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The important role of innovation environment in scientific and technological innovation
Scientific and technological innovation is the general name of scientific originality and technological innovation. Science is the systematic knowledge that human beings know about nature and its development law. Scientific originality is a tool for human beings to discover and invent regular new knowledge and use in the process of understanding natural phenomena and their movement and development. Technology is the systematic knowledge and skills of manufacturing and operation in the process of transforming nature, and technological innovation is the new knowledge and skills that are summarized or discovered in the process of manufacturing and operation in order to transform nature. Because science and technology are knowledge about people's cognition and transformation of nature, and technology also includes skills, the more people participate, the higher the content, density and level of scientific and technological knowledge. These characteristics determine the humanistic value and scientific value of science and technology, so we say that science and technology and its innovation are also an important part of innovative culture.
Structural elements of scientific and technological innovation environment
According to the broad definition of scientific and technological innovation environment, these elements should be centered on results. According to whether it is substantive and rigid (roughly understood as non-humanistic and humanistic), the environment can be divided into two categories: hard environment (composed of material environment and rigid management system and personnel) and soft environment (composed of humanistic environment, flexible research direction and evaluation system), in which the elements of the physical environment are composed of campus buildings, equipment, funds and salaries, and the humanistic environment is mainly composed of scientific humanistic spirit, academic tradition, study style and academic atmosphere. The degree of mutual penetration and integration between hard environment and soft environment determines the humanistic natural environment (mainly composed of talents and systems) and the physical natural environment (mainly composed of research direction and evaluation system). The more they infiltrate and merge, the larger the scope of the humanistic natural environment and the physical natural environment, and the more significant the trend and scale of achievements. There are many factors that affect scientific and technological innovation, and because of the differences in time, place and specific circumstances, which environment and which elements play the main role in the innovation process of various scientific and technological personnel, scientific research institutions or organizations are often different.
The important role of scientific and technological innovation environment
People's culture that pays attention to the material environment plays a particularly important role in scientific and technological innovation.
Since the emergence of modern science, all the main factors that constitute the environment of scientific and technological innovation have been produced through human conception, development, operation and transformation. In the book Reflexive Modernization, Ur Bricht Baker and others put forward that "the natural environment has been completely rearranged by human life, and natural things are becoming my things, and people themselves have become a part of the environment", so the environment for scientific and technological innovation is the product of human culture, thus losing its main purely objective attributes. It is of great significance for scientific research institutions, teams, research groups and researchers to incorporate the changes of the existing environment into the process of scientific and technological innovation. Transforming the environment and creating a good atmosphere are important contents of scientific and technological research. One of the important reasons why Cavendish Laboratory has made so many important achievements in the past hundred years is that it has long formed the tradition and principle of "doing it yourself" for students and researchers.
Environmental innovation required by innovation is an important part of scientific and technological innovation culture.
Whether the environmental innovation platform rolls well or not has become a necessary prerequisite to realize systematic scientific and technological innovation, which together with scientific and technological innovation activities constitutes a systematic scientific and technological innovation process. Scientific and technological innovation environment is an integral part of scientific and technological innovation culture, that is, scientific and technological innovation environment and human culture. According to the rolling principle of innovation environment platform, humanized innovation environment should naturally be rolling, forming a systematic and humanized scientific and technological innovation environment.
In order to find a good environment for understanding and studying molecular genetics, Watson went to five cities on two continents and finally chose his own research direction, subject and environment. One of the main keys is to find and choose the most suitable place or environment for studying DNA structure. He and Crick were in a weak position, but in the end they were ahead. Watson and Crick's discovery of the double helix structure of DNA shows that when they are unable to create a favorable scientific research environment, they should be good at discovering the environment and conditions conducive to originality, otherwise this discovery may slip away from them at any time.
