A fierce battle at sea during the Sino-Japanese War, also known as the "Dadonggou Naval Battle". 1September, 894 16, Beiyang Navy led a fleet to escort reinforcements to land in Dadonggou at the mouth of Yalu River. 17, on the way back, he was attacked by a Japanese ship in the Yellow Sea, and Ding ordered the fight. China navy soldiers fought back bravely. Dingyuan flagship destroyed an enemy ship commanded by Liu, and hit the warship of the Japanese navy general, forcing it to flee the battlefield. In the fierce battle, the vast number of officers and men of the Qing army risked their lives to kill the enemy bravely. Deng Shichang, captain of Zhiyuan Ship, and Lin Yongsheng, captain of Jingyuan Ship fought bravely and sank with the ship. In this battle, both China and beiyang fleet suffered mutual damage, while China's main force still exists. After the Yellow Sea naval battle, Li Hongzhang ordered beiyang fleet to retreat to Liu Gongdao for peace, and no war was allowed. As a result, the fighter plane was lost, which led to the collapse of beiyang fleet in Ahava in 1895.

Triple intervention

/kloc-At the end of 0/9, Russia, Germany and France jointly intervened in Japan for their own aggressive interests, demanding the return of Liaodong Peninsula to China. /kloc-At the end of 0/9, in order to compete for the Far East, Russia began to build the Trans-Siberian Railway, and the northeast of China became an important aggression target of Russia. Japan occupied Liaodong Peninsula in China during the Sino-Japanese Sino-Japanese War of 1894-1895, and stipulated in treaty of shimonoseki that China ceded Liaodong Peninsula to Japan. After Russia was informed, it immediately joined forces with Germany and France to put pressure on Japan. 1895 On April 23rd (March 29th, 21st year of Guangxu), the ambassadors of Russia, Germany and France respectively submitted statements with the same content to the Japanese government, "advising" Japan to give up its occupation of Liaodong Peninsula. Under the joint pressure of the three countries, the Japanese government had to agree to "give up the permanent occupation of Liaodong Peninsula" on condition that it increased its claim to China by 30 million yuan. 1654381On October 8th, the Qing government sent Li Hongzhang to sign the Sino-Japanese Treaty of Southern Liaoning with Japanese Ambassador to China Lin Dong, stipulating that the Japanese army would withdraw from Liaodong Peninsula within three months after China handed over 30 million kuping silver to Japan on 189516. After the Liao Dynasty, the Japanese returned to the Three Kingdoms to make contributions to the Liao Dynasty and demanded various rights and interests from China. Tsarist Russia lured the Qing government to sign the Sino-Russian Secret Treaty, which made northeast China gradually become the sphere of influence of Tsarist Russia.

Segmentation frenzy

In fact, the carve-up frenzy is an integral part of the imperialist carve-up of the world, and it is a manifestation of the imperialist's political expansion of invading China. This made China lose its independent status further, the degree of semi-colonization deepened unprecedentedly, and the national crisis in China was unprecedented. This is an important historical background of the Reform Movement of 1898.

Reform movement

The Reform Movement of 1898 in the late Qing Dynasty occurred after the Sino-Japanese War (the first year of the Reform Movement of 1898), and the national crisis was unprecedented. The reformists, led by Kang Youwei, Liang Qichao, Tan Sitong and Yan Fu, advocated constitutional monarchy and the development of capitalism in order to save the national crisis and make the country rich and strong.

