Stalin attached great importance to ideology, but this ideology is an ideology to build a monument for himself, an ideology to create his own personal worship, and an ideology to tamper with history in order to establish himself. In order to do all this, we must use a history book written according to his own intentions and instructions to unify the history of the party, the history of the Soviet Union and even the history of the world. 1938 published "A Concise Course of the United * * (Bolshevik) Party History" (hereinafter referred to as "Concise Course") is such a book.
In order to write such a history textbook, Stalin spent 20 years, step by step, doing preliminary work such as personnel organization, theoretical revision and historical tampering, and finally wrote a concise course in about two months. After the October Revolution, Stalin was not called a theorist in the Party, nor did he have any praiseworthy theoretical works. There were Lenin, Bukharin, Trotsky, Zinoveyev and so on.
Needless to say, Lenin has published works in Marxist theory, philosophy, economics and other fields.
Before the October Revolution, Bukharin wrote an economic book criticizing the Austrian school of economics and made a special study on ethnic issues and imperialism. After the October Revolution, he was one of the few theorists in the Party who could argue with Kaucki and other second international leaders. After Lenin's death, he wrote many works about Lenin and Lenin's thoughts, such as Lenin the Marxist, the socialist road and the alliance of workers and peasants, and Lenin's political will. Bukharin is an encyclopedic figure with high attainments in economy, philosophy, literature and art and even painting. 1937- 1938 He was imprisoned in his own prison and wrote three books: Socialism and its Culture, An Introduction to Dialectics and Time. If Bukharin's Introduction to Dialectics is published, Stalin's dialectical materialism and historical materialism will be hard to stand on.
Before the October Revolution, Trotsky published an article in New Era, the most famous magazine of the international capitalist movement at that time, and dared to argue with Lenin. After the October Revolution, it was he who dared to criticize Kaucki, a Dali theorist of the Second International, and wrote such works as Terrorism and Productism, Between Imperialism and Revolution (taking Georgia as an example to talk about the basic problems of revolution), and East and West. After Lenin's death, he first published a memoir article to commemorate Lenin and expound Lenin's thought. He first challenged Stalin's theory of "building socialism in a single country". He used Lenin's quotations to prove that his views far exceeded Stalin's. In the 1920s, Trotsky's Collected Works was published in many volumes, and he was the first person in the Party except Lenin. Trotsky is also quite cultivated in literature and art. His "Literature and Revolution" even influenced China's left-wing literature and art. After being deported, Trotsky quickly wrote a fairly detailed history of the Russian revolution. Of course, there is no place for Stalin in this history book.
Zinoveyev spent some time with Lenin before the October Revolution and published a collection of works against the trend, which is unique in the Party. 19 17 after the July incident, it was he and Lenin who took refuge in the Gulf of Finland. After the October Revolution, he served as the chairman of the * * * International Executive Committee and led the entire international production movement. The History of the Communist Party of Russia (Bolshevik) was published in 1926, which is the earliest authoritative work on the history of the party. He also wrote and published Leninism: An Introduction to the Study of Leninism. Comparatively speaking, there are at least two problems in Zinoveyev's book that Stalin neglected on the basis of Leninism: the new economic policy and Lenin's philosophical thought. Zinoviev's definition of Leninism is also more realistic than Stalin's: "Leninism is Marxism in the era of imperialist war, and it is Marxism in the era of world revolution that began directly in countries with a majority of farmers." Lenin really started the revolution in a country with a majority of peasants, and the peasant problem was a problem that Lenin had to face and solve. Eighteen volumes of Collected Works of Zinoveyev have been published since 1923, and he was the third person who was able to publish the collected works at that time.
Whenever major international, domestic and party issues are encountered, one of them is often entrusted to draft a draft resolution and write an article to explain, publicize or refute it.
This is a member of the Politburo, along with a group of experts, such as Luna Tsarski in the field of literature and art, Pokrovski and Yaroslavski in the field of history, Deborah in the field of philosophy, Chayanov and Kondratiev in the field of economics, and so on.
It can be said that with these experts and scholars, there would be no Stalin's position in these fields. Looking through the thirteen volumes of the Complete Works of Stalin (it should be the complete works of Stalin), we can see that he has no theoretical works with great experts PK. His only monograph, Marxism and Ethnic Issues, was completed with the help of Bukharin, who helped him collect and translate a lot of foreign language materials because he didn't know foreign languages. At that time, his "On Leninism" was only considered as a general popular pamphlet. 1929, Stalin applied for the title of academician of the Academy of Sciences, but failed due to lack of weighty theoretical works. This year, Bukharin was politically frustrated, but he was elected as an academician of the Academy of Sciences without any suspense!