According to Perus and John. E.Waker talked about the reasons for the success of MRC molecular biology laboratory in Britain, its Evolutionary Sanger Research Center and Wellcome Sanger Research Institute, which can be summarized as five points: promising research direction, research team with truly original talents and famous experts, stable research funding, advanced research facilities, and soft environment for free exploration and encouragement of original ideas. In fact, all these have inherited and carried forward the excellent tradition of Cavendish laboratory, that is to say, these five aspects have created a good soft and hard environment, realized the rolling development of innovative cultural environment for many times, and maintained the pioneer and leading position of life science research in the world for more than 40 years.
It is of urgent practical significance for our country to look around the world, learn from others and change all habits and environments that are not conducive to scientific and technological innovation.
In 2003, the president of the National Academy of Sciences praised China's scientific community for having "very outstanding leaders, such as Mr. Zhou and * * *, who really care about the future of China, and we need such leaders". He also said that when selecting talents, they "don't consider political background and family relations, but only consider whether they have real talents and practical knowledge, which shows that they are considering real science. If you don't choose people who really study science, science will not be done well. " This scientific view of talents is an important condition for China's science and technology to embark on the road of prosperity after the reform and opening up.
China is facing the arduous task of strengthening the hard environment and transforming the soft environment.
Whether a scientific research institution can become the first-class in the world should be decided by the quality and level of scientific research. Since Newton, Cambridge University has been in the first-class and sometimes top position in the world for four or five hundred years, mainly because of its good scientific research, teaching and research. When Maxwell became the first director of Cavendish Laboratory, he advocated and carried out the idea of injecting research spirit into teaching. This policy and the relative advantages of soft and hard environment have brought the laboratory 130 years of prosperity and 25 Nobel Prize winners.
The influence of hard environment. Hard environment is a solid and rigid environment. The main elements of hard environment: research direction, personnel structure, facilities, funds and management system.
Research direction: The scientific and technological circles often pay attention to the number and level, funds and salaries of scientific and technological masters or experts, and sometimes consider the advanced nature of experimental instruments and equipment, but rarely mention the scientific research direction and management system. The mature experience abroad shows that the choice of scientific research direction is particularly important. Most people ignore the selection and scale of the person in charge, experts and graduate students, what kind of instruments and equipment to use, the address, building, form, system and funds of research institutions.
For example, Cambridge University has a long-term good hard environment, and the college has a huge and solemn seminary-style building with cultural precipitation; In history, many masters of humanities have left here prestige and cultural classics that the world admires; The modern industrial revolution and the great wealth of the British Empire once provided a rich financial background for its teachers and students.
I have been to Cambridge, Oxford, Imperial College London and other universities in the United Kingdom, Maryland, Princeton and other universities in the United States, and national scientific management institutions to visit or study. To be practical, the campuses and houses of many famous universities and research institutes in China are generally not bad, and some are even better than theirs. Compared with Cambridge and Harvard, Tsinghua and Peking University have better school buildings and more beautiful campuses, and their funds have been significantly improved in recent years. However, the main gap is that the development direction is not clear, the characteristics are not clear, and the gap between scientific research quality and academic level is quite large, especially the lack of creators of important disciplines and pioneers in key new fields, and the lack of guiding talents. Muming Poo, a professor of molecular and cell biology at the University of California, Berkeley, and the head of the department of neurobiology, concluded after years of thinking: "I am more and more aware that the obstacles for China research institutions to achieve outstanding status in the world may not come from economic factors, but from cultural factors."
The influence of soft environment. Soft environment refers to non-material and non-rigid environment, mainly human environment. Its main components are scientific spirit and humanistic spirit, scientific tradition, study style, academic atmosphere and evaluation system. China's scientific and technological circles and media attach great importance to the political evaluation of scientific activities and scientists' social image, and pay more attention to scientists' style of study, but ignore the special importance of scientists' interest, expertise and curiosity to scientific research and originality, despise the free exchange of scientific ideas, underestimate the special role of relaxed and encouraging academic atmosphere in the generation of scientific and technological innovation ideas, and shelve the excellent tradition of "science and democracy" during the May Fourth Movement, thus giving "lessons" to those excellent academic experiences and traditions in human history.
