Feature 1: vigorously publicize Mao's great achievements to oppose the current excellent situation;
Feature 2: Engage in corruption under the banner of anti-corruption. Judging from the big corrupt elements who have been double-detained, most of them have experienced the rebellion movement of the Cultural Revolution. They are best at shouting hooray behind their backs.
Feature 3: Holding the banner of reform against reform, the typical representative is Y, chairman of the stock market and former head of the football world. He shouted the loudest slogan of reform, but the result of reform was the worst. These are the main features. Please express your opinion on the website.
The spirit of the sixties is rebellious, the culture of the sixties is rebellious, and the life of the sixties is also rebellious.
In the West in the 1960s, a considerable number of young people despised tradition, abandoned morality, consciously stayed away from the mainstream society, and expressed their rebellion against the real society with a unique lifestyle that the mainstream society could not tolerate. These people are called "hippies", and the rebel movement in which hippies participate and whose main content is cultural rebellion and life rebellion is called "hippie movement".
Driven by rebellious self-consciousness, the hippie movement began its journey to the unknown world. It can be traced back to the mid-1950s, when new york and other places rebelled against traditional Biniki elements. These people advocate being far away from society and advocating "new life", "new literature" and "new art" They smoked marijuana, listened to jazz, opposed the traditional gender concept, and created the word "hip", which was the first in hippie culture.
In the 1960s, under the historical atmosphere of student rebellion, the hippie movement took shape and hippie culture became the norm. At that time, many young people wore strange clothes, wore long hair and beards, wore miniskirts, took drugs, listened to jazz, danced swing, were gay, lived in villages and other extreme behaviors, rebelled against society and traditions. 1967, a 16-year-old middle school student named Mike Mertelj from Massachusetts, USA, left home and traveled all over the country, hoping to find friendship and brotherhood. 1968, he returned to his hometown of Leiden, and together with seven college and middle school students who dropped out of school, he established the original group village-"Leiden Commune". They live a simple life, with men and women separated, drawing water from the stream next to the wooden house and cooking with wood. The main foods are potatoes, corn and soybeans. Under the guidance of slogans such as "back to the prehistoric" and "Looking for Friendship", social activities have mushroomed in the United States. At first, the cluster villages were mainly built in the Shanshan Ridge area of San Francisco, the sunset area of Los Angeles and the East Village of new york, and later spread all over the country. 1970, there were more than 200 social villages with 40,000 members in the United States. 197 1 year, with nearly 3,000 social villages. Living in the group village advocates a life of returning to nature, implements public ownership of property, children and even sex, and attaches importance to education and environmental protection. Members of the collective village want to create an alternative life. They think, "We live in America, but we don't belong to America". Collective village activities continued until the late 1970s and early 1980s. The hippie movement soon spread to Europe, where many hippie villages appeared. In the Federal Republic of Germany, there are about 1 10000 such villages. On the outskirts of Copenhagen, the capital of Denmark, there is the largest "free village" in northern Europe. Its members are all young men and women. They abandoned all the shackles of modern civilization and lived freely and "primitive".
Hippies are also keen to vent in extreme ways. They seek fantasy and excitement from drug abuse. In the 1960s, drug abuse even became a fashion for young people. According to the statistics of Newsweek, 1969, 3 1.5% of the students in 57 universities in the United States were infected with drugs. Some people call this phenomenon "drug culture". Some hippies are still addicted to male and female sex and homosexuality, in order to pursue pleasure, get rid of distress, despise and resist traditional sexual concepts.
