1.6. Use currency
euro
1.7. National flower
Goddess of the rainbow
1.8. National bird
Gaul chicken
1.9. National Stone
pearl
1. 10. National Day
July 65438, 2004
1. 1 1. National motto
Liberté, égalité, fraternité (French, freedom, equality, fraternity) French currency.
1. 12. Human development index
0.96 1 ranked eighth in the world (2009)
1. 13. Area
55 1.602 km2
1. 14. Population
As of June 2008, 65438+1 October1,the population of France is estimated to be 63.8 million, including local population of 6 1.9 million and overseas population of 1.9 million. There are Alsace, bretons, Corsican, Basque, Flemish and others on the border. General French. Among the residents, 8 1.4% believe in Catholicism, 6.89% believe in Islam, and others believe in Protestantism, Judaism, Buddhism and other religions.
1. 15. Head of State
President of France, President of the French Republic? French head of state. Directly elected by voters, with a term of five years, and can be re-elected. According to the Constitution of the Fifth Republic of France promulgated by 1958, the functions and powers of the President mainly include: appointing and removing the Prime Minister, government members and other important officials; Preside over the cabinet meeting and sign the decisions and decrees of the meeting; To sign and promulgate laws; As the supreme commander of the army, and presided over the Supreme National Defense Conference and the National Defense Commission; Have the right to decide to use France's strategic nuclear forces; Chairman of the Supreme Judicial Council; Decide on foreign policy; Appoint diplomatic envoys abroad and accept foreign envoys; Ratify international treaties; Exercise the right of pardon; Have the right to dissolve the National Assembly and re-elect it after consultation with the Prime Minister and the Speakers of the two Houses; According to the suggestions of the government or the two houses of parliament, submit some important draft laws to a referendum; When the situation requires, take necessary emergency measures after consultation with the Prime Minister, the Speakers of the two Houses and the Constitutional Council. When the presidency is vacant, the President of the Senate will act for him. The election of the new president should be held within 50 days. French heads of state (presidents) * * * France I * * and France I (1792- 1804) were neither kings nor presidents, but the government (1792- 1795) was led by the National Assembly. After the Second Republic of France, the head of state was called the president. The Second Republic has only one president, Charles Louis Napolé on Bonaparte (before he proclaimed himself emperor). The successive presidents after the Third Republic of France are as follows: Chinese name, French original name, birth and death period, term of office, and third. Adol-Phe Thiers, Adol-Phe Thiers1April 79716-1September 3, 8771August 30, 2007-1May 24, 873, 2 Marie Edmi patrice Morris. Marie Eddm patrice Moice de Mike-Mahon/KOOC-0/808 July/KOOC-0/3-/KOOC-0/893 June/KOOC-0/6 May/KOOC-0/873 May 24-/KOOC-0/873. OIS Paul Jules Grevi August 5, 2003 to February 4, 2003 in Marie Fran?ois Sadi Carnot. Ois sadikalnot1837 August11894 June 24th1887 June 65438+February 3rd-1894 June 27th 5 jean paul Pierre. Lier1847165438+1October 8-1March 9071June 27, 0894-1June 895/kloc. OIS Fé lix Faule1841year 65438+1October 30th-1899 February16th 1895 June16th-/. Ois Loubet1838 65438+February 30th-1929 65438+February 20th1899 February16-1906 February 18 8 8. +084 1 year 1 month 6- 193 1 year June 221February 90618-19/. August 20th-1934 10/0/0 month15 June13 June 17 10 month/8 February/kloc. 8+0855 February 1 3-1922 April 28th1920 February18-1920 September 2nd1Alexandre Millerand Alexander Mileland1. 1943 April 6th1920 September 23rd-1924 June1June 12 Pierre-Paul-Henri-Gaston Doumergue Pilre-Paul Henry-gaston Dumell Gai/kloc-0. Kloc-0/937 June1August19385438+0 June13—1932 May 7 14 Albert lebrun Albert lebrun187. Henry philip petain Vichy's government Henry philip petain (known as the "head of state", Not the president) 65438+April 24th, 0856-65438+July 23rd, 065438+June 22nd, 0940-65438+September 7th, 0944 * Charles Andre Joseph Marie de Gaulle Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle Free France (known as "the head of free France", Not the president)1890165438+1October 28th ... Vincent auriol Vincent auriol1August 27th 0884-19661/kloc. Taft Huang Fengying René-Jules Gustave Coty 65438+March 20th 0882-1962165438+1October 22nd1954 65438+February/kloc. Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle 1 Charles André Joseph Marie de Gaulle1890165438+1October 22nd-1970 65438+1October 9th 1959 65438. 438+April 20, 0969 Acting President Alan Pocher Alan Pocher 65438+April17-65438+February 9, 0996 65438+April 20, 0969-65438+June 20, 0969 2 George Jean Mond Pompidou/. April 2nd, 974, 65433438+February 9th, 65438+April 2nd, 0974-65438+May 9th, 0974,19,3 Valé ly Marie Lené Georges GIS Card D 'Estating 65438+February 2nd, 0926-1. 438+09—1981May 19 4 Fran? ois Maurice Adrian Marie Mitterrand? OIS· Maurice Adrian Marie Mitterrand1October 26th to May 6th. Jacques René Chirac