Due to long-term accumulation and creative development, famous scientific research institutions and institutions of higher learning in technologically advanced countries have reached a fairly high level in terms of funds, houses, campuses, experimental instruments and equipment, and can basically meet the needs of scientific research development at all stages. Therefore, apart from paying attention to fund raising and planning, they rarely mentioned the hard environment in their speeches. Most people talk about the focus and reason of success is how good the soft environment is. For example, Watson said in his speech at the Nobel Prize awarding conference, "We can get such a high honor because we work in an erudite and tolerant circle …", and "erudite and tolerant circle" is their humanistic environment suitable for scientific originality. Steven Chu, a Chinese Nobel Prize winner in physics, said in his Nobel Prize speech: "Bell Lab is a paradise for research", and "paradise" refers to an excellent environment for scientific and technological innovation, which scientists and technicians are extremely eager for in order to obtain important scientific and technological achievements. Chu believes that Bell Laboratories at that time had such a good humanistic environment for academic research. Yuart, the first president of Bell Laboratories and president of the National Academy of Sciences, who made great contributions to the great development of science and technology in the United States during World War II, commented on the scientific research atmosphere in this way: "All productive sciences are the result of people's mental work, and they can flourish in an extremely free atmosphere. No one or group can predict in advance what kind of ideas will be produced in other people's minds, nor can it restrict people from producing new ideas. The biggest thing they can do is to provide a favorable environment for creative efforts. If necessary, we can only control the later use of those creations and let them benefit society, not harm society. "
It can be seen that under the basic conditions of hard environment, what scientific research needs most is that scientists can think freely academically, have extensive and rich knowledge, be able to communicate fully, and have a humanistic environment that can stimulate novel and innovative ideas, which is what we call a relaxed, active and exciting soft environment. The last thing that scientific research managers should do is to restrain and restrict this environment, but to work hard for its formation and development. If managers can do more in the soft environment, it is to make the application of scientific research results beneficial to society, not the other way around.
Attention began to focus on the changes in the soft environment. In the past, some people said that China's backwardness in science and technology was "poverty". At present, China's economic and scientific research funds have been significantly improved. Many scientific leaders have begun to realize the importance of the soft environment conceptually and put the humanistic environment at the same height as the material environment. Both focus on the nature of the school. For example, Xu Zhihong, president of Peking University, said in response to a reporter's question about China's winning the Nobel Prize during the first forum for presidents of Chinese and foreign universities: "I think our university should first create a suitable environment, and first create an environment for scientific and technological research and a humanistic environment. The environment is good and the soil is good. It is not surprising that Nobel Prize winners are produced in any research institution or laboratory. " Later, according to Oxford University's tradition of attaching importance to the development of humanistic spirit and scientific literacy, he thought that Peking University should focus on the construction of humanistic spirit and further promote the development of science, engineering and medicine. Wang Xuan, the inventor of laser typesetting technology, said that China won the Nobel Prize: "We should focus on building an environment for talent growth and a good research atmosphere". These new trends show that the international exchange of university experience is of great significance to our country, which has made a great leap in our school-running concept. It also shows that the main focus of scientific research and R&D in scientific and technological circles has shifted from the viewpoint of poverty, backward knowledge and poor soil in China for many years to the problem of poor human environment, which is a great progress in understanding. With this understanding, on the one hand, we are no longer keen on shouting slogans, coining new words and writing empty articles, and on the other hand, we no longer complain about others, pinning our hopes on various objective factors that have been difficult to solve for decades and hundreds of years, and all the scientific and technological education management methods that rely on a dead letter. It is hoped that "looking at the world and learning from others" is not an empty talk and timely statement, but a broad mind and an open mind, drawing lessons from the mature experience of advanced countries' scientific and technological development after World War II, and combining their own characteristics, creating a humanistic and material environment conducive to scientific and technological innovation, forming a new situation of the prosperity and development of scientific and technological education, and achieving important breakthroughs and original series of achievements with world frontiers in a short time.
