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There are three religions in a building.
Qinglongdong Ancient Buildings Zhongwei High Temple
The historical development of Buddhism, Taoism, Confucianism, Zen and Wushu
There are three religions in a building.
Qinglongdong Ancient Buildings Zhongwei High Temple
Buddhism, Confucianism, Zen and Wushu
Expand and edit the historical development of this paragraph.
This evolution will be described in stages today, and Greece will correct it. (1) "Three religions" refer to Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. The development of the concept of three religions can be divided into Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, Tang and Song Dynasties, Yuan, Ming and Qing Dynasties. In the initial stage, although the three religions are linked together, they are independent of each other and of course influence each other. Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism are mentioned in the same breath because they pay attention to the complementarity of their social functions. The intermediate stage is a transitional stage, which mainly lies in the circulation and integration of each other's inner consciousness, and gradually becomes that you have me and I have you, but as far as its mainstream is concerned, it is still unique. Only in the final stage can there be a real integration of the three religions. Among them, the second stage is to add new content on the basis of continuing the complementary functions of the three religions in the first stage, and the third stage is also to evolve a new component of "integration of the three religions" on the basis of the first two stages, which also reflects the growing development trend of integration of the three religions.
The representative of the unity of the three religions
The objective existence of the three religions in society is the basis of the emergence of the concept of the three religions, but the concept of the three religions is the result of the development and change of social consciousness. The introduction of Buddhism and the formation of Taoism were between the Han Dynasty. Although "the religious history of China after the introduction of Buddhism is a history of negotiations between Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism", the concept of three religions was first expressed by Buddhism in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties, and the word "three religions" did not exist in people's works before the Three Kingdoms. The first volume of "Hong Guangming Ji" contains the article "Wu Annotated Three Cases of Sun Quan's Buddhism and Taoism", and also mentioned Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism. And "Mouzi's theory of reasoning and confusion", on the consistency of Confucianism and Buddhism; Dao An interprets the Prajna Sutra in Lao Zi's language. These are the preliminary opinions of the three religions. "In the future, the word" Wu Liang's life, three religions and nine streams "appeared more and more frequently in literary works. There is no doubt that Taoism and Buddhism existed as powerful societies during the Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. At that time, there were many suggestions on the complementarity of Buddhism and Taoism, Buddhism and Taoism, and Confucianism and Taoism, especially that "people in the Southern Dynasties tend to be reasonable, so it is common to say that the three religions are reconciled". For example, Sun Chuo said in "On Yu Dao": "Kong Zhou saves the worst, and the Buddha knows his ears, and * * * is the beginning to make it different." Shao, a monk in the Ming Dynasty, thought that "the Buddha opens three lives, so the circle should be infinite; "When you are old, you will teach to pour chun. Therefore, "Laozi and Zhuangzi, become the teacher of the emperor" and "Sakyamuni really sings the source of poverty and informs Shinto". Mr. Wang Zhixin expounded Zhang Rong and others' thought of "Tao is the same as Qi": "Metaphysical Tao is one; Only in terms of physical instruments can there be a distinction between Buddhism and Taoism. ..... These are the common views of the six dynasties and three religions, which have a great influence on future generations. " . In addition, there were a large number of people who embodied this idea at that time, such as Tao Hongjing, a famous Taoist priest, who wrote Notes on the Analects of Confucius and The Ashoka Tower in yi county swore by himself and received five precepts. Another example is "Good Sanzang" by Shaman Tandu and the Spring and Autumn Period, Zhuang, Lao and Yi. Song Shizu, Emperor Taizong, Qin Reward and so on, there were many such figures at that time. Existence determines consciousness. "The reason why this happens is because the social foundations and social roles of the three major religions are the same or consistent. On this basis, the concept of "three religions" appeared. During this period, Buddhism became the center of the three religions because of the worship of Buddhism by some emperors and the vitality and rich connotation of Buddhism as a new ideology. In Poems of Three Religions, Liang Wudi said that he "learned from Confucius when he was young", "learned from Taoism when he was middle-aged", "published books in his later years, and showed stars in the moon", and finally came to the understanding that there is no life after the truth, which vividly highlighted the attraction of Buddhism to the other two religions. This can be said to be a feature of the relationship between the three religions in this period. In the Sui, Tang and Song Dynasties, not only the separation of the three religions reached a climax, but also the exchange of ideas among the three religions was unprecedented. Mr. Chen Yinque said: "In the Northern and Southern Dynasties, there were three religions: Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism (Wei Beizhou wrote seven volumes about three religions). See "Old Tang Book" (recorded in official history) to Li Tang's world, which became a fixed system. "For a time, the relationship between the three religions became a hot topic in politics. The debates on the three religions held