Many hippies come from wealthy white families. They abandon wealth to feel and praise poverty and experience a simple and casual life. It is precisely because these rich children have enjoyed the comfortable life of the mainstream middle class that they are likely to become rebels of this comfortable life that stifles people's creativity, and only those who really feel the mainstream culture can see its disadvantages and criticize it. 1969, Rozak, the representative of youth counterculture, published the book The Formation of Counterculture, clearly pointing out that counterculture is a reflection on modern technological society. Participants in counter-mainstream culture disdain to solve social problems in a participatory and democratic way, just like participants in the new left and student movements. He believes that as long as the concept of objective consciousness is still controlling society, the control of technology and the rule of experts will not end. Hippies believe that the United States is a world full of conventions and stereotypes, which has become the sum total of stereotypes that suppress people's personality and persecute individuals' free life. Only by escaping from this society and getting rid of all kinds of connections with the real society and the real cultural model can individuals and American society avoid entering a dead end. In order to effectively resist this society with highly developed science and technology and extremely rich material, but the human spirit is controlled, they put forward the slogan of "back to the prehistoric", hoping to find spiritual strength in prehistoric times. They especially appreciate "governing by doing nothing" and think that only a simple society and a simple life can guarantee the dignity and freedom of citizens. As a result, they set off a "life revolution" against the mainstream, elite, technology and material society from their lives.
Beat Generation English is a beat generation.
First, the origin and meaning of the beat
Beat has more than a dozen meanings: boredom, fatigue, drowsiness, anxiety, consumption, beat in rock music, beating and so on. Kerouac first used this word. According to his own account, he heard a friend use it to express his spiritual despair and the feeling that the end of the world was coming. Later, inspired by the church in my hometown, I felt that the word was related to the Gospel of Jesus' "Mountaineering Instructions" in the Bible, and at the same time it symbolized the popular "Bopu" music (a kind of jazz music with crazy and fast rhythm). John? Holmes pointed out that the beat here mainly refers to "some naked frankness and frankness in the spiritual/spiritual sense, a feeling of returning to the most primitive nature or consciousness." (new york Times Magazine, 1952, 1 1) Some people think that it embodies the Dionysian spirit in Greek mythology, which can be summarized in two sentences: "I don't know, I don't care, it's all the same anyway" and "Happiness is when I collapse". In the late 1950s, the Beatniks writers were called Sputnik by the media, and they came from Sputnik, an artificial satellite launched by the former Soviet Union, which was derogatory.
Second, the background of the "Beat Generation"
After World War II, a fear of productism hung over the ruling class in the United States. They fought cold wars and hot wars abroad and pursued high-handed policies at home, resulting in McCarthyism. People have always been in fear and dare not trust each other. People are extremely dissatisfied with this reality and dare not resist. Personal power has been ruthlessly trampled on, and the guise of freedom and democracy advertised by the United States has been completely torn apart. Traditional morality and values, orthodoxy of good and evil, reason and order, obviously can't explain the absurd world after the war. In this atmosphere, the cultural field is also directly affected. Novels, poems, movies and magazines are either polluted by McCarthyism or become lifeless because of the criticism of conservative new critics. Literature and art are confined to a narrow range of elegance and conservatism. At this time, existentialism spread in the United States, in the novelist Norman? Under the influence of norman mailer and others, American-style existentialism was formed. Under the influence of this philosophy of life, people abandoned the traditional ethics and chose another way of life. Young people wear strange clothes, have long hair, swear words and live a free life. They despise everything, deny everything, hate fixed work, marriage and family life, advocate returning to primitive life, and do everything such as taking drugs, drinking and stealing, which is extremely sinking. However, in this kind of sinking, they also have a passionate side. They oppose monopoly capital rule, resist foreign aggression and hate machine civilization. It can be said that they are a group of anarchist individualists, a group of young people who start from themselves and pursue absolute personal freedom crazily.
Third, the emergence and end of the "beat generation"
The Beat Generation was born in 1955. At that time, several poets living in San Francisco jointly held a poetry recital, and Ginsburg recited his new poem Howl, which represented the "Beat Generation" and sent an angry and screaming protest to the society, marking the formal formation of the "Beat Generation". Representative figures mainly include Allen? Ginsburg (allen ginsberg, 1926- 1997), whose masterpiece Howl is known as The Waste Land in 1950s; Jack. Jack Kerouac (1922- 1969) is known as the "King of the Beat Generation", and his masterpiece On the Road is known as the "Beat Generation" Bible together with Howl. William? William Burroughs (19 14- 1997), his masterpiece Naked Lunch. Other important people are Gary? Gary snyder, Gregory? Gregory Corso and others. All the important works of the "Beat Generation" were published in the 1950s. By the mid-1960s, their works were no longer shocking and fresh, and the movement was coming to an end. However, by the 1970s, the "Beat Generation" had been widely regarded as an important part of American culture. Ginsburg was elected as a member of American Literature and Art Society on 1974. In the same year, his Decline of America won the National Book Award.