physical geography
France enjoys a unique geographical location and rich natural and cultural heritage. France is the largest country in western Europe, located in the western part of the European continent, with a symmetrical hexagon, facing the sea on three sides and bordering the coast on three sides. The towering Alps and the Pyrenees are the most natural geographical dividing lines between France, Italy and Spain respectively. Most of France's territory is located in the plains and hills, and the beautiful Seine River flows through the heart, nourishing the vast land of the Paris Basin. Location: It is located in the west of Europe, bordering Belgium, Luxembourg, Switzerland, Germany, Italy, Spain, Andorra and Monaco, facing Britain across the Lamanche Strait in the northwest, and bordering the North Sea, the English Channel, the Atlantic Ocean and the Mediterranean Sea. Corsica in the Mediterranean Sea is the largest island in France. Terrain: high in the southeast and low in the northwest, facing the Atlantic Ocean. The eastern part is the Alps and the Jura Mountains; The south-central part is the central plateau; There are Pyrenees mountains on the southwest border; The southwest area between the Central Plateau and the Pyrenees is the aquitaine Basin. The northern part is the Paris basin; To the northwest is Mount Amauri. The plain accounts for two thirds of the total area. Mountains: Alps, Pyrenees, Jura Mountain, etc. Mont Blanc on the French-Italian border is 48 10 meters above sea level, which is the highest peak in western Europe. Rivers: Loire River (10 10 km), Rhone River (8 12 km), Seine River (776 km) and Marne River (525 km). Corsica in the Mediterranean Sea is the largest island in France. The total length of the border line is 5695 kilometers, including 2700 kilometers of coastline, 2800 kilometers of land line and 0/95 kilometers of inland river line. Climate: the western part has a temperate maritime climate, the southern part has a Mediterranean climate and the central and eastern parts have a temperate continental climate. The average precipitation increased from 600 mm in northwest to southeast to more than 1 1,000 mm, and reached more than 1 1,500 mm in mountainous areas. Monthly average temperature: 4-7℃ in the west and south, 1 month1-3℃ in the east and north; In July, it was 16- 18℃ in the north and west, and 2 1-24℃ in the south and east. Most cities have mild climate and beautiful environment, so they are a livable place. Minerals: Iron, coal and bauxite are abundant, as well as lead, zinc, uranium and potassium salt. The forest coverage rate is 26.4%. Coast: The French Cote d 'Azur is a famous coastal scenic tourist area.
national history
Gauls settled here in 200 BC. In BC 1 century, Caesar, then governor of Gaul, occupied the whole Gaul and was ruled by Rome for 500 years. In the 5th century, the Franks conquered Gaul and established the Frankish Kingdom. Among them, West Frank is the embryonic form of France. /kloc-after the 0/0 century, feudal society developed rapidly. 1337, the British king coveted the French throne, and the "Hundred Years War" broke out. In early France, a large area was occupied by Britain, and the French king was captured. After that, the French people waged an anti-aggression war, ending the Hundred Years' War in 1453. A centralized country was formed from the end of 15 to the beginning of 16. /kloc-in the middle of the 0/7th century, absolute monarchy reached its peak under the rule of Louis XIV, and France also became a big European country. However, in the middle and late period of Louis XIV's rule, in order to compete for European hegemony, foreign wars continued, which consumed a lot of national strength and the country began to weaken. 1 1 After the death of Voltaire and Rousseau, with the development of bourgeois forces,1In July 789, Paris citizens captured the Bastille with weapons. At that time, only seven people were held in the prison, but the citizens fought fiercely for it for a day and sacrificed 98 people. 1789 On August 26th, the program of the French Revolution, the Declaration of Human Rights and Civil Rights, was formally adopted. 1789- 1792, the constitutionalists (Yang Fei School) came to power. During this period, France implemented a constitutional monarchy. The Great Revolution abolished the monarchy and established the first republic on September 22nd, 1792. 1799165438+1October 9 (foggy month 18), Napoléon Bonaparte seized power, 1804 65438 On February 2, Notre Dame held a grand coronation ceremony, and Napoléon Bonaparte became the emperor of the first French empire. 181April 13 Napoleon signed the abdication edict, and the first empire of France perished. On May 3rd of the same year, the Earl of Provence, who was in exile in Britain, returned to China and acceded to the throne as King Louis Stanislas Xavier of France. 