Historians in China believe that "the Japanese blocked the Northern Expedition and planned provocative actions". Unlike Japan's war of aggression against China, 1928, there were still voices against sending troops in Japan, and the actions of Britain and the United States were also the main consideration of the Japanese government.
In China, the Kuomintang of China, which took the national revolution and the restoration of the privileges of the great powers as its responsibility, faced the strength of the great powers for the first time and did not want to confront them head-on when the Northern Expedition was not successful. In addition to the anti-Japanese slogan commemorating the Jinan Incident and Cai Gongshi, the actual action is only "internal security first, then external trouble".
The Ji 'nan tragedy and its aftermath, as well as propaganda, made China's anti-Japanese sentiment even higher. The Jinan tragedy also shattered the hope of mutual trust and cooperation between China and Japan. China finally gave up the diplomacy of uniting with Japan and established closer relations with western countries, especially the United States.
Chiang Kai-shek's army expanded its control area in northern China, but the Japanese imperial army could not control the Kuomintang army in China. Japanese imperial army leaders are worried that the patriotic reaction aroused by Chiang Kai-shek and China society will threaten Japan's interests in Manchuria. ?
Zhang, the military leader of Manchuria, has been secretly negotiating an alliance with Chiang Kai-shek. As a result, on June 4, Zhang's special train was bombed by the Japanese imperial army, which accelerated the establishment of Manchukuo.
The Jinan tragedy also had a great influence on the psychology of Jiang Zhongzheng, the leader of China at that time. Jiang wrote in his diary on May 3, 1928/KLOC-0: "The shame of suffering comes first, and the enemy has an indissoluble hatred with the Chinese nation, and it begins!" After that, Jiang insisted on writing the word "revenge" in his diary every day.
Extended data:
1, the beginning of the tragedy:
In the early morning of May 3rd, 1928, the shops in Quancheng Jinan opened one after another, and the business was booming, and the market was bustling and peaceful. But what I didn't expect was that at 9 o'clock in the morning, an unarmed soldier of the Northern Expeditionary Army was shot for no reason after passing through the Japanese security zone.
When the first division of the Northern Expeditionary Army moved to the Christian Hospital, the Japanese army suddenly shot again and launched an attack on two battalions of the seventh regiment of the third division of the 40th Army of the National Revolutionary Army. The Northern Expeditionary Army suffered heavy losses.
The 92nd and 93rd Divisions fought back and immediately stopped the arrogance of the Japanese aggressors. Seeing that the situation was not good, Japanese commander Fukuda sent Sasaki to see Chiang Kai-shek and threatened that "if there is no ceasefire, China and Japan will go to war in an all-round way." Chiang Kai-shek sent a command class composed of 10 staff officers to give orders to all units to stop fighting back against the Japanese army.
Soon, Chiang Kai-shek sent Foreign Minister Huang Wei to the headquarters of the Japanese invaders to negotiate. When Huang Yue arrived at the Japanese headquarters of the Bank of Andrew, Yasuo Fukuda avoided it and only sent his chief of staff, Hihiko Kuroda, to meet him. Kuroda proudly suggested that the Northern Expeditionary Army must cease fire immediately and withdraw from the Japanese warning zone.
After Huang bian came back, he reported to Chiang Kai-shek that Chiang Kai-shek strictly ordered the Northern Expeditionary Army not to fight back for the overall situation. However, the Japanese invaders pushed their luck. While disarming all the Northern Expeditionary Forces in Shangbu District by force, they also sent troops to occupy the office of the Foreign Minister of Jinan Railway Bureau. Foreign Minister Huang Yue, known as the "Invisible Immortal", and his guards were also disarmed, resigned from his office and moved to the headquarters of the Northern Expeditionary Army.
Just when China sent someone to negotiate with the Japanese, just two Japanese soldiers were killed by stray bullets. The Japanese invaders found a provocative excuse to attack the garrison in China on a large scale. The Japanese invaders are more fierce. No matter the officers and men, they kill anyone they see. Once, there were bodies all over the street, and there were rivers of blood. More than 7,000 China troops were forced to disarm.
