Modern history of the world
1. Pay attention to three main clues.
In fact, a modern history of the world has three parallel main clues: the emergence, development and growth of capitalism; The process of the emergence, development and struggle of the proletariat; The emergence and development of the national liberation movement.
(1) The emergence, development and expansion of capitalism.
14-16th century Europe witnessed the initial germination of capitalism. There are three forms: contract system, handicraft workshop and capitalist farm. 17-18th century is the era of capitalist development and bourgeois revolution. /kloc-in the middle and early period of the 0/9th century, the industrial revolution expanded. Capitalism has won worldwide: monopoly capitalism was formed from the end of 19 to the beginning of the 20th century. In 1930s and after World War II, capitalism experienced its own reform, adjustment and continued development.
(2) The emergence, development and struggle of the proletariat.
The earliest working class came into being in14-16th century, and then they took part in the anti-feudal struggle led by the bourgeoisie. After the industrial revolution, the industrial proletariat formed and struggled to develop. From 65438 to 0848, the theory of proletarian revolution came into being. Since then, there have been the Paris Commune Revolution, the establishment of proletarian political parties in various countries, the October Revolution and so on, and the socialist movement has grown from small to large. After World War II, there was an oriental group headed by the Soviet Union.
(3) the development of the national liberation movement.
After the invasion of Asia, Africa, Europe and America, the national liberation movement took place. Europe has problems like the Netherlands, Hungary and the Balkans. America first had the United States, and then Latin America fought for independence. There are many textbooks about the Asian struggle. /kloc-there was a revolutionary storm in the middle of the 0/9 th century, an Asian awakening in the later period, and a climax of national liberation struggle after World War I. After World War II, all Asian countries gained independence and embarked on the road of development. The struggle in Africa focuses on the independent development of Egypt, Ethiopia, Sudan and South Africa in Northeast Africa.
2. Clarify the historical clues of major countries.
Countries in the history of the world, new textbooks and outlines can be divided into three categories; Major countries (Britain, France, USA, Germany, Russia, Japan, Italy, India, etc. ), minor countries (West, Hungary, South, Egypt, Ethiopia, Turkey, North Korea, South Korea, Mexico, etc. ), as well as ordinary countries (Belgium, Netherlands, Portugal, Austria, Singapore, Cuba, etc. The historical development clues of big countries should be clarified, small countries should pay attention to major events at a certain stage, and ordinary countries should know which major events are related to them.
(1) UK:
1603 was preceded by Tudor dynasty, followed by Stuart dynasty. The bourgeois revolution took place in 1640. 17-18th century Britain became a colonial hegemon. The industrial revolution took place in the afternoon of 1765. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/9th century, the parliament was reformed. 1840 launched the opium war against China. /kloc-In the late 20th century, Britain's development slowed down and entered the stage of imperialism. In the 20th century, Britain participated in World War I and World War II, and its strength weakened. The upsurge of the struggle for colonial independence led to the collapse of the British colonial empire. In the 1970s, Britain joined Western Europe.
(2) France:
178 1 years ago was ruled by the bourbon dynasty. The important historical facts are the reform of Louis XIV and the Seven Years' War. The Great Revolution took place in1789; France became a constitutional monarchy. From 1792, it was the first * * * republic period, which experienced the rule of gironde, jacobins, Zeyo Party, Governor and executive government. Napoleon's first empire was formed in 1804. Napoleon returned to rule France after two failures: 18 14 and 18 15. The dynasty was founded in July 1830. 1848- 1852 is the second republic and 1852- 1870 is the second empire. After the Franco-Prussian War, the Third Republic (1870- 1940) was formed. Since then, he has participated in World War I and World War II, and his strength has also weakened. After World War II, the struggle for French colonies reached its climax. France, West Germany, Italy and other countries make up Western Europe.
(3) the United States:
/kloc-in the middle of the 0/8th century, the American nation was initially formed, which laid the foundation for American independence. 1775- 1783' s war of independence became the first bourgeois revolution. /kloc-At the beginning of the 0/9th century, the United States once again resisted British aggression, which was called the second war of independence in history. 186 1- 1865, the American civil war broke out, slavery was abolished, and the United States quickly became the strongest country in the world. In the 20th century, the United States experienced World War I, Roosevelt's New Deal and World War II, and its hegemonic position was established. The hegemony between the United States and the Soviet Union under the Yalta system was once intensified. In the 1990s, the trend of multipolarization was strengthened, but the United States was still pursuing hegemonism.