Zhangjing railway

The Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway connects Fengtai, Beijing, passes through Juyongguan, Shacheng and Xuanhua to Zhangjiakou, Hebei, with a total length of about 20 1.2km, and was completed in 1909. It is the first railway in China that was built and put into operation by China people without using foreign capital and personnel (before the Beijing-Zhangjia Railway was built, there was a Xinyi Railway from Xincheng to Gaobeidian in China, which was also built by Zhan Tianyou, but only for Empress Dowager Cixi. Zhan Tianyou used to be the chief engineer of railway construction, and later served as the general manager of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway Bureau.

the third revolution of science and technology

The third scientific and technological revolution is another great leap in the field of science and technology after the steam technology revolution and the electric power technology revolution in the history of human civilization. It is marked by the wide application of atomic energy, computer and space technology, and involves an information control technology revolution in many fields such as information technology, new energy technology, new material technology, biotechnology, space technology and marine technology. This scientific and technological revolution has not only greatly promoted the changes in the economic, political and cultural fields of human society, but also affected the way of life and thinking of human beings, making human social life and human modernization develop to a higher level. It is in this sense that the third scientific and technological revolution is the largest and most far-reaching scientific and technological revolution in human history so far, and it is an important event that cannot be ignored in the history of human civilization.

Group of 77

The Group of 77 was gradually formed and developed by developing countries in the struggle to safeguard their own economic rights and interests. After the Second World War, although developing countries in Asia, Africa and Latin America gained political independence, they did not really gain economic independence and were still influenced by the old international economic order. 1963 When the 8th session of the United Nations General Assembly discussed the convening of a conference on trade and development, 73 Asian, African and Latin American countries, Yugoslavia and New Zealand jointly put forward a joint declaration to form the "Group of 75". Later, Kenya, South Korea and Vietnam joined, and New Zealand announced its withdrawal. At the first United Nations Conference on Trade and Development held in Geneva on June 6th, there were sharp differences between developed and developing countries on some major issues. Seventy-seven developing countries and regions joined forces to issue the Joint Declaration of the Group of 77 again, calling for the establishment of a just new international economic order and the formation of a group to participate in the negotiations of the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. Therefore, the group is called the Group of 77. Although the number of members has gradually increased, the name of the group has remained unchanged.

Three major battles in the War of Liberation

The three major battles refer to the strategic decisive battle between the China People's Liberation Army and the Kuomintang army from1September 1948 to1June 1949, including the three major strategic battles of Liaoshen, Huaihai and Ping Jin.

South-South cooperation

At the Bandung Conference from 65438 to 0955, Asian and African developing countries first put forward the desire to strengthen economic cooperation between them. Since the 1960s, developing countries have started economic cooperation, that is, South-South cooperation, in order to break the old international economic order, get rid of the control of developed countries and develop national economy. In order to strengthen South-South cooperation, relevant United Nations agencies and the Group of 77 have held many meetings, which are called South-South meetings. 196 1 the first summit of heads of state or government of non-aligned countries put forward the demand of developing countries to take joint action in the economic field, and South-South cooperation entered the practical stage. 1964, the developing countries established the Group of 77 and called for the establishment of a new international economic order at the first United Nations Conference on Trade and Development. /kloc-in the 1970s, remarkable progress was made in bilateral cross-regional South-South cooperation. Since then, the Non-Aligned Movement and the Group of 77 have clearly put forward the slogan of "collective self-reliance" and established the program of South-South cooperation. Based on the principle of collective self-reliance, close and effective economic cooperation has been carried out among developing countries, political and economic independence and collective economic strength have been strengthened, and the goal of establishing a new international economic order has been achieved. Since the 1980s, the Non-Aligned Movement and the Group of 77 have put forward the idea of implementing the GSP, establishing multinational companies in developing countries and conducting capital cooperation. Great progress has been made in South-South cooperation. By the mid-1990s, nearly 30 regional and semi-regional organizations, more than 30 organizations producing and exporting raw materials, and nearly 20 monetary and financial organizations had been established in developing China countries. The participating countries of these organizations account for more than 70% of the total number of developing countries, and the trade volume between developing countries has also increased.

Developing countries have promoted economic development through South-South cooperation, reduced their economic dependence on developed countries, and coordinated their positions in the dialogue with northern countries, which is conducive to the development of North-South dialogue.