Regarding the evaluation system, in recent years, there have been many discussions on the unreasonable and improper distribution of evaluation standards, administrative intervention and interpersonal interference, and the vision and quality of judges, and disputes have frequently occurred. In short, the principles of openness, fairness and justice must be taken seriously. Experts, scholars and authoritative figures at home and abroad should gradually expand the degree and scale of discussion, consultation, evaluation and participation, so as to make the indicators and activities of national selection and evaluation more reasonable. Full-time education and the system of one exam for life, the bad habit of being close to each other in academic circles, the golden mean in scientific and technological circles, indifference to face and contempt for evaluation competition, and lack of questioning and pioneering spirit in the face of scientific and technological innovation are all important soft environment problems that China needs to take seriously at present.
We should pay attention to the important role of the innovative cultural environment in the process of scientific and technological innovation, but for China's scientific research and scientific and technological research and development, it may be more important to constantly innovate the innovative environment. As the scientific and technological environment is a kind of cultural environment, the important work of researchers and innovators is to transform and innovate the environment (including instruments, equipment, personnel structure, academic atmosphere and free communication, etc.) according to the needs of research. ), forming a hard environment and a soft environment that is beneficial and suitable for the research topic. * * * The main responsibilities of research institutions and their leaders are not to guide and manage the specific process of research and give too much administrative intervention, but to appropriately create conditions and environments conducive to research and innovation, and to find sources of funds and provide some necessary services after helping to formulate research directions and evaluation standards. In short, doing less in this range is not good, and doing more outside this range is likely to be worse, and it is not appropriate or good.
Innovative development environment
Practice has proved that whether the development environment in a region is optimized and relaxed is directly related to whether the factors of production can be gathered, whether talents can be gathered, and whether the enthusiasm of cadres and the masses can be brought into play, which is directly related to the development of a region and a department. Development environment is a comprehensive concept, including hardware environment such as industrial environment, living environment, traffic environment and commercial environment, and software environment such as policy environment, service environment, credit environment, commercial environment, legal environment and public opinion environment. In recent years, major breakthroughs have been made in Yangzhou's major infrastructure, the urban environment has undergone profound changes, the development along the Yangtze River and the construction of parks have been comprehensively promoted, the development platform has been built, the space has been broadened, and the hardware environment has been greatly improved, which has the carrying capacity and development conditions to absorb various production factors and industries for development in Yangzhou. However, the outstanding problem we are facing is to improve the soft environment for development. We need to continue to uphold the concept of "pro-business, safe business and wealthy businessmen", adhere to the principle of valuing credit and keeping promises, and create a safe and profitable development environment for investors to invest. We need to do a series of services such as examination and approval services, commerce, customs clearance, procuratorial work and affairs more solidly around the project landing. What we need is not only the smiling faces of service providers, but also the efficiency and standardization of services, so as to create an efficient and standardized business environment at low cost. We need to work harder to cultivate industrial chain and value chain, form a relatively complete industrial environment for the upstream and downstream development of pillar industries, and give investors better development space. We need all people to start businesses, further create an atmosphere of all people's entrepreneurship, all people's innovation and all people's Excellence, so that all the enthusiasm for creating wealth can be fully exerted and all the sources of creating wealth can fully flow in. We need all departments and staff to firmly establish a sense of service, overall situation and responsibility, and serve the economy, the masses and the grassroots. We need to further improve the ecological environment, living environment and public security environment, and improve the supporting functions and service levels of culture, education, health and commerce, so that ordinary people living in this city, including investors who come to Yangzhou for investment and development, can live a fuller, more practical and richer life.
Excerpt from & gt