1865438+In March 2005, Napoleon returned to Paris to rebuild his empire and establish the Hundred Days Dynasty. 18 15, Napoleon was defeated at Waterloo and abdicated. Louis Stanislas Xavier returned to Paris on July 8th and restored the Bourbon dynasty. 1830 In July, the July Revolution broke out in France and the July Dynasty was established. 1848 February, the "French February Revolution" broke out and the Second Republic was established. 185 1 year, President louis bonaparte launched a coup, and the second empire was established in 12 year the following year. 1871March18, the people of Paris held an armed uprising and established the Paris commune. At the end of May of the same year, it was brutally suppressed by the French army. 1870 After the defeat in the Franco-Prussian War, France established the third * * Republic in September of 187 1 year, and the third * * Republic ended in June of 1940 when the French Petain government surrendered to Germany. 1944, Charles de Gaulle's "Free France" liberated France. 1June, 944, an interim government was announced, headed by Charles de Gaulle. 1946 In June, the Constitution was adopted and the Fourth Republic was established. 1958 In September, the new Constitution was adopted and the Fifth Republic was established. 1958 February, Charles de Gaulle was elected president. 1959, France announced that it accepted the national self-determination of colonial Algeria, thus starting to bid farewell to colonialism. 1963, France and the Federal Republic of Germany signed the Franco-German Friendship Treaty, and since then, they have reconciled with their old enemy Germany. 1964 65438+1On October 27th, France established diplomatic relations with New China, becoming the first western power to recognize New China. 1966, France announced its withdrawal from NATO military integration organization and only participated in some NATO activities. It also ordered countries to withdraw their troops and bases on French territory within one year. Mitterrand, a socialist, was elected president in May. In June, the National Assembly general election was held, and the Socialist Party won 55% of the seats and became the largest party in France. 1986, in March, the National Assembly election, the Socialist Party was frustrated, and there was an unprecedented situation in which the left-wing president and the right-wing prime minister met. 1992, the EU treaty was signed in Maastricht, the Netherlands. French dynasty and rulers (4,865,438+0—7,565,438+0) Clovis I, Clausard I, Zil Perlik I and Chlothar II Dagobert. 1. The Carolyn Dynasty of Clovis II (751-987) sent Pingsan, Charles I, Louis I, charles ii, Louis II, Louis III, Carromen, Charles III, Oder, Charles III and Lobert. Ludorff I, Louis IV, Karp Dynasty in Louis V, lothaire (987~ 1328). Cape Hugo Robert II le Pieux Henry I Philip I Louis VI Louis VII Philip II Augustus Louis VIII Louis IX Philip III Philip IV Louis X John I Philip V Charles IV Valois Dynasty (1328- 1589) Philip VI. Bourbon Dynasty (1589- 1792) Henry IV, Louis XIII, Louis XIV, Louis XV and Louis XVI, the * * * Republic of China (1792 ~ 1804), the first empire in Runhall, jacobin, the Joyo Party (1804) Bourbon Dynasty in Napoléon Bonaparte (1814 ~ 0438+0815), Bourbon Dynasty in Napoléon Bonaparte (18 15 ~ 1830), and July Dynasty of Charles X in Louis Stanislas Xavier (.
5. Political system
5. Introduction to1.
France is a typical semi-presidential and semi-parliamentary democratic country, and the state power has a distinct class nature. The president is the head of state and commander-in-chief of the armed forces, with a term of five years (according to the results of the referendum, it was changed to five years in June 2000 and seven years before), and is directly elected by voters. The President has the power to appoint and remove the Prime Minister and ministers who approve the nomination of the Prime Minister; Preside over cabinet meetings, the Supreme National Defense Conference and the National Defense Commission; Have the right to dissolve parliament; Some important bills can be directly submitted to a referendum without going through parliament; In case of emergency, the President has full authority to "take necessary measures according to the situation". When the President is unable to perform his duties or becomes vacant, the Speaker of the Senate shall act as the President. Parliament consists of the National Assembly and the Senate. It has the right to make laws, supervise the government, pass budgets and approve the declaration of war. The National Assembly * * * has a total of 577 seats, with a term of five years. It is directly elected by voters by two rounds of direct majority voting. Senate has * * * 32 1 seat. Senators serve a nine-year term and are re-elected every three years. Taking the province as a unit, they are indirectly elected by an electoral college composed of members of national assemblies and local councils at all levels.
