First, Eight-Nation Alliance's invasion of China triggered the Boxer Rebellion. Burning churches, killing foreign missionaries, Christians in China and their families, and smashing railways. Cixi wanted to fight foreigners with the Boxer Rebellion, and the Boxer Rebellion took advantage of the situation to play the banner of "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries". Why did Cixi attack foreigners? She was dissatisfied with the powers' partition of China and their sympathy for the reformists, helping Kang and Liang escape from China. But Cixi's opposition to deposing Emperor Guangxu made her bear a grudge.
Second, with the support of Cixi, the Qing army followed the Boxer Rebellion to kill foreigners and official website, the weapon of the Red Soul. Foreign forces repeatedly urged the Qing government to stop and suppress the perpetrators, to no avail. Therefore, German special envoy Cleander led an army to go out and killed about 20 Boxers. After representing various countries, Cleander went to the Prime Minister's yamen to ask for protection. On the way, he was killed by Enhai, an officer of the Qing army's Jishen camp, which became the fuse of the war.
Thirdly, Cixi lost her mind after trusting a false information, and at the same time declared war on all western countries, sending troops to besiege the Beijing embassy district and Siku Church. After the war, the Qing government publicly offered a reward for killing foreigners: "If you kill a foreigner, you will get five taels of silver, 42 taels of foreign women and 32 taels of Yoko."
Fourth, at that time, the Qing army and the Boxer Rebellion had tried their best to attack foreign embassies in Beijing, but the attack would not last long. The strength of the two sides is as follows: the total strength of the Qing army is conservatively estimated at least 20 thousand; About 3,000 people were surrounded in the embassy area, including 2,000 China people seeking protection and 400 foreign men. Foreign embassies could not be captured for a long time, so the Qing army decided to set fire to imperial academy in the north of the British embassy, and the Yongle ceremony was almost completely burned. It is said that the Yongle Grand Ceremony was burned in Eight-Nation Alliance, but Eight-Nation Alliance had just landed in Dagu and had not yet entered Beijing.
Fifth, Cixi overreached herself in declaring war on the eleven countries, and the provincial governors were clear-headed. Governor Liu Kunyi of Liangjiang, Governor Zhang Zhidong of Huguang, Governor Li Hongzhang of Guangdong and Guangxi, Governor Yuan Shikai of Shandong, Governor Xu Yingxun of Fujian and Zhejiang, Governor Kui Jun of Sichuan, etc. Reach a local agreement with foreign countries, called Southeast Mutual Insurance. The traditional view is that colluding with foreigners and ignoring national interests is treason; The new view is that this has played a role in protecting the environment and people. In fact, Cixi soon regretted rashly declaring war and acquiesced in the "Southeast Mutual Insurance".
Six, the cause and effect of false information are as follows. Cixi wanted to abolish Emperor Guangxu and let Prince Zai Feng's son Pu Jun be the emperor, but he didn't do so because of the opposition of foreign missions. Zai Feng saw that his son could not be emperor, and he hated big countries. His cronies forged the information that the powers would force the Western Empress Dowager to return to Emperor Guangxu. It was not until after the Western Pacific that we clung to power and life that we embarked on the road of declaring war at all costs. Therefore, after the defeat of the Qing army, western powers proposed "punishing evil and promoting good." Although Cixi was safe, Duan Zaikun was banned for life.
Seventh, at that time, the troops from Tianjin to Beijing were actually only seven countries, with * * *18,000 people: 8,000 Japanese, 4,800 Russian, 3,000 British, 2 100 American, 800 French, 53 Italian and 50 Austrian. In principle, 18,000 foreigners destroyed the Great Qing Dynasty. You know, at that time,
Eighth, Eight-Nation Alliance burned and looted, raped and plundered in China, and committed all kinds of evils. In fact, even david west, commander-in-chief of Eight-Nation Alliance, admitted that "the details of all the damage and robbery suffered by China this time will never be discovered, but the number will be extremely significant." However, many people in China follow the trend, burning, killing, looting, raping young girls and committing various crimes. Especially after the rout of the Qing army and the Boxer Rebellion, birds and animals scattered, and many defeated soldiers dared to burn, kill and commit adultery. People in the suburbs of Beijing, together with Eight-Nation Alliance, washed the Yuanmingyuan with blood. In a word, the royal family and local people in China have suffered a lot!
Ninth, in addition to the intensification of conflicts with foreigners, the conflicts between the Boxers and landlords and officials in Beijing and Tianjin are also fierce, and some Boxers often rob for personal interests. For example, the Boxer Rebellion once ransacked the home of Dongdan Toutiao, the co-founder of college student Sun Jianai. So the Boxer Movement is also called the Boxer Movement. After the failure of the Boxer Rebellion, some Boxers were retaliated. For example, Zhang Decheng, the leader of the Boxer Rebellion, was caught and killed by local landlords when he fled.
Tenth, for a period of time, the Boxer Rebellion indiscriminately killed innocent people in China, and countless China parishioners were hacked to death. In the heyday of the boxer movement, even some officers of the Qing army were not spared. Akdan, the joint commander of the Royal Army Tiger Battalion, was beheaded by the Boxer because he was a private.