(4) Japan:
1868 years ago, tokugawa era, Tokugawa. 1868 After the Meiji Restoration, Japan embarked on the capitalist road and began to invade Asia. After the Sino-Japanese War, the Russo-Japanese War and World War I, Japan plundered a lot of land wealth. From 1930s to 1940s, Japan launched the war of aggression against China and the Pacific War until it was defeated by the allied forces. After World War II, with the support of the United States, Japan quickly became the second largest economic power in the capitalist world.
(5) Russia:
/kloc-In the late 7th century, the reform of Peter I took place in Russia, which made the country strong and stepped up its expansion. Country. After World War I, Italian fascists came to power and later became the source of European wars. After World War II, the Italian economy resumed development.
(8) India:
India is an ancient civilization. China is known as Toxoplasma gondii, Tianzhu and Indian in history. /kloc-At the end of 0/5, after the Portuguese opened up new sea routes, India was invaded by Portugal, France, Britain and other countries. 19, India was completely colonized by Britain. /kloc-in the 0 th and 9 th centuries, there was an anti-British national uprising. At the beginning of the 20th century, in the Asian revolutionary storm, India's struggle rose sharply. After World War I, a non-violent and non-cooperative movement led by Gandhi appeared. The second non-cooperative movement appeared in the 1930s. After World War II, India became independent but split into India and Pakistan. (now Pakistan and Bangladesh). India and Pakistan have made great progress in economy, but there are still many problems. The South Asian subcontinent is still one of the hot spots in the world today.
3. Attach importance to the relations between important countries.
Important countries in the world include China, the United States, Japan, Britain, France, Germany and Russia. When reviewing, you can describe the major events in the diplomatic relations of various countries and their influences one by one according to the following schematic diagram. (According to the position on the map, the straight line is the relationship between the two countries)
English-French-German-Russian-Japanese-American-English
China
The important relations here should include US-Japan relations, Sino-Japanese relations and Sino-US relations. In recent years, Franco-German relations, Sino-German relations and Sino-US relations have all been tested in the history college entrance examination.
4. Pay attention to the important international pattern in modern history.
An important part of modern world history is the relationship between nations. When reviewing, we should pay attention to the changes and trends of the international pattern. 15 and 16 century, Spain and Portugal became world powers; 17 and 18 centuries, Britain, France and the Netherlands became powerful countries, and Britain finally gained colonial hegemony. /kloc-At the beginning of the 9th century, the Vienna system was formed. /kloc-in the late 20th century, the alliance of the three countries reached an agreement with the three countries. After World War I, the Versailles-Washington system was formed. The rise of fascism has changed the world pattern. After World War II, the Soviet Union and the United States formed a bipolar pattern. In the 1990s, the bipolar pattern disintegrated and the multipolar pattern began to take shape.
5. Pay attention to the horizontal important content.
There are many countries and clues in the history of the world. The situation in each country listed in the textbook is different. When reviewing, the same content should be linked together and compared horizontally.
(1) Establishment of the capitalist system:
Domestic bourgeois revolution (Britain and France), national independence war (America and Latin America), capitalist reform (Russia and Japan), top-down dynasty unification war (Germany and Italy), political movement (India and Pakistan), etc.
(2) Asian-African national liberation struggle:
After World War I: ① Mid-term: May 4th Movement, Great Revolution; (2) India: non-violent and non-cooperative movement; Pet-name ruby soil: bourgeois revolution; (4) Egypt: Anti-British national independence uprising.
(3) Important reforms:
① Feudal reform: Peter I of Russia, Louis XIV of France, etc. ② Capitalist reform: British Parliament reform, Russian 186 1 reform, Japanese Meiji Restoration, Italian Gafur reform, American Roosevelt's New Deal, etc. ③ Socialist reform: Soviet Russia's new economic policy and China's reform and opening up.