Stalin must rely on external forces in inner-party struggles and debates. When arguing with Trotsky, with the help of Bukharin, Zinoviev and Kamenev, when arguing with Trotsky Alliance, with the help of Bukharin, Stalin could not find anyone who could confront Bukharin in the theoretical field, so he had to simply put aside theoretical problems and make a fuss about "Right Deviation". Through these arguments, Stalin defeated his main rival and gained the dominant position in the party, which was in 1929. At the end of this year, Stalin's 50th birthday marked his winning the leading position in the Party. Pravda published articles for Stalin's birthday for several days in a row, which is unprecedented. People remember that when people celebrated Lenin's 50th birthday in 1920, Lenin avoided seeing it and refused to listen to those congratulatory messages.
Defeating Bukharin against Right Deviation is only a political victory. In order to seize the leadership in the ideological and cultural field, Stalin also needs to carry out a big critical movement in the ideological field. Stalin stepped onto the ideological stage and began to give orders.
1929, 1929 On February 27th, Stalin delivered a speech on "Several Issues Concerning Soviet Land Policy" at the meeting of Marxist land experts, criticizing the theory of "balance of power", the theory of "gravity flow" in socialist construction, the theory of small-scale peasant economy and so on, and criticizing Bukharin, Cha Yanov, Glaumann and others by name. Stalin breathed a sigh of relief, and no one dared to argue with him at this time.
1930 Stalin's internal discussion on carrying out great criticism in the field of philosophy. He attended the meeting of the Party Branch Committee of Professor Hong College and made a speech, demanding that all social sciences should be operated. He said: "We should dig up the excrement accumulated in philosophy and natural science and spread it. Everything Deborah's team wrote-destruction. Stearns submachine guns and calif can get rid of them ... I think Deborah is hopeless, but we should leave him in the editorial department so that we can have a clear goal. "
Someone asked, "Do you want to link theoretical struggle with political inclination?" He replied, "Not only can you, but you must do it." Ask again: "Where should the focus of the college be in the field of philosophy?" Stalin replied: "The main problem is to strike. We should strike in all directions and hit those places that have not been hit. Hegel is Deborah's idol. Plekhanov should expose that he has always looked down on Lenin. Even Engels is not entirely correct. In his views on the Erfurt Plan, some places are about peaceful development to socialism. Bukharin tried to take advantage of this. If you come into contact with Engels somewhere in the work, it is not a bad thing. " (октябрь.1988. №12. с.69) "Don't forget Zhanov. Generally speaking, Manx College is separate from us. " (политическоеобразовар)
The "attacks" in 1930s were all-round, involving philosophy, political economy, literature and art, history and even a series of natural sciences, such as biology.
Stalin firmly grasped history.
In the 1920s, academic research in the Soviet Union was relatively free, resulting in many works on party history. In addition to the history of the Party written by Zinoveyev, Bu Bunov's The Basic Stage of the Development of the Russian * * * Production Party was published as early as 1920, and Nevsky's popov's A Concise Course on the History of the United States and Russia was published in 1926. 1928- 1930, The History of Cheap * * * (Cloth), edited by Yaroslavski, was published in four volumes, which was the most influential work on party history at that time. The authors of the history of the Party include Batulin and Besriansky. No one monopolizes the writing of party history. Bu Bunov also wrote the couplet * * * (cloth) for the first edition of the Soviet Union encyclopedia published in the early 1930s. After the 20th National Congress of the Soviet Union, concise courses were no longer needed, and there were no new alternative textbooks. My teacher once recommended me to read this long article written by Bu Bunov. Of course, the works on party history published at this time will not highlight Stalin. If written truthfully, Stalin's reputation will not be overshadowed by Trotsky, Zinoveyev, Kamenev, Bukharin and others.
The works on the history of the Party published in the 1920s and early 1930s seriously influenced the establishment of Stalin's absolute authority, and Stalin had to rewrite the history of the Party to establish his absolute authority.
193 1 The sixth issue of Proletarian Revolution magazine published a letter from Stalin, "On Several Issues in the History of Bolshevism", which attacked Trotskyite private businessmen in the history of the Chinese Communist Party, including Yaroslavski. Stalin concluded that he also failed to get rid of "many principled and historical mistakes". This article triggered a new wave of criticism of historians. Many people were dismissed from their posts and expelled from the Party, while others were expelled from Moscow and exiled to other provinces.
