, which must be resolutely eradicated, otherwise it will destroy an enterprise. 3. Mechanical equipment leasing is a good choice for the project under construction. By paying a small amount of rent to buy the equipment needed for construction, the urgent need of production can be solved, thus reducing the large investment in disposable equipment, reducing the project cost and restoring the commodity value and liquidity of funds. Due to the precipitation and influence of planned economy, the socialized division of labor in production is not sufficient, and resources can not be effectively allocated, which makes state-owned enterprises choose to buy new equipment directly when they need equipment. Moreover, this concept is deeply rooted, and it is still difficult to change when the economic environment changes, let alone consider the support and cooperation of society and the reorganization and merger of assets. This concept ignores that the use of equipment is to achieve a certain period and process of the project, not eternal. Moreover, the needs of the society are changing, and the technology is updated quickly. The average product cycle of society is 3-5 years. When an enterprise purchases equipment with a life cycle of 10- 15 years, it is likely to be idle and wasted. It can be said in a popular way that you can buy any equipment if you have money, but you may not get money if you have equipment. However, this does not mean that construction enterprises do not want equipment, but should fully consider the time value and various risks of invested funds, and the purchased equipment must give full play to create maximum value. From the perspective of economics, using idle equipment means using cash; Buying equipment is using deposits; The leased equipment is a bank loan. It is a good way to solve the shortage of equipment by renting equipment, which also gives us an inspiration in equipment management. It shows that equipment management is not only a logistics behavior, but should be ahead of production. Under the condition of market economy, it is not enough to serve production only. It is also necessary to use various methods to transfer equipment management to the track centered on enterprise benefits, which is the fundamental goal of equipment management. 4. When choosing equipment for the project under construction, be careful and try to be less but better. Suitable for production, advanced technical performance, safety and reliability, stable equipment condition, economy and rationality. Can meet the requirements of construction technology. Equipment selection should be based on the number of physical projects, construction conditions, technical strength and configuration strength, and adapt to its production capacity. For rented equipment, equipment with good overall performance, high efficiency, low failure rate, convenient maintenance and strong interchangeability should be selected. Avoid using outdated products. Try to choose equipment with low energy consumption, low noise and little environmental pollution to reduce its comprehensive cost. When renting equipment, it is necessary to strengthen the understanding of the concept of time value, and the entry and exit of large equipment should be reported in writing in advance. When the equipment enters the site, make preparations in advance, so that it can be used when it enters the site, and leave early when it is finished. With the shortest use time, give full play to the maximum efficiency of equipment use and create better economic benefits. 5. When new equipment needs to be purchased due to the needs of the project, the choice of equipment is very critical. The purpose of equipment selection is to select the best technical equipment for construction production, that is, to select the best equipment with advanced technology and reasonable economy. Equipment should be equipped according to the construction process, so that the mechanical equipment equipped in each construction link can fully reflect the advantages of mechanical equipment in construction and production in terms of performance, production efficiency, economy and practicality, and production safety. Therefore, we should pay attention to the following points when selecting equipment: (1) Pay attention to the productivity of equipment, that is, the unit output of equipment, that is, the productivity of mechanical equipment, which is generally expressed by power, speed, rotation speed, stroke, volume and capacity. Equipment with high productivity is generally expensive, requires strong maintenance strength and management level, and has a large one-time investment and maintenance cost, so it is mainly suitable for projects with large quantities. Therefore, when selecting equipment for the project, we should not be greedy for perfection, but choose mechanical equipment suitable for the project. ⑵ Reliability and energy saving of equipment should be considered. The accuracy and performance of the equipment should be reliable, and it can produce high-quality products and complete high-quality projects. The failure rate of equipment should be low, and the parts should be durable, safe and reliable. At the same time, the energy saving of equipment should also be fully considered, and those "electric tigers" and "oil tigers" must not be selected. (3) Try to choose equipment with strong repairability, which requires simple equipment structure, reasonable combination of parts, as few lubricating points, adjusting parts and connecting pieces as possible, easy access to parts during maintenance, rapid disassembly, easy inspection, generalization, standardization and good interchangeability of parts. Generally speaking, the more complex and precise the equipment, the higher the quality requirements for spare parts. When selecting equipment, the possibility and