(4) Important legal and economic systems:
If land ownership changes, Britain, France, the United States, Russia, Japan and other countries will have different ways to deal with it.
(5) Ideological emancipation trend:
Such as humanism, bourgeois enlightenment, utopian socialism and Marxism.
6. Pay attention to the achievements and influence of science and technology, literature and art. ..
The assertion that science and technology are the primary productive forces can be proved by three scientific and technological revolutions in world history. The first scientific and technological revolution, which began in 1960s, brought mankind into age of steam. 65438+The second scientific and technological revolution that began in 1970s brought mankind into the electrical age. The third scientific and technological revolution, which began in the middle of the 20th century, brought mankind into the electronic age.
The scientific and technological revolution has had a great impact on social relations, the world pattern and people's lives. When reviewing, we should pay attention to their respective achievements and specific influences. There are not many requirements for the examination of literary and artistic achievements, and the teaching materials are divided into three stages: Renaissance and Modern Times, and the introduction is relatively concentrated, so special attention should be paid to the achievements of Renaissance.
modern history of China
1. The root of the British Opium War: In the first half of the 9th century, in order to open the China market, promote industrial products and plunder cheap industrial raw materials, the direct reason for smuggling opium to China was to reverse the trade deficit.
2. 1839, Lin zexu was sent to Guangzhou by Daoguang Emperor to ban smoking, conduct unannounced visits and secret investigations, arrest cigarette dealers and collect opium. In June, opium was destroyed in Humentan, which was a great victory of China people's anti-smoking struggle and showed the strong will of the Chinese nation against foreign aggression. Lin Zexu, who led this struggle, became a national hero, and this activity became the fuse of the Opium War.
3. 1840- 1842, the first opium war broke out. After the Opium War, China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, which was the beginning of the modern history of China.
4. 1856- 1860 The British and French allied forces launched the Second Opium War to further open the China market. After occupying Beijing, they burned the Yuanmingyuan.
5. Before and after the Second Opium War, Russia forced the Qing government to sign a series of unequal treaties and occupied the territory of northeast and northwest China1500,000 square kilometers (combined with the table on page 8 and the picture on page 9).
6.1851-1864 Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, 1853 occupied Nanjing another day, made its capital, and established a regime against the Qing Dynasty. In order to overthrow the rule of the Qing Dynasty, troops were sent to the Northern Expedition and the Western Expedition.
7. As an imperial envoy, Zuo adopted the strategy of "going north first, then going south, and slowly advancing into urgent battle" to recover Xinjiang. In order to strengthen the management and defense of the northwest frontier, the Qing government established a province in Xinjiang in 1884.
8. 1894- 1895 After the defeat of the Qing government in the Sino-Japanese War, the treaty of shimonoseki was signed with Japan, which greatly deepened the degree of semi-colonization of China.
9. 1900 Spring, the Boxer Rebellion was aimed at imperialist aggression.
10. 190 1 year, the Qing government was forced to sign the treaty of mourning for ugliness with the eight countries, which increased the newborn burden of China people and seriously damaged China's sovereignty. Since then, the Qing government has completely become a tool for imperialism to rule China, and China has completely become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
1 1.65438+ Hubei textile layout etc. In the 1970s and 1980s, three navies, namely, the South China Sea, Beiyang and Fujian, were formed. Shi Jing Wentong Museum was founded in 1938+0862, which is the first new school founded by the Westernization School.
12. evaluation of westernization movement 1. The root cause of the British Opium War: In the first half of 2009, in order to open the China market, promote industrial products and plunder cheap industrial raw materials, the direct cause of smuggling opium to China was to reverse the trade deficit.
2. 1839, Lin zexu was sent to Guangzhou by Daoguang Emperor to ban smoking, conduct unannounced visits and secret investigations, arrest cigarette dealers and collect opium. In June, opium was destroyed in Humentan, which was a great victory of China people's anti-smoking struggle and showed the strong will of the Chinese nation against foreign aggression. Lin Zexu, who led this struggle, became a national hero, and this activity became the fuse of the Opium War.
3. 1840- 1842, the first opium war broke out. After the Opium War, China gradually became a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, which was the beginning of the modern history of China.