In the early 1930s, the idea of compiling the official history textbook approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China appeared. 193265438+1October 7th, the Political Bureau of the Central Committee adopted a decision on compiling * * * (Bolshevik) History, and established an editorial board, including Stalin, Ka Ganovic, Posti Schaeff, Molotov, Pyatnitski, Stecki and Adoratski. Textbooks were compiled by historians Knorin, popov, Yaroslavski and Bestlinsky, as well as members of Russian and Ukrainian People's Education Committees, BuBunov and Scripnic. Tostuka is a publishing secretary. The work started, but it made slow progress. By the end of 1934, even a rough outline has not been determined. In addition, there are plans to publish multi-volume large-scale party history textbooks.
At the end of 1934, Kirov was assassinated, and the situation began to change dramatically, making it impossible to carefully compile multi-volume textbooks on federal party history. Yaroslavski's two-volume American History, the first edition was published in 1933, and the second edition was published in 1935. At the end of 1936, Political Books Publishing House began to prepare the third edition. However, in February of 1937, the publishing house only stopped publishing the first volume of Yaroslavski's textbooks. At the same time, a large number of articles and works on the history of the Party have appeared, among which the most representative is beria's work on the social democratic party organization in Transcaucasia published by 1935, and "Baby French Writer from party member" published by 1936 wrote a political biography praising Stalin.
The weapon of criticism has become the criticism of weapons. During the period of 1935- 1938, several secret and "public" trials were held all over the country. Almost all the original opposition members were overthrown, and their names were forbidden to be mentioned in books and newspapers, including Zinoviev, Kamenev, Evdokimov, smirnoff, Pi Dakov, karl berngardovich radek, Enukidze, Sokolikov and Bukharin. The inspection of books and newspapers, especially political books, has intensified, and millions of books have been removed from the library for destruction. Only a few libraries, such as the Library of the Academy of Sciences, have such books in their special collections.
A large number of historians have also been purged, including: Posti Scheff, Pyatnitski, Stecki, Knorin, popov, Bubu Bonov, Aulahi Shvili, etc. Skrypnik was forced to commit suicide, and only Tovstukha escaped death on 1935. This raises a question: Who else can undertake the task of compiling a new textbook on the history of the Communist Party of China? What can be written in the new textbook? The old revolutionaries who fought side by side with Lenin and witnessed the October revolutionary artillery fire and civil war have all been eliminated, and there are no historians familiar with history. Only a few old revolutionaries and historians remained silent, and the stage was "purified". Stalin can personally take the stage to rewrite the history of the party and make a new history textbook.
It should be pointed out that rewriting the party history is not only Stalin's personal requirement, but also the need of his cronies. These people were not first-class figures in the history of the October Revolution and Lenin period. Now that their status has been upgraded, it is urgent to rewrite history and improve their status and role in history. Trotsky wrote in Stalin's Forgery School: "Forgers rewriting history is by no means a conspiracy of individuals, nor is it a struggle of small groups. This is a profound political process with its social roots ... With the consolidation of independent status, bureaucrats above the revolutionary class have to demand an ideology to prove their special status and prevent the dissatisfaction of the lower classes. This is why the revolutionary history that is still fresh has been rewritten, changed or even forged on a large scale. " (Trotsky's Stalin Forgery School, Berlin 1932 Russian version, pp. 7-8)
On may 1937 and 1 day, Stalin published a letter to the editor of the history textbook of the Bolsheviks. 1May 6, 937 This letter was reprinted in Pravda with slight modifications.
Stalin announced in his letter that all the previously published history textbooks of the Communist Party of China (Bolshevik) were "unsatisfactory". The history described in these textbooks is divorced from the history of the country and is limited to simply describing the events and facts of various schools of struggle, without making the necessary Marxist explanation. The structure of these textbooks and the stages of events are incorrect. As a result, they become superficial and inexplicable narratives of the past. Later, Stalin put forward many suggestions for compiling new textbooks on the history of the United Party. The main contents of these suggestions are: tell the history of the struggle between the Bolsheviks and various anti-Bolshevism schools, which is a struggle to defend Leninism, otherwise the Bolshevik Party will degenerate like the Second International Social Democratic Party. Stalin pointed out: "Without such a statement, the struggles of various factions in the history of the League will be regarded as incomprehensible disputes, and the Bolsheviks will be regarded as hopeless people who are prone to disputes and struggles." Then Stalin put forward his own "Outline of the Historical Stages of the Communist Party of China (Bolshevik)" as a basis.