Eleventh, some generals of the Qing army once suppressed the Boxer Rebellion, and as a result, they were attacked by the Boxer Rebellion when they united against Eight-Nation Alliance. For example, Nie Shicheng, commander-in-chief of Wu Yijun, was almost the only general in the Qing army who had seriously resisted Eight-Nation Alliance. But the boxer hated him because he overwhelmed the boxer's murder and arson. When Nie beat Eight-Nation Alliance, the Boxer Rebellion broke into his house and kidnapped his mother, wife and daughter. Nie was so angry that he had to rescue his family in half. Finally, Nie Zhongpao was attacked by the Boxer Rebellion and Eight-Nation Alliance, and the Boxer Rebellion planned to "kill the corpse". It was Eight-Nation Alliance who returned Nie Shicheng's protector to the Qing army. Du Fu Tong Qingheng is the Imperial Guard in charge of Tiger God Camp. Although he was a close friend of Duan Wang Zaiyi, he was killed by the boxer. Including Qing Heng himself, three members of his family/kloc-0 were tortured to death by the Boxer Movement.
Twelfth, the British troops in the G8 are worth mentioning again. At that time, during the Boer War, the main force of the British army went to South Africa, and East Asia was in a hurry. The newly formed Ahava "Hua Yong Camp" was called up to fight in Beijing and Tianjin, and formed the main force of the British army together with the Hong Kong Legion, the Singaporean Legion and some Indian Legions to participate in Eight-Nation Alliance's attacks on Tianjin and Beijing. Is this a historical tragedy that China people beat China people?
No. 13, the "Xin Chou Treaty" provided compensation of 452 million yuan, with an average of one or two pieces of silver for each China person. In boxer indemnity, Russians benefit the most from the wealth of crossing the line of fire. Russia alone won more than 654.38+0.3 billion yuan, accounting for 29% of the total compensation. After that, Russia sent troops alone, occupied Qinhuangdao and Shanhaiguan, and occupied northeast China in five ways. The Russians also created the Hailanbao tragedy, which killed almost all thousands of China people living in Hailanbao, and drove more than 1 10,000 residents of 64 villages in Jiangdong to Heilongjiang, where they were shot or hacked to death with axes. Since then, the conflict between Russian and Japanese troops in northeast China has intensified. Finally, a few years later, a big war broke out on Japanese territory.
Fourteenth, the influence of the war on the politics of the Qing Dynasty was that the die-hards in Lan, Zaixun, Yingnian, Zhao Shuqiao, Qixiu and Yuxian lost their strength, and their fortitude and Xu Tong were killed. This reversed the conservative political situation in China after the Reform Movement of 1898, and cleared the way for the unsuccessful constitutional reform in the late Qing Dynasty. Most of these reform measures were initiated by Kang Liang and lasted for 10 years.
Fifth, finally talk about the boxer movement. Later, Cixi vented all her grievances on the Boxer Rebellion and strangled it. Before liberation, the China * * * Production Party thought that the Boxer Movement was wrong: "The Boxer Movement thought consists of the most primitive and backward reactionary religious thought and the progressive thought against the oppression of other nationalities, which embodies the narrowness of farmers' knowledge. However, during the Cultural Revolution, Qi Benyu, Hu Sheng and others set off a climax of praising the Boxer Rebellion, calling it "a great anti-feudal revolutionary mass movement in the modern history of China", which continues to this day.
The Boxer Rebellion and Five Neutral Evaluations of Eight-Nation Alliance s Invasion of China;
How insensitive, alas!
1. The Boxer Movement did not have a favorable influence on China at that time, but helped imperialism. The violence of the Boxer Rebellion against churches, embassies and consulates provided an excuse for the powers, which actually led to the armed invasion of the powers and the subsequent Treaty of Shame and Ugliness, which led to the further extortion of China by the powers. The ruling power of Qing Dynasty declined obviously, and China was in chaos. At the same time, Russia and Japan took the opportunity to expand their sphere of influence in the northeast. Russia seized the opportunity of China Uprising to occupy the northeast of China, and Japan also took the lead in assisting the army to suppress the Boxer Rebellion, which improved its international status and extended its influence to the northeast of China. Therefore, the Boxer Rebellion indirectly led to the northeast of China becoming a battlefield in the later Russo-Japanese War, which caused serious losses to China.
2. Most of the deaths caused by the Boxer Rebellion came from China. It is totally out of proportion to the death toll of foreigners in China.
3. Although the Boxer Movement shouted the slogan of "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries", it did not "help the Qing Dynasty" or "destroy the foreign countries". The Qing dynasty was weak and the powers were strong, but it became "recruiting foreign countries to destroy the Qing dynasty." Most of the victims are from China. It was China's own telephone poles and railways that were damaged. The modernization achievements accumulated since the Westernization Movement were destroyed. This is just a disastrous riot for our country.
4. If the Boxer Rebellion is successful, the Qing Dynasty will close its doors to the outside world, reject everything from foreigners, stay away from the world, learn advanced technologies and systems, and become more and more backward. Later, the praises of the Boxer Rebellion, such as "attacking imperialist powers" and "awakening the national spirit", were mostly out of sympathy for the patriotic spirit represented by the Boxer Rebellion, or out of the need of political and ideological propaganda, rather than rational and objective judgment of the facts, which was not pragmatic. "Patriotism is a double-edged sword", which is vividly reflected in the Boxer Movement.
5. The Boxer Spirit was manifested in different forms in later generations, and it still affects China people's thoughts. For example, 20 12 smashed Japanese cars and injured Japanese car owners is a vivid example. In fact, smashing Japanese cars is unpatriotic, and killing parishioners is a naked crime, which should be severely punished in any country ruled by law.