4. 1856- 1860 The British and French allied forces launched the Second Opium War to further open the China market. After occupying Beijing, they burned the Yuanmingyuan.
5. Before and after the Second Opium War, Russia forced the Qing government to sign a series of unequal treaties and occupied the territory of northeast and northwest China1500,000 square kilometers (combined with the table on page 8 and the picture on page 9).
6.1851-1864 Taiping Heavenly Kingdom Movement, 1853 occupied Nanjing another day, made its capital, and established a regime against the Qing Dynasty. In order to overthrow the rule of the Qing Dynasty, troops were sent to the Northern Expedition and the Western Expedition.
7. As an imperial envoy, Zuo adopted the strategy of "going north first, then going south, and slowly advancing into urgent battle" to recover Xinjiang. In order to strengthen the management and defense of the northwest frontier, the Qing government established a province in Xinjiang in 1884.
8. 1894- 1895 After the defeat of the Qing government in the Sino-Japanese War, the treaty of shimonoseki was signed with Japan, which greatly deepened the degree of semi-colonization of China.
9. 1900 Spring, the Boxer Rebellion was aimed at imperialist aggression.
10. 190 1 year, the Qing government was forced to sign the treaty of mourning for ugliness with the eight countries, which increased the newborn burden of China people and seriously damaged China's sovereignty. Since then, the Qing government has completely become a tool for imperialism to rule China, and China has completely become a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society.
1 1.65438+ Hubei textile layout etc. In the 1970s and 1980s, three navies, namely, the South China Sea, Beiyang and Fujian, were formed. Shi Jing Wentong Museum was founded in 1938+0862, which is the first new school founded by the Westernization School.
12. Evaluate the Westernization Movement (the content is on page 30, focusing on it)
13.1In the spring of 895, Kang Youwei's "Letter to the Bus" kicked off the political reform.
14.18 From June to September, 1998, Emperor Guangxu issued a series of decrees, the content of which was (P33): It is required to master from five aspects: politics, economy, military affairs, education and ideology.
In 15. 1894, Sun Yat-sen organized a revolutionary group, the Zhong Xing Society. 1905, a unified revolutionary organization with Sun Yat-sen as the prime minister was established, and the revolutionary program of overthrowing the Qing Dynasty, abolishing the absolute monarchy, establishing a democratic country and reforming the land system was adopted. Its establishment greatly promoted the bourgeois democratic revolutionary movement throughout the country.
16.1911The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty, ended the feudal monarchy in China for more than 2,000 years, and made democracy and ideas deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. However, the achievements of the Revolution of 1911 were stolen by Yuan Shikai, a northern warlord, and failed to complete the task of anti-imperialism and feudalism.
17. 19 15, Chen Duxiu and other intellectuals held high the two banners of "democracy" and "science", took New Youth magazine as the main position, launched a new culture movement, and attacked Zun Kong with four main ideas and four oppositions as the main content, thus setting off a trend of ideological emancipation in society.
In 18. 19 18, Li Dazhao published two articles, The Victory of the Common People and The Victory of Bolshevism, to promote Marxism.
19. The New Culture Movement is an unprecedented ideological emancipation movement in the history of our country. It inspires people to pursue democracy and science, explores the truth of saving the country and the people, and creates conditions for the spread of Marxism in China. However, the New Culture Movement also showed an absolute negative or positive bias towards the eastern and western cultures, and had an impact on later generations.
20.1965438+On May 4th, 2009, students from Peking University and other schools held demonstrations, demanding "fighting for sovereignty from outside and getting rid of national thieves from inside", canceling "Article 21", opposing signing a "peace treaty" with Germany and punishing traitors, which was suppressed by the Beiyang warlord government. In early June, Shanghai workers went on strike and businessmen went on strike to support the students' struggle. Cao Rulin and other traitors were dismissed, and they refused to sign the peace treaty. The May 4th Movement achieved initial victory. The May 4th Patriotic Movement was a patriotic movement that was thoroughly anti-imperialist and anti-feudal, and it was the beginning of China's new-democratic revolution.