many times between Sui, Tang and Song Dynasties, although ostensibly showing the differences and contradictions among the three religions, objectively provided an excellent opportunity for the ideological exchange and integration of the three religions and reflected the social and political needs of the integration of the three religions. For example, in the Tang Dynasty, in April of the twelfth year of Zhenyuan, on Dezong's birthday, the imperial court called Dai Xu, Zhao Xu, a doctor of the Ministry of War, Xu Mengrong, Qu Mou, a Taoist Wan Shencheng and a shaman Tan Yan to talk about Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism. Frequent court battles among the three religions in the Tang and Song Dynasties produced more words, concepts and ways of thinking through mutual statements and debates. If we say that "learning from the words of Confucianism and learning from the words of Buddhism makes scholars easy", the three religions have deepened mutual understanding and recognition objectively in essence. For example, Zen, which has been popular in China since the Tang Dynasty, "is a typical integration of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism". Even from the Tang Dynasty, "Chinese medicine is a kind of * * * language and link between Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism". Through textual research and interpretation of epitaphs and other historical materials, Mr. Dong also believes that "Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism are the general trend of scholars and their families in Sui and Tang Dynasties". At the same time, "after the middle Tang Dynasty, the traditional activities of the three religions-the birthday of Emperor Tiandi held a big discussion on the three religions", which produced the concept of the unity of the three religions in the middle Tang Dynasty. However, because the themes of these debates are often carried out under the framework of the practical application of Confucianism, the purpose is to make the imperial dynasty "Ding You Chang Ke" and "the world is the biggest", so the three religions even said that in the Tang Dynasty, although they were placed in the same position, the focus of the three religions had shifted from Buddhism to Confucianism at this time, because "Chen Liang in the Southern Dynasty and Qi Sui in the Northern Dynasty strongly advocated Buddhism, and in the Tang Dynasty, he did the opposite. The fusion of ideas is bound to be seen in the language as the carrier of ideas, and the names of the three religions in the Tang Dynasty also appear frequently in history books, reaching a peak. For example, in Old Tang Shu, the word "Three Religions" appeared 24 times, more than the sum of the other 22 histories except New Tang Shu. It can be said that the linkage of the three religions at that time was the general trend and deeply rooted in the hearts of the people. When Wu Zetian compiled "Three Religions and Zhu Ying", the participants were all temporarily selected, such as "Li Qiao, Yan, Song, Cui Kun, Fu Jiamo, etc.". These people read fewer classics and are deeply influenced by Confucianism, which will certainly affect the frequency of writing in the three religions. Whether in the Wei, Jin, Sui and Tang Dynasties, the juxtaposition of the three religions can be said to have the following meanings: First, it shows that Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, as the conscious force of society, have their own spheres of influence, which can be said to divide the world into three parts, although there are often disputes between high and low. Second, the so-called "three religions in one" and "three religions in one", no matter where they come from, are based on the premise of maintaining social morality and being conducive to political rule, and they think that they are completely "one" in this respect, that is, the so-called "three religions are different, but they are all good." The result of this emphasis on "one" is actually to regard the Confucian concept as the selection standard of the three religions. Therefore, those who oppose the juxtaposition of the three religions also regard Buddhism and Taoism as the important reasons why they do not have the social functions that can be equal to Confucianism, and think that their moral trends are still inconsistent or even worse. However, in the Wei and Jin Dynasties, even in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, opposition was not the mainstream opinion of the society, at least most of the time it was not adopted by the supreme ruler. Third, the three religions still maintain their own independent forms, but they are constantly communicating and merging with each other in terms of ideas and ways of thinking, and to some extent, they have deepened their external functional complementarity to the internal ideological integration. Fourthly, due to the decline of metaphysics and the revival of Confucian classics since the Southern and Northern Dynasties, especially the development of Neo-Confucianism by Wang Tong and Han Yu, the rise of Neo-Confucianism by Zhu Cheng, and the growing momentum of Confucianism leading social consciousness, the Confucian trend of the integration of the three religions after the Sui and Tang Dynasties has become more and more obvious. (2) From the perspective of integration, the significance of "the integration of the three religions" is undoubtedly further than that of "the three religions". The key lies in the understanding of "unification". It is certainly possible to regard "great unification" as the trend of the integration of Confucianism, Taoism and Buddhism, especially in the orientation of moral standards, but at least before the Ming Dynasty, it was called "the confluence of the three religions" or "the integration of the three religions". In fact, this is what the current academic works say about the integration of the three religions. Perhaps it is a vague understanding of the word "three religions in one". The ancient people seldom used the word "three religions in one", at least no one used it before the Ming Dynasty. The author once asked my friend Professor Wu from Fudan University to search