At this point, Chiang Kai-shek still ordered not to resist, only ordered Cai Gongshi, director of the Foreign Affairs Office of the Battlefield Council, to quickly negotiate and demand that the Japanese army quickly retreat. Cai Gongshi was about to negotiate with the Japanese side, but he saw that the negotiation place was surrounded by the Japanese.
Cai Gongshi had to pick up the phone and want to ask the reason of the conflict through Nishida, the Japanese consul in Jinan. Nishida replied cunningly: "I don't know why there is a misunderstanding between us." Both sides should stop fighting immediately. " Cai Gongshi sent people out again, but they were all beaten back by Japanese soldiers. The staff of the whole department were besieged for a day, hungry and tired.
At about 1 1 in the evening, the messenger came to report: "The Japanese soldiers outside crashed into the door, which was extremely fierce. What should we do? " Cai Gongshi hesitated a little, and then decided decisively: "Open the door and invite them in!" Before the messenger turned around, the door of the negotiation office was knocked open by the Japanese gunstocks, and more than 20 Japanese soldiers crashed in. Don't say that the lights and telephone lines were cut off, and the negotiation office suddenly fell into darkness.
Step 2 fight again
1928 On May 4th, Chiang Kai-shek ordered Foreign Minister Huang Yue to call Japanese Prime Minister and Foreign Minister Yoshiichi Tanaka, pointing out that "this atrocity did not particularly trample on China's sovereignty and was unacceptable to mankind.
Today, I want to make a serious protest to your government. Please immediately order the soldiers stationed in Japan to stop the atrocities of shooting with guns and immediately withdraw the troops that ravaged public law and undermined the treaty. All problems should be solved through proper procedures. "
The Japanese government simply ignored this protest note and ignored it. On the contrary, it expanded the situation in Jinan and opened fire on China citizens more crazily.
Chiang Kai-shek patiently sent Luo Jialun, Zhao, Cui Shijie and Wang to negotiate with Japan, but they were all bombed back by Japan. Then, Chiang Kai-shek sent an urgent telegram to negotiate with the Japanese authorities directly in Zhang Qun, Tokyo.
The Japanese intention is obvious. They want to control Chiang Kai-shek's power in Jinan first, force him to form an alliance at the gate and stop the Northern Expeditionary Army from going north, so that the Japanese army can control a large territory in North China. To this end, the Japanese aggressors not only failed to calm down the situation, but stepped up their attacks in an attempt to destroy some of Chiang Kai-shek's forces.
Under the command of Su Zongzhe, deputy commander of Jinan Garrison, Jinan soldiers and civilians fought against the Japanese aggressors, especially Guo, the company commander of Deng Tuanjiu, and his men swore:
"We were born soldiers and died to defend our motherland. What happened today, the Japanese forced us to put up with it no longer! For the sake of the country and the people, it is time for us to sacrifice our country! We can't bear, and we don't want to see our motherland broken with our own eyes, but we are caught! We must fight the enemy to the death with the spirit and determination of' there is an enemy without me, there is an invincible'! "
The soldiers of the Northern Expeditionary Army used the three-dimensional tactics of skirmisher tactics to fight against the Japanese aggressors, which made the enemy frightened. The two regiments, Deng, who stayed in Jinan, fought fiercely with the Japanese aggressors for three days and nights. The Japanese aggressors did not dare to make a move until they received a secret telegram from Chiang Kai-shek ordering them to retreat.
3. Bloody massacre
After the Northern Expeditionary Army withdrew from Jinan, on the morning of May 1 1, the Japanese army held a ceremony of "showing off national prestige" and began a terrible massacre: shooting at everyone, cutting off their breasts and stabbing them to death at will. More than 0.7 million people were killed or injured in Jinan/kloc-0. It's a river of blood and corpses everywhere. It's terrible! The whole world is angry!
Baidu Encyclopedia-Jinan Massacre