time limit for suppliers to provide relevant technologies, materials and maintenance parts and tools should be considered. (4) When selecting equipment, it should be matched with other equipment in the project. For example, excavators and loaders used in earthwork should be matched with dump trucks, and concrete transportation equipment should be matched with concrete mixing equipment. If there are a lot of equipment in a project, but the equipment is not matched, not only the performance of the equipment can not be fully exerted, but also it is a huge waste in economy. Only when the equipment is matched with each other in working capacity can the labor productivity be improved and good economic benefits be brought. Second, the rational use of equipment The rational use of equipment can make the equipment create greater value. The basis of equipment management is use management, and strengthening the equipment use management of construction projects under construction is the top priority of construction project management. 1, the project manager should pay attention to the use and management of equipment, which is related to the success or failure of a project. The project manager should personally grasp the use and management of equipment, be familiar with and master the relevant equipment management business, go deep into the construction site, understand the use, repair and maintenance of equipment, coordinate the contradiction between construction production and equipment management, and be the strong backing of the equipment management department. Some people say that the level of equipment management is as high as that of enterprise leaders, which is also reasonable. Many equipment managers have expressed the feeling that if the senior leaders of the unit attach importance to equipment management, the work will be easy to carry out and the equipment management of the unit will be effective. Some people say that the equipment management department will always stand in the dock. When the equipment is good, I can't think of you The equipment is broken and people ask you how to manage it. Therefore, the project manager should be the backstage boss of equipment management, so that the equipment management department can give full play to the role and do a good job in equipment management. 2. Formulate a practical equipment use management system, and implement the management responsibility of mechanical equipment to specific personnel, that is, relatively fix the relationship between people and machines. The use of management system can enhance the sense of responsibility of operators to love and protect machines, arouse their enthusiasm, and help operators to be familiar with the characteristics of mechanical equipment, master technology and use mechanical equipment reasonably. The project should form a scientific and orderly management system, improve the management organization, determine the person in charge of mechanical equipment, set up equipment management posts suitable for the project construction, and equip relatively stable professional and technical personnel and machine management personnel. The management system should be formulated on the basis of the system formulated by the enterprise and combined with the characteristics of the project itself, and should be effective. Attention should be paid to the implementation of the management system. Without good implementation, even the best system will not work. Therefore, we must strictly implement the equipment use management system, the equipment management department should strengthen supervision and inspection, and the equipment management professionals should strengthen the mechanical maintenance and use management of the operation layer and give specific guidance. 3, the use of equipment should have suitable working conditions, such as roads, working face layout, loading and unloading position, power supply, lighting facilities, etc. It should be carefully arranged and arranged. Newly purchased, overhauled, refitted and reloaded equipment must pass tests and safety inspections before it can be put into production. The use of equipment should follow the principle of "combination of work and use, man-machine fixation", implement team leader responsibility system, and keep personnel relatively stable. Before commissioning and use of new equipment, technical documents, structural performance and safety operation procedures must be disclosed to relevant personnel. It is necessary to strengthen the skills, responsibilities and safety education of operators. Operators must receive special professional training, master the correct operation technology and hold relevant certificates. Operators should obey the unified command of the project, perform their post responsibilities, and establish a sense of responsibility for caring for the machine. 4, do a good job of equipment site management. The construction site of the project is the main body of the project construction. The basic employees of the project are on the spot, and the main body of the project equipment and funds are on the spot. The production capacity, ideological style and management level of the project are also reflected on the spot. All kinds of decisions of the project still need to be completed through on-site operation. It can be said that the construction site is the gathering place and exposure place of various production factors of a project, so the on-site management of the project is very important. The on-site management of equipment should mainly pay attention to the following aspects. (1) Change ideas and strengthen site management. Site management should have clear objectives and slogans, which should be listed in various systems of the project. Many excellent enterprises have advanced experience and resounding slogans in equipment