through the computer CD-ROM. The name of the integration of the three religions only appeared eight times in the whole Sikuquanshu, all after the Yuan Dynasty. That is to say, before the Ming Dynasty, there was only the concept of the three religions, but there was no popularization of the concept of the integration of the three religions. In other words, people before the Ming Dynasty did not realize the external possibility of the integration of the three religions. Of course, the so-called "unity" of the Ming people can still be divided into two levels. One is the meaning of "three religions in one" and "three religions in one" in the past, which mainly refers to the consistency of moral values among the three factions. For example, Gu Xiancheng said in "Epitaph of Shi Wen Zhang Jun, Judge of Dengzhou in Nanyang Prefecture" that "Dongwa governs the public and worships the southeast of Taoism, marking the unity of the three religions." It's hard to say hundreds of words about monarch and quality. However, according to Lu, the supervisor of the Ming Dynasty, "Today, people say that the three religions are one, which is not what Zhu regrets. Some people say that the three religions are incompatible and each has its own merits. Those who might as well coexist are also out of place, especially those who are good at tolerance and meeting people. " The difference between Lu's so-called integration of the three religions lies in the external form, that is, some people did advocate the integration of the three religions at that time. The concept of the integration of the three religions was put forward in the Ming Dynasty. It must be a practical form of the integration of the three religions in the society at that time, even if it was a vague existence. It is worth noting that there was indeed a * * * family in the form of three religions in society at that time. For example, in the Ming Dynasty, the gods worshipped by the three major religions became increasingly popular, among which the belief in Guan Di was the most prosperous. Written in the middle of the Ming Dynasty, Rong Yaoguan Sheng Dijun's Three Realms of Loyalty, Filial Piety and Righteousness said that Guan Yu was in the Three Realms, "in charge of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism, and managing talents in heaven and earth." Another example is Lin Zhaoen in the late Ming Dynasty. He even founded a trinity religion with Confucianism as the main body, claiming that "the three religions should be returned to Confucianism, and the three cardinal guides should be restored to the ancients for the sake of future generations" in the way of "refining the heart", "worshiping rites" and "explaining Taoism", and even "building a temple to shape the image of the three religions: Buddhism in the middle, Laozi in the left, and my master as a Confucian child and bodhisattva". Noble gentry also believed with confidence. "On the belief worship system, the integration of the three religions has been realized. Thus, the connotation of the concept of the integration of the three religions has made a qualitative leap. Lin Zhaoen's "Trinity Religion" is aimed at openly flaunting the unity of the three religions, and other folk religions also take it as a banner, which can be seen in the classic "treasure volumes" of those folk religions. For example, the book "Selling Comprehension to the Original" says: "Since I came to you with compassion, I belong to the origin of the three religions"; There are "three religions and nine bodhisattvas" in "Happy Fruit"; Mixed Yuan Hongyang Marco Lin Park Gaojing also includes "taking the saints of the three religions" and so on. This shows that there were many anonymous religious organizations in the Ming and Qing Dynasties, that is, various folk religions that were active at that time. Yan Xizhai saw this clearly in the late Ming and early Qing dynasties. He said, "All cultists say' the unification of the three religions' or' the unification of all laws'". In the treasure volumes pursued by these folk religions, the original differences between the three religions have become blurred or even disappeared. As Anna Cedell said, "These Buddhist-Taoist scriptures originated from the secular circle at the bottom of the social pyramid, in which the doctrinal differences between the two religions became increasingly blurred." That's true. For example, the founder of Luo religion further explained in his book "Breaking Evil and Showing Evidence": "A monk has the affinity of Confucianism and is concentric with Zen. Like water? Day, month and star * * * a day. There is no other avenue, so I am paranoid and don't talk about metaphysics. Who cares more about people's hearts, the three religions are always general. " Mr. Tadashio Sakai once researched the quotations from five books and six books, and found that there are not only Buddhist scriptures such as Diamond Sutra, Huayan Sutra and Beidou Sutra, but also Taoist classics such as Tao Te Ching and Wu Zhen Pian, as well as Confucian Great Learning and The Doctrine of the Mean. It can be seen that these so-called treasure volumes are completely integrated with three religions. Generally speaking, these scrolls are "heresies that pretend to be Tathagata scriptures and deceive people", that is to say, if folk religions often show Buddhist colors in worship forms, then the code of conduct of secular people they advocate is Confucian ethics such as loyalty, filial piety, benevolence and righteousness, such as "Cancel the scroll of Jiang Meng's loyalty, chastity and virtue" and "Twenty-four Filial Pieties to repay his mother's kindness" and so on. (3) When distinguishing between the three religions and their unity, there is a boundary that needs to be clearly defined, that is, from the religious standpoint of Buddhism and Taoism, there is a fundamental change between the unity of the three religions and the unification of the three concepts into a religious form, although the latter can also be said to be the result of the development of the former concept. From the concept of "three religions" to the concept of "three religions in one", we can see some development trends of China society. First