There are twelve stages in Stalin's outline, that is, twelve periods. The outline itself began to tamper with history. Russian Social Democratic Labor Party was founded in 1898. The outline takes the second party congress from 65438 to 0903 as the time of "the establishment of Russian Social Democratic Labor Party". The outline takes 19 12 as the time for the Bolshevik party to form an independent social democratic labor party at the Sixth Congress of the Russian Social Democratic Labor Party held in Prague. In fact, the Bolsheviks did not form an independent political party at the Prague Congress. After that, they still coexisted with Menshevik in the same Russian Social Democratic Labor Party until 19 17. It was not until the Sixth Congress held in 19 17 that the Bolsheviks became an independent political party and changed their name to "Russian Social Democratic Labor Party (Bolshevik)" (Menshevik Stalin held the Prague Representative Conference so high because after the meeting, he was elected to the Central Committee of the Party by default and entered the smaller Central Russian Bureau. The outline defines the February Revolution as1965438+March 2007, and the period after that is "the period when the Bolshevik Party prepares for and carries out the October socialist revolution". In fact, after March, the February Revolution continued to develop. Of course, the Bolshevik Party tried its best to overthrow the interim government. The outline defines the period from 1926 to 1929 as "the period when the Bolshevik Party struggled for the socialist industrialization of the country", which obviously does not conform to historical facts. Briefly speaking, the 14th Congress of the Communist Party of China (CPC) is called "Industrialization Congress". However, at this congress, industrialization was only mentioned in general, and various problems in industrialization, such as the source of funds, the speed of development, and the relationship between industry and agriculture, were not involved.
Stalin's suggestion on the new stage and structure of textbooks was immediately endorsed by the Political Bureau, and the compilation work was carried out in an all-round way.
Stalin needed someone to write basic historical facts. Due to the suppression of a large number of party history writers, Stalin found two people to participate in the compilation of the new version of the party history. One is Yaroslavski, born in 1878, a researcher of the old party history. There are many works on the history of the party, and they have always been obedient to Stalin. The other is Persia belov, a 38-year-old party worker. At that time, he was the leader of an obscure newspaper group under the Party's Supervision Committee under the Central Committee of the * * * Alliance, without any academic works. This is a combination of obedient old and young. According to the decision of the Political Bureau, the whole work should be completed within four months, in other words, the teaching materials should be completed by the end of 1937 10. It can be seen that this is not a job that requires serious academic research, but a job that rewrites history according to Stalin's requirements. Stalin was busy with repression at that time, so he entrusted zhdanov, a member of the Political Bureau, with the responsibility of supervising and leading the compilation of new textbooks. Although zhdanov has a high position and great power, he has no right to solve any problems in the history of the Party. Stalin is the only one who can make a decision.
The first printed history textbook was not completed until the end of February 1938. But Stalin was not satisfied after reading it. Among the two authors, Persian belov is young, inexperienced and timid, and tries to avoid theoretical generalization, especially where Lenin and Stalin are not directly quoted. Yaroslavski is on tenterhooks all day. His method is to describe in detail the biographies of Stalin before the revolution, as well as the biographies of Molotov and other Politburo members in textbooks. Stalin deleted all these. 1on March 4th, 938, he had a detailed conversation with Persian belov, in which Molotov and zhdanov participated. But Yaroslavski was not invited to attend. Stalin explained his extensive revisions and additions, answered questions and made suggestions.
The second printed version of the textbook was completed at the end of July and the beginning of August, 1938, which absorbed Stalin's comments and suggestions in March and Stalin's modifications and comments on the first sample. Stalin is still not completely satisfied with this new book. In August, Stalin spent nearly 14 days revising the new concise course. These days, he works alone in the Kremlin office and has never seen anyone. Stalin immediately sent the revised chapter to members of the Politburo and Persian belov and Yaroslavski for reading. Stalin received replies from these readers almost every day. As usual, the answer is short: "I have no opinion (Khrushchev)." "Excellent work (voroshilov)." "Surprisingly good (Kalinin)." "Agree (Molotov)." "Read (mikoyan)." "Very well. I don't know what to do better (Kalinin). " "I was very satisfied with it (Khrushchev)." "there is no amendment (ezhov)." "No amendment (zhdanov)." "I read them with great satisfaction (Andreev)." "Warm approval (Molotov)" and so on. What they are most dissatisfied with is that Stalin's outstanding role in the victory and achievements of the United Alliance (Bolshevik) is not clear enough.