21.1921The party's program was adopted at the first national congress held in Shanghai in July, and the party's goal was to overthrow the bourgeois regime, establish the dictatorship of the proletariat, and realize capitalism. The central task is to lead the workers' movement.
22. 1922, the second national congress of communist party, China, decided that the party's democratic revolutionary program is to overthrow warlords, overthrow imperialist oppression and establish a democratic Republic. This is the first time that China put forward a thorough anti-imperialist and anti-feudal democratic revolutionary program.
Huangpu Military Academy was founded on 23rd.1924, with Zhou Enlai as the principal, and trained a large number of military and political talents.
24. 1926, Guangdong National Government's Northern Expedition, aimed at overthrowing the rule of Beiyang warlords and unifying the whole country; Object: Wu, Sun and Zhang; Main battlefields: Hunan and Hubei; Main battles: Tingsi Bridge, and Sheng Qiao; Destroyed Wu's main force in the battlefield between the two lakes; Less than half a year after his graduation, the Northern Expeditionary Army moved from the Pearl River Valley to the Yangtze River Valley, and the National Government moved from Guangzhou to Wuhan.
25. 1927 In April, Chiang Kai-shek rebelled against the revolution and established the "National Government" in Nanjing. It represents the interests of the big landlords and the big bourgeoisie, takes refuge in imperialism abroad and suppresses the people's revolutionary movement at home.
26. 1.0927 In August, Zhou Enlai, He Long, Zhu De and others led the Nanchang Uprising and fired the first shot of armed resistance against the Kuomintang reactionaries.
27.1In September, 927, Mao Zedong led the Autumn Harvest Uprising, launched an attack on the weak rural areas of the enemy, and established the first rural revolutionary base area in China: Jinggangshan Revolutionary Base Area. Nanchang Uprising and Autumn Harvest Uprising were the beginning of China's independent leadership of the revolutionary war, the establishment of the people's army and the establishment of rural revolutionary base areas.
28. 1934 10 to 1936 10 After the failure to crush the enemy's fifth "encirclement and suppression", the Chinese Red Army of Workers and Peasants was forced to make a strategic shift and make a long March.
29. 1.935 1 month, the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China held a Zunyi meeting, which solved the military and organizational mistakes of Bo Gukai and others, canceled the military command of Bo Gukai and others, and affirmed Mao Zedong's correct proposition. It was decided that Mao Zedong and Zhou Enlai would be in charge of military command. Zunyi Conference established the correct leadership of the CPC Central Committee with Mao Zedong at the core. This meeting saved the party, the Red Army and the revolution, and it was the party's.
On the way to the Long March, we crossed the Jinsha River and jumped out of the encirclement of the enemy. 1936, 10 In June, the Red Second Front Army, the Red Fourth Front Army and the Red First Army joined forces successfully, announcing the end of the Long March victory. The victory of the Long March shattered the Kuomintang reactionaries, preserved the backbone of the Party and the Red Army, and turned the China revolution into safety.
3 1. 193 1 September 18th Incident broke out, and Chiang Kai-shek demanded that Zhang Xueliang stationed in the northeast implement a policy of non-resistance, so that more than one million square kilometers of land in the three northeastern provinces fell into the enemy's hands in less than half a year. The people of the whole country opposed Chiang Kai-shek's policy of non-resistance and demanded to stop the civil war and resist Japanese aggression. The northeast people and some Northeast Army units organized anti-Japanese volunteers to resist Japanese aggression.
32. After the September 18th Incident, China put forward the idea of establishing a national anti-Japanese national united front, demanding that the National Government stop the civil war and unite against Japan. Zhang Xueliang and Yang Hucheng accepted China's * * *, and launched the "Xi Incident" in June1938+February 12 to force Jiang to resist Japan.
33. 1937 The Japanese army launched an attack on the defenders of China at Lugouqiao, which created the July 7th Incident and the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression of China people broke out in an all-round way. In the incident, Tong and Zhao died for their country and fell one after another, and the anti-Japanese national United front was formally established.
34.1937 65438+In February, the Japanese army occupied Nanjing and created the Nanjing Massacre. In six weeks, more than 300,000 China residents were massacred.