of all, since the Tang Dynasty, both external political unity and internal autocratic centralization have surpassed all previous dynasties, and more than one generation. With the continuous strengthening of this autocratic and centralized social and political system, there is a growing need for a more consistent social ideology, including religious forms, so the call for the integration of the three religions is becoming stronger and stronger, including the vigorous advocacy of rulers like Zhu Yuanzhang, the Ming Taizu. Secondly, in view of the tradition formed by the ideological trend from the Spring and Autumn Period to the Qin and Han Dynasties, in the long-term coexistence process, the three religions have deepened their mutual recognition in essence through exchanges, and with the passage of time, the real unity of the three religions has more sufficient and necessary conditions. For example, Mr. Yu Yingshi pointed out: "The whole trend of the development of religious ethics in China since the Tang and Song Dynasties, this long-term development ultimately comes down to the' three religions in one' in the Ming Dynasty, which can be said to be inevitable." Another example is that Wang Zhe (Chongyang), the founder of Quanzhen in Yuan Dynasty, organized the "Three Religions Yuhua Club", "Three Religions Equality Club" and "Three Religions Seven Treasures Club" in Shandong and other places, indicating that the factors of the integration of the three religions within the new Taoism are more mature. "A large number of Confucianism and Buddhism thoughts have been integrated into Taoism, which has become a major feature of Taoism since the Ming Dynasty." This phenomenon was also common in all fields of the superstructure at that time, such as "the sudden appearance of three saints in Yuan Zaju and other works". Thirdly, due to the disintegration of Buddhism in India after13rd century, it is no longer difficult for China Buddhism to absorb things different from China culture, which has become a favorable factor to accelerate assimilation with the other two schools. Finally, the people of China have always been tolerant in religion, and the contents of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism have long been commonplace. The integration of the three religions harmonizes what they are most familiar with and brings new things, which people are willing to realize. This becomes an important social condition for the integration of the three religions. The emergence of the concept of the unity of the three religions and its corresponding religious forms in the Ming Dynasty is related to both the evolution of society and the development of Confucianism. Lin Zhaoen's "Trinity Religion" or other similar folk religions, but their social moral orientation comes from Confucian values, which can be said to be a by-product of the development of Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties. Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties, as many scholars have pointed out, is the result of absorbing many thoughts of Buddhism and Taoism, and also strengthens its religious color. "In particular, the cultivation of Neo-Confucianism, regardless of sincerity, respect, lack of desire, return to the heart, respect for conscience, accidents, etc., all contain religious prayers." "After the Yuan and Ming Dynasties, Buddhism declined and Neo-Confucianism flourished. Neo-Confucianism takes Confucius' ethical thoughts as the core, and absorbs a lot of philosophical thoughts, thinking forms and practical methods of Buddhism and Taoism, making them closely related and inseparable. "It can even be said that Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties, as a kind of Neo-Confucianism, adhered to the basic concepts of Taoism and Buddhism more consistently than Taoism and Buddhism. They are even more Taoist than Taoism and more Buddhist than Buddhism, so they can be said to embody the unity of the three religions. However, the result is complicated. First, Neo-Confucianism in Song and Ming Dynasties became a dominant social ruling consciousness for various reasons, which completely changed the pattern of the separation of the three religions in Wei, Jin, Southern and Northern Dynasties. Secondly, Buddhism and Taoism have gradually become supporting roles in the "three religions", which also reduces their influence as religions in society. Third, within Confucianism, the trend of integration of the three religions is getting stronger and stronger. The word "three religions in one" began to appear in the Ming Dynasty books of Sikuquanshu, and the number was quite large, which was a reflection of this situation, because the books and documents collected in Sikuquanshu after the Song Dynasty were basically based on Confucianism. The above three things happen at the same time. Therefore, on the one hand, Confucianism, as the upper layer of social consciousness, has been greatly developed and tends to be perfect in the theory of the integration of three religions, but this Confucianism is still not a religion and still lacks basic religious characteristics such as giving people ultimate care on life and death issues. Mr. Zhou Yutong said: "Zhu's theory of sacrifice can not be ignored in theory, but returned to religious interpretation, which is one of the evidences of the degeneration of Confucian philosophy in Song Dynasty. This not only shows that Confucianism has a tendency to adapt to religiousization, but also shows that it is impossible to religiousize by Confucianism alone, and Zhu's "degeneration" is nothing more than that. On the other hand, although Buddhism and Taoism also vigorously developed the theory of the integration of the three religions during this period, there is still a gap with the mainstream consciousness of society, and the religious influence of either side is weakening. In other words, in the society at that time, there were contradictions and gaps between mainstream consciousness and religious needs. Necessity is the source of invention, and one of the ways to solve this contradiction and gap is to integrate the three religions, mainly Confucianism, into religion. Confucianism strengthