Du Fu's thought basically belongs to the category of Confucianism, focusing on actively joining the WTO and saving the world. He did not serve as a court official for a long time in his life. You Wei led Cao to join the army, Zuo Shiyi and Huazhou Sigong joined the army, and Chengdu was our staff officer. Together, it has not exceeded three years. However, throughout his life, Du Fu regarded himself as a minister of Li Tang, worried about his country and people, and was full of blood until his death.
However, Du Fu was by no means a cautious loyal minister in Li Tang's time. He is a rational and bloody patriotic monarchist, and he enthusiastically eulogizes good deeds. He dares to expose and criticize the bad guys. Du Fu profoundly exposed and sharply criticized dignitaries, emperors' empresses, social phenomena and national systems.
The writer's exposure and criticism of social reality can best reflect the freedom of speech of a dynasty and a period. Let's give a few examples to see what Du Fu exposed and criticized, who he was and how he exposed and criticized it.
Du Fu exposed and criticized the arrogance and extravagance of dignitaries. It has been pointed out by predecessors that the first half of "Second Way" tries to describe Sister Yang's adultery trip, while the second half describes the arrogance of national loyalty and righteousness (in stone language). Between description and narration, "description is satire" and "teasing is sigh" (in Puqilong language). Du Fu satirizes dignitaries, and will never be gentle, courteous and frugal. He will be merciful. He is a poet who gets angry easily. He often writes with great effort. Li was once favored by Su Zong, and was in power for a period of time. He was denounced by Du Fu as a "child of Guanzhong" and scolded him for violating the national law (one of the memories of the past two).
Du Fu exposed and criticized the military service system and tax system in Tang Dynasty. All three sons joined the army, and one of them died in the battle, but the old man of this family was caught at night. The Stone Trough is a powerful query and criticism of the military service system in the Tang Dynasty. In Wu Lang Again, a widow is so poor that she wants to eat dates in front of Du Fu's house. Due to the punishment and exploitation of the court, she was "poor to the bone" In order to cope with the war, the Li and Tang Dynasties kept collecting taxes from the people, and Du Fu's anxiety turned into a dream, shouting the slogan "An De Nong stops the war, and there is no official blackmail in the world" ("Daydream"). In Ode to Huai, it is simply accusing the court of plundering the wealth of the people.
Du Fu exposed and criticized social injustice. Du Fu's friend Zheng Qian lives in poverty, and Du Fu likes him very much. "Gentlemen and gentlemen in the province came to the stage, but Mr. Wenguang was very cold. First-class people are tired of eating Liang's meat, but Mr. is short of food ... Dezun's generation is often bumpy and its name will last forever. " ("drunken song"). Passing through Mount Li and imagining the extravagance of the emperor in the court, Du Fu shouted "The wine and meat in Zhumen stink, and the bones on the road freeze to death" ("Ode to Huai Xian"); During the war, exorbitant taxes and miscellaneous fees were so high that ordinary people could hardly eat bran vegetables. Du Fu was indignant that "the rich kitchen stinks, and the bones in the battlefield are white" ("Drive the vertical axis to pick the xanthium").
Du Fu exposed and criticized the superstitious behavior of the Tang emperor. Li Longji, Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, favored Taoist alchemists and tried to achieve immortality by taking Dan medicine. In order to please Emperor Xuanzong of the Tang Dynasty, local officials asked the people for materials such as ore needed for alchemy. As a result, once a ship carrying an alchemy material ran aground and sank in the Three Gorges of the Yangtze River (Wuxia). After hearing the news, Du Fu wrote two poems in succession, which made a bitter satire on the emperor and the officials who drowned in the ship (see Two Overturns).
Du Fu exposed the henpecked wife of the Tang emperor. Zhang Liangdi, the queen of Tang Suzong, is a scheming woman who likes to play politics. She colluded with Li inside and outside to control the state affairs. Although Su Zong was very unhappy, he was helpless. Du Fu exposed this point rudely, and after scolding Li's "children of Guanzhong" for "poor discipline", it was followed by "I don't like excitement". When Queen Zhang was unhappy, Emperor Su Zong was anxious (one of the memories of the past two). Friends, Du Fu is mocking the emperor of this dynasty for being afraid of his wife!
Du Fu had a rough life. This may be related to his honest and frank personality and sharp words, but it is certain that he was not banned, reprimanded or punished by the government or the court because of the above exposure and criticism. In other words, Du Fu's profound exposure and bitter criticism of the Li and Tang Dynasties were not restricted or retaliated.
Of course, the prosperity of the country and the safety of the people are part of the prosperity of the society in the Tang Dynasty, and the openness of speech is an important part of the meteorology in the Tang Dynasty. In a great era, people were allowed to speak. Looking through history, I didn't find any dynasty abandoned halfway or perished because of freedom of speech. The cicada forest became quiet, perhaps because the words of some poets, such as Du Fu, sounded discordant or even very discordant, and the Tang Dynasty became a rare period of social harmony in the history of China.