35. During the all-round Anti-Japanese War, the Eighth Route Army led by Zhong * * * won the "Pingxingguan Great Victory", which was the first great victory since the Anti-Japanese War. In order to smash the enemy's "cage" policy, 1940 organized a Hundred Regiments War under Peng's command in August, which was the biggest battle for China's army to take the initiative to attack the Japanese army during the War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression period. In the spring of 1938, the Kuomintang army won a total victory in Taierzhuang.
36. On the eve of the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, the 7th Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) was held in Yan 'an in April 1945. The congress mainly discussed the major issues of what road China will take after winning the victory in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression. Formulated the party's political line: mobilize the masses freely, defeat the Japanese aggressors, liberate the people of the whole country, and establish a new-democratic China under the leadership of the China Communist Party.
37.1August, 1945 15, Japan announced its unconditional surrender, which marked War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression's final victory.
After the victory of the Anti-Japanese War, Chiang Kai-shek, with the support of the United States, plotted to launch a civil war against the people. In order to gain more time to prepare for the civil war and deceive the people, Mao Zedong was invited to Chongqing for negotiations. From August of +0945 to August of +65438 10, Mao Zedong, accompanied by Zhou Enlai and Wang Luofei, negotiated with the Kuomintang and finally reached a peaceful founding of the country.
39. 1946 In June, Chiang Kai-shek tore up the October 10th Agreement and launched an attack on the Central Plains Liberated Area, marking the outbreak of all-out civil war.
40.1In the summer of 947, Liu Bocheng and Deng Xiaoping led troops into Dabie Mountain, threatening Nanjing and Wuhan, marking the beginning of the strategic counterattack.
From April 1.1September 1948 to June 1949 and1year, the PLA launched three major campaigns: Liaoshen, Huaihai and Ping Jin. The victory of the Huaihai Campaign laid the foundation for the liberation of the provinces in the south of the Yangtze River (Chen Yi once said that the Huaihai Campaign was launched by people driving a car), and the whole territory of North China was basically liberated. 49660.868666 (master P98 map) The victory of the three major battles wiped out and reorganized more than1500,000 Kuomintang troops, and the main force of the Kuomintang army was basically eliminated, which greatly accelerated the victory of the national people's liberation war.
42.1On April 23rd, 949, the People's Liberation Army occupied Nanking, which marked the collapse of the Kuomintang regime that had ruled China for 22 years.
After the treaty of shimonoseki was signed, when the Chinese nation faced a serious national crisis, Zhang Jian, the number one industrialist, put forward the slogan of "saving the country through industry". He founded a series of enterprises, such as Sheng Da Cotton Mill, as well as schools and charities. During World War I, because imperialism relaxed its oppression on China's national capital, enterprises got further development, but they were annexed after the war.
44. The most famous newspaper in China is Shenbao, and 1872 was founded in Shanghai. Founded in Shanghai, the Commercial Press 1897 is the oldest and largest cultural publishing institution in modern China.
45. 1909, Zhan Tianyou presided over the construction of the Jing-Zhang Railway, which was the first railway designed and built by China people themselves.
46. Hou, who unveiled the mystery of alkali production, wrote the book "Alkali Production", and its alkali production method was named "Hou's Alkali Production Method".
47. Wei Yuan and Yan Fu are the representatives of thinkers who opened their eyes to see the world in modern times. Wei Yuan compiled a book "Atlas of Sea Countries", which systematically introduced the history and geography of Southeast Asia, Europe and the United States, and explained that the purpose of compilation was to "learn from foreigners and master their skills to control foreigners". Yan Fu was an enlightenment thinker during the Reform Movement of 1898. He translated the theory of natural evolution and expounded that "natural selection is the only way to survive"
48. During the Reform Movement of 1898, Shi Jing University was founded, which was the highest institution established by the first country in modern China.
49.6438+0905 The Qing government announced the abolition of the imperial examination system that had been used for more than 300 years.
50. Lu Xun's representative works include Diary of a Madman and Kong Yiji. Xu Beihong's representative works include Yu Gong Yi Shan and so on. Nie Er, known as the people's musician, is march of the volunteers and Xian Xinghai is the Yellow River Chorus.