Fourthly, the characteristics, significance and limitations of the "beat generation"
In the field of literature, the "Beat Generation" takes Blake, Wordsworth, American Transcendentalist poets, Whitman and Williams as models, is unconventional and rebellious, and deeply cares about social conditions and human destiny. They abandon the discipline in literature and learn from romantic poets who have been degraded by new criticism, just to liberate their repressed imagination and freely express their feelings, personalities and needs, that is, to liberate themselves like taking drugs, meditating and indulging in jazz. They wrote an impromptu and quasi-cultural anti-poem. They use their own breath to adjust the rhythm of poetry lines, carry forward the modern poetry reading art pioneered by Lindsay and Carl Sandberg, and bring poetry back to the street from the literary platform. The debauchery of the "Beat Generation" in life and the rebellion in literature are two inseparable aspects in their exploration. In order to express themselves most accurately and protest against American society, they have been making unremitting experiments and explorations in artistic forms and expression techniques, and have formed a set of unique creative ideas and aesthetic thoughts, the core of which is Kerouac's view of "spontaneous writing". This view is in direct opposition to New Criticism and Eliot's impersonal principle. Kerouac once severely criticized Eliot's impersonal objectivity principle, thinking that it was a "bondage" to the poet, making him unable to "sing freely" and castrating the "masculinity" in his poems. Therefore, the "Beat Generation" learned from romantic poets such as Blake and Whitman who were full of passion, despised dogma and advocated freedom. Many of Ginsburg's poems can be said to be modern versions of Whitman's My Song to some extent. In addition, Kerouac was also inspired by Ye Zhi's writing in a subconscious or hypnotic state, and believed that writers must write without any constraints. He regards writing as drug abuse or meditation, trying to get rid of all fetters and pursue absolute freedom. He not only opposes all kinds of literary norms and writing requirements, but also opposes the selection of materials, modification or pre-design of the meaning of images, because all pre-determination and post-event modification will limit or distort the true and free expression of thoughts and feelings. He believes that writers should only "follow free association" and faithfully record the thoughts, emotions, images and events that emerge in writing "instantly". A writer should not even write consciously, but should "write consciously in a semi-conscious state if possible" to avoid being hindered by consciousness. He called his writing "spontaneous writing". This writing method has influenced many broken writers. Ginsburg told People magazine that the creation of Howl was also influenced by Kerouac's "spontaneous writing", and the second part of the poem was written in ecstasy after taking drugs. In his poem "Greetings from Home Around the World" written in 1986, he also borrowed the words of Zong Kaba, a living Buddha in Tibet, to express this aesthetic thought: "The first thought is the best thought".
The "Beat Generation" attaches importance to artistic form, but in their view, form is determined by content, in order to express content. The contents of their works are all experienced, experienced and pursued by themselves. They frankly state their most secret and profound feelings in their works without feeling ashamed and worried; It emphasizes the natural expression of feelings and advocates breaking the barrier between the author and the reader. Their creation has a clear purpose, that is, to express themselves, criticize reality, influence readers and transform society. Even Burroughs, the most conservative among them, later believed that American writers could no longer pretend to be indifferent to politics, and the purpose of writing was to infect readers and influence historical development. The most prominent one in this respect is Ginsburg, who has expressed his views on the social significance and educational function of literature on many occasions. He believes that "a noble poem and a drama can change the will of the country and arouse people's consciousness".
Limitations: The stance taken by the "Beat Generation" on some social and political issues is commendable, such as criticizing the current shortcomings, exposing the dark side of society, and actively participating in the anti-war movement, human rights movement, environmental protection movement, etc. But they also have many unhealthy things, especially their lifestyle is not enough. They are victims and rebels of American society, and they are also a depraved phenomenon of American society. They oppose alienation, but deliberately distort themselves. They opposed oppression, but they chose the road of destruction. The irrational, crazy and self-destructive resistance they took seemed positive but negative, which proved to be a failed experience.
Besides the beat generation, there are also the lost generation and the angry generation.