Learn from foreigners (or become rich through self-improvement);
Reform and change (or reform is strong, or civil rights promote the development of capital);
The Three People's Principles (or overthrowing the rule of the Qing Dynasty and establishing bourgeois democracy)
* * * Sixteen-character program of the Republic or the Union);
Democracy and science.
Exploration of modernization in China;
I. Westernization Movement
Two. 1898 reform movement
Three. the Revolution of 1911
Four. New Culture Movement
I. Westernization Movement
Background: After the Second Opium War, the Qing government was at home and abroad.
Time: 65438+190s to190s.
Leading class: the landlord class
Objective: To maintain the rule of Qing Dynasty by using advanced western technology.
Slogan: early stage: self-improvement; Later: seeking wealth.
Content: establishing military industry; Establishing civilian industry; Planning coastal defense and establishing navy; Establish new schools and cultivate talents.
Nature: the landlord class self-help movement
Second, the Reform Movement of 1898.
Early reform activities:
1895 wrote a letter on the bus, which started the reform.
Founded the World Bulletin, which was later renamed Chinese and Foreign News.
Building a strong society-reformist political groups have basically taken shape.
Background: The signing of treaty of shimonoseki deepened the national crisis.
Time: June-September. 1898
Leading class: bourgeois reformists
Master Zhang: The reform plan is strong.
Content: politics, economy, culture and military affairs.
Nature: bourgeois reform movement
Influence: It spread bourgeois ideas and played an enlightening role.
Explanation: The road of bourgeois reform does not work in China.
Three. the Revolution of 1911
The establishment of the revolutionary party
Xingzhonghui: 1894, Sun Yat-sen was founded in Honolulu.
China League: F.: 1905.
Place of establishment: Tokyo, Japan
Founder: Sun Yat-sen
Nature: the first bourgeois revolutionary party with a unified national scale.
Revolutionary program: expel the Tatars, restore China, establish the Republic of China, and share land rights.
Official Journal: People's Daily
Three democratic meanings
Content: "Nation", "Civil Rights" and "People's Livelihood"
Status: The Three People's Principles are the guiding ideology of Sun Yat-sen leading the Revolution of 1911.
Background: The national crisis has deepened further, and domestic national capitalism has developed rapidly.
Time: 19 1 1 year.
Leading class: bourgeois revolutionaries
High tide: 19 1 1 year1October 10, Wuchang Uprising; 1 91265438+1October1,Sun Yat-sen was appointed as interim president in Nanjing, and the Republic of China was founded.
Results: Failure, Yuan Shikai stole the fruits of the revolution.
Nature: bourgeois revolution
Influence: The Revolution of 1911 overthrew the rule of the Qing Dynasty, ended the feudal monarchy in China for more than 2,000 years, and made democracy and ideas deeply rooted in the hearts of the people; But this has not changed the social nature of China.
Note: In China, a semi-colonial and semi-feudal society, the bourgeoisie and the national road are impassable.
Four. New Culture Movement
Background: During the rule of Beiyang Warlords, Confucius was revered for retro, and there was a fierce conflict between the old and new thoughts.
Rise: 19 15 Chen Duxiu founded youth magazine in Shanghai.
Leading class: bourgeois progressive intellectuals
Representatives: Chen Duxiu, Li Dazhao, Hu Shi, Lu Xun, etc.
Population: Democracy and Science
Main position: new youth