field management. For example, Dongfeng Motor Company put forward the slogan that the scene is "Emperor" and "Run to the scene"; Zhuzhou Cemented Carbide Factory put forward the activities of "three cleanings" (equipment cleaning, site cleaning and environmental cleaning) and "six no-leaks" (no water leakage, no steam leakage, no electricity leakage, no material leakage, no liquid leakage and no oil leakage) for equipment site management. Guangxi Yuchai Machinery Co., Ltd. put forward the slogan of "strong maintenance". We should learn from the advanced experience of site management of this project to ensure the integrity and effectiveness of site equipment, reduce equipment failures and improve the overall level of equipment management. ⑵ Do a good job in basic work, standardize, institutionalize and standardize on-site management, control the phenomenon of running, running, dripping and leaking on site, insist on starting from a large number of daily trifles, pay attention to the cultivation of dribs and drabs style of equipment on-site management, form a powerful self-restraint mechanism for equipment on-site management, and establish corresponding incentive mechanism for equipment on-site management. (3) Pay attention to human factors. In the project construction, material elements (equipment, etc. ) is the foundation of construction, and people (operators, maintenance personnel, etc. ) is a relatively active and decisive factor in construction, which can mobilize people's enthusiasm and creativity, develop human resources, realize the coordination and efficiency of man-machine system, improve the level of site management, and achieve the purpose of reducing costs, improving work efficiency and creating benefits for the project. 5, pay attention to the maintenance and repair of equipment, the normal operation of mechanical equipment can not be separated from maintenance and repair. Maintenance work should firmly grasp the cross-operation policy of cleaning, fastening, lubrication, adjustment and anti-corrosion, which is the main content of daily maintenance and must be unremittingly grasped. Special maintenance should be carried out for large-scale key equipment, and the management, use and repair should be combined. Technicians, operators and maintenance personnel should jointly maintain the equipment, analyze the causes of equipment failures, and eliminate the failures as soon as possible and put them into use. The project should make reasonable arrangements for major and medium repairs of the equipment according to the operating conditions of the equipment, so that the limited funds can play a greater role. At the same time, the project should attach importance to the repair quality, formulate strict repair specifications, control the repair rate, establish quality management institutions and systems in the repair shop, and the equipment management technicians will conduct factory acceptance together with the competent personnel of the repair shop. Those that fail to meet the maintenance quality will never leave the factory. Maintenance technology should be improved step by step, and equipment condition monitoring should be strengthened. For the equipment with high frequency of use, easy to be damaged and out of order, it is necessary to strengthen the tracking diagnosis, change the repair after the event into the repair according to the situation beforehand, do a good job in predicting the equipment failure, find the problems in time, take measures as soon as possible, and repair in advance. In short, the equipment maintenance of the project should be carried out with "funds, personnel and time" to ensure the intact and normal operation of the equipment. 6, strengthen safety management, put an end to mechanical accidents. Mechanical accidents are the enemy of equipment use. A mechanical accident not only damages the equipment, but also delays the construction and production, resulting in huge losses. According to scientific research, 88% of mechanical accidents are caused by my carelessness. 9% is due to unsafe physical properties, 2% is an irresistible disaster, and 1% is due to unknown reasons. Therefore, most mechanical accidents can be prevented. Proper operation of the equipment can not only prolong the service life of the equipment, but also reduce the occurrence of mechanical accidents. Therefore, the equipment must be operated according to the operating rules, and those who violate the operating rules and do not care for the equipment must be resolutely punished to strengthen the consciousness and responsibility of the operators to care for the equipment. For the mechanical accidents that have occurred, we must adhere to the "three-no pass" (the cause of the accident has not been ascertained, the responsible person and the employees have not been educated, and the rectification measures have not been implemented. ) do a good job in accident handling, find out the reasons, distinguish responsibilities, punish according to regulations, and take corrective measures to prevent accidents from happening again. 