5.2. Political parties
France has a multi-party system, and there are currently more than 30 political parties. (1) UMP: The main ruling party and the largest political party in parliament. Its predecessor was the Presidential Majority Alliance, which was established to support Chirac in the 2002 presidential election. In 2002, 165438+ 10/8 was officially announced and adopted its current name. The core is Chirac's original defense alliance (Dai Party), which absorbed the main forces of the Liberal Democratic Party and the French Democratic Alliance. At present, there are 265,438+00,000 people in party member, most of whom are employees, officials, freelancers, businessmen, farmers and workers. The party platform is "Freedom, Responsibility, Mutual Assistance, Country, Europe", which emphasizes pursuing a pragmatic and open economic policy, reshaping the concept of social market economy, promoting the construction and eastward expansion of the European Union, and belongs to the center-right party. President Nicolas Sarkozy. (2) Socialist Party: the second largest party in Parliament and the main opposition party. Formerly known as 1905, the Workers' International French Branch was split in 1920, and most people formed another * * * production party, while a few people kept their original names. 1969 The Socialist Party was reorganized and established, and 197 1 merged with left-wing organizations such as "* * * and Institutional Agreement Council". At present, there are about 6,543,800+3,000 people in party member, mostly public officials and intellectuals. Internally, it pays attention to the color of left-wing political parties, advocates safeguarding labor interests, and adopts pragmatic economic policies; It advocates maintaining France's independent nuclear power, promoting European integration and strengthening North-South dialogue. After successive defeats in the presidential and legislative elections in 2002, factional struggles within the party became increasingly fierce and their strength was greatly weakened. In recent years, taking advantage of the French people's dissatisfaction with the reform of the center-right government, they defeated the right in local elections and European Parliament elections, successfully prevented the referendum on the European Constitutional Treaty, incited social agitation, and gained political influence. The current First Secretary, francois hollande (Flan? Hollande). (3) Democratic Alliance? Ais (UDF): The third largest party in Parliament. Its predecessor was 1978, a multi-party alliance composed of right-wing moderates and intermediate forces, such as * * and the party, democratic forces, the People's Party for Democracy in France and the Radical Party. 1998 merged to form a unified political party. 1993, 1995, and formed a right-wing Coalition government in 2002. In 200 1 year, a part of party member, headed by Douste blazy, vice chairman, joined the presidential majority alliance, which later became the People's Movement Alliance. There are about 40,000 people in party member. Internally, it advocates a certain degree of social reform, advocates liberalization policies in social, economic and cultural fields, and actively advocates strengthening EU construction. The current chairman francois bayrou (Flan? Ois BAYLOU). The other political parties are mainly: communist party (? AIS): 1920 was established in February. Party member134,000 people, mostly workers, staff, teachers and craftsmen. National Front: Founded in 1972 and 10, formerly known as the banned extreme right organization "New Order Party". Right wing: New French Democratic Union, French Movement, Social Republican Forum and French Union. Left wing: the Green Party (Les Verts), the left wing * * * and the Republican Union * *, the civic movement and the left radical party (Gauche Radical Party). Centrist: Civil Movement-* * and Faction (Civil Movement -P? La Republica. Far right: national propaganda campaign. Far left: Lutte Ouvrière, French Revolutionary Union, Labor Party.
5.3 Judiciary
It is divided into two relatively independent judicial systems, namely, the ordinary courts responsible for hearing civil and criminal cases and the administrative courts responsible for disputes between citizens and government agencies. Ordinary courts are divided into three categories: 1, specialized courts (including children's courts, labor mediation committees for handling labor disputes, commercial courts for hearing disputes between businessmen or commercial companies, and social insurance courts). 2. Civil courts. 3. Criminal courts (including police courts that adjudicate minor crimes, misdemeanor courts that adjudicate minor crimes and felony courts that adjudicate major criminal cases). The ordinary court system is vertically divided into four levels: court of first instance, court of first instance, court of appeal and court of final appeal. The Court of Final Appeal is the highest judicial organ, which is responsible for accepting appeals against the judgments of 35 appeal courts. President Guy Canivet. The administrative court is the highest administrative litigation organ and consists of the administrative court. The administrative court makes a final ruling on the legality of administrative decrees and acts as an adviser to the government when formulating draft laws. French procuratorial organs have no independent organizational system, and their functions are exercised by prosecutors equipped with courts at all levels. Although the prosecutor is stationed in the court, he functions independently of the court. The management power of prosecutors belongs to the Ministry of Justice. Supreme Court 1 Attorney General and several prosecutors; The Court of Appeal has 1 prosecutors and several prosecutors; The court of first instance has 65,438+0 prosecutors, as well as several lawyers and assistant prosecutors.