At 7 o'clock on the evening of September 8, all the staff of this project were convened in Stalin's office-Stalin, Molotov, zhdanov, Yaroslavski, Persian belov, and the editorial board of Pravda. At about eleven o'clock in the evening, it was finally decided that Pravda would publish the first chapter of A Concise Course on September 9th. Eleven days later, these people held a meeting until late at night to decide what to publish the next day. Some of Stalin's modifications are not in the sample of textbooks, but in the proof of Pravda.
The concise course was published as a book in June1938+1October with a print run of 6 million copies. It was sold out in three or four weeks, so the Politburo decided to print two more copies at a time. According to the decision of the Politburo, the concise course of 1939 should be translated into all languages that have joined the Republic of * * * and many autonomous countries. 1938 On September 27th, the Political Bureau decided to translate this book into Chinese, French, English, German, Polish, Czech, Swedish, Finnish, Spanish, Italian, Japanese, Malay, Hindi, Bulgarian and Yugoslav for publication. All this is urgent. The deadline for translation into "all languages" is1938165438+10/5, which means there is only one and a half months in total. In order to make it affordable for readers, the Politburo decided that the price of Russian text should be three rubles.
Stalin urged the organization of study as soon as possible: "We delayed this matter for a whole year." 1September, 938, people from all walks of life in China began to learn a new edition of A Concise Course on the Party History of the Republic of China based on the text of Pravda.
The author of "Concise Course" signed "Prepared by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China Ad Hoc Committee" and "Approved by the Central Committee of the Communist Party of China". Khrushchev accused Stalin of plagiarism at the 20th Congress of the Soviet Union. He said: "The concise course was written collectively. In Stalin's biography published in 1948, Stalin personally wrote the following sentence:" A concise course of British party history "was written by Comrade Stalin and approved by the British Central Select Committee." Khrushchev said in his report at the closing meeting of the congress: "You see, the results of collective creation have turned into Stalin's personal works." (Bulletin of the Central Committee of the Soviet Union,No. 1989,No. 13, p. 158)
The basic historical materials of this book are naturally provided and written by Yaroslavski and Persian belov, but there is no doubt that the theme of the book and the evaluation of historical events and people belong to Stalin. According to the later published archives, the writing style in the book and the reaction of Politburo members Yaroslavski and Persia belov to the text sent by Stalin, historian Lo Medvedev concluded: "Stalin personally manipulated the text of the history textbook. He not only revised it, but also personally wrote many chapters of this concise course. Not only the framework of the book, but also the titles of each chapter and section were drawn up by Stalin. He wrote all the chapters involving theory. At that time, only Stalin could make an official evaluation of the party and all activists in the history of Soviet Russia. From the Russo-Japanese War, the World War and the October Revolution to collectivization, industrialization and the adoption of the new constitution, only he can make a formal evaluation of the significance of historical events. Only he can evaluate the nature of Russian political parties and factions, opposition parties and small groups within the party. " It's not that Stalin didn't want to sign directly, but that it was inappropriate to flatter Stalin in the book, so an "ad hoc Committee" was finally established.
1938 1 1 * * * (Bolshevik) The Central Committee of the League adopted an arrangement for publishing a concise course on the history of the * * * (Bolshevik) League about the party's propaganda work. This decision was published in all party newspapers and magazines, and a booklet was also published. The text of the decision was drafted by a rather large committee headed by zhdanov and Persian belov. It can be seen from the style and nature of the decision that Stalin himself drafted or dictated many parts of this document. The decision pointed out: "The course of party history is about the scientific history of Bolshevism. ..... We must make the Party have a unified guide in the history of the Party, which will serve as the official interpretation of the unified history and the basic issues of Marxism-Leninism, which was approved by the Central Committee of the Unified Party, and can put an end to the phenomenon of arbitrary interpretation. The publication of "A Concise Course on the Party History of the United * * * (Bolshevik)" approved by the Central Committee of the United * * * (Bolshevik) will put an end to the phenomenon that some party history textbooks have expounded the party's history at will, as well as various viewpoints and arbitrary interpretations of the party's theory and important issues in the party's history. " (Compilation of Resolutions of the CPSU, People's Publishing House, Volume IV, 50 1-502. )
According to statistics, The Concise Course was printed 30 times during the period of 1938- 1953, with 42.8 million copies of * * *, which was translated into 67 languages (maslov H. The Encyclopedia of Lian * * *-Stalin's Personal Worship//People's Cold Comedy. The Russian version has the largest printing volume.
1938 Since September, all the previously published books and teaching materials about the history of Lian * * * * have been removed from the shelves. For many years, only "Concise Course" is the only teaching material of party history, and every sentence in the book is regarded as the ultimate truth. In this way, a new "holy book" appeared in the world.