7. Strengthen equipment lubrication management. Many years of construction practice has proved that lubrication accounts for a considerable proportion of equipment failures. Therefore, the role of lubrication in the normal operation of equipment should be emphasized in engineering, and managers at all levels should improve their understanding of the importance of lubrication and do a good job in the lubrication management of equipment. In the project equipment lubrication management, we should do the following two things. (1) technical management. It is necessary to understand the wear principle of all kinds of equipment, master the friction mechanism, correctly select lubricating oil, make statistical analysis of lubricating oil varieties in use, make oil use plan and oil change plan according to quality, adjust lubricating oil varieties and oil change plan at any time according to working conditions, and monitor the lubricating oil of key equipment. At the same time, it is necessary to strengthen the tribology education and training of lubrication technicians and lubricators at all levels, and popularize new lubrication technologies, materials and processes. If conditions permit, a lubrication management system can be established by computer. (2) Material management. Correct purchase of lubricating oil, scientific acceptance, storage personnel familiar with the characteristics and uses of various lubricating oils, correct storage and distribution. At the same time, the project should do a good job in scientific waste oil recovery and regeneration to save the project cost. 8, do a good job in parts management. Accessories consumption is a necessary cost in the process of equipment use, and the supply, storage and management of accessories are very important. The accessory management of the project should be the responsibility of the equipment management department, which should not be confused with the material management, but should be managed by the material department. Because the management of accessories is closely combined with the management, use, maintenance and repair of equipment, it is easy to find the problems existing in the operation and maintenance of mechanical equipment and solve their contradictions. Parts management should do well in the following aspects. (1) Prepare spare parts plan scientifically, and prepare spare parts plan according to the use plan and technical status of mechanical equipment, the ownership of existing similar equipment and the inventory of existing spare parts. The planning should follow the principle of meeting the needs of equipment maintenance with minimum inventory as far as possible, and emphasize the reasonable reserve of spare parts. (2) Organize the ordering and purchasing of spare parts according to the prepared spare parts plan. Due to the variety of accessories, many parts of the equipment are often modified, so be especially careful when ordering and buying. Some parts are only one letter and number short, or the factory life of the equipment is wrong, so the purchased accessories are completely unsuitable. Therefore, when purchasing, we must pay attention to the age of the equipment according to the requirements of the parts plan. (3) Timely acceptance and reasonable distribution. After the accessories arrive, they should be unpacked and accepted in time, check the model, specification or part number, count the quantity and make necessary inspections. For accessories that need to be used in complete sets (such as crankshaft bearings, piston rings, etc.). ), their integrity must be tested. For accessories (such as crankshaft, flywheel, clutch, etc. Before leaving the factory, those who need manual dynamic balance test should check whether they have been corrected (there are usually holes to correct the weight). There should be a system for the distribution of accessories to eliminate the distribution of human relations. At the same time, for the recycled part, we should do a good job of replacing the old with the new, so as to repair the old and make use of the waste. 9. Manage and implement the use of ISO9000 quality standards, so that the implementation of standards can be implemented in every detail of use management and managed according to the requirements of quality system documents. After application and examination, the enterprise has obtained the certification of relevant certification bodies, which shows that the quality system of the enterprise meets the requirements of ISO9000 standard, but this does not mean that the quality management is perfect. On the contrary, it is a new starting point, and it operates in strict accordance with the quality system. Improve project quality and management level through management review, internal audit and other related activities. The following points should be paid attention to in the standard implementation of the project. (1) The project manager should learn and be familiar with the quality system, fully grasp the operation of the project quality management system, and ensure good operation. Some people say that implementing standards means implementing leadership. Although this statement is one-sided, it also has some truth. Many questions about quality certification need to be answered by leaders, and leadership audit is also the most important in management audit. Only when leaders understand and attach importance to the quality system can the operation of the quality system really play its role. (2) Give full play to the role of internal auditors. Enterprise internal auditors are technical backbones who are familiar with and master the operation mechanism of quality system after selection and training. Project internal auditors are generally distributed in various positions, so they should not only play their role in the post, but also play the role of internal audit, let them participate in major decision-making of the project and be good staff of the project manager. (3) Quality certification emphasizes the effectiveness of system operation, which is reflected in the need for traceable records. Without records, there is no job. Therefore, every work of project equipment management must be recorded, requiring every employee to know what to do, why to do it, when and where to do it, who to do it, how to do it, and whether there are records. According to the principle of "say what you should say, do what you should say and keep records", do every job required by the quality system carefully to ensure the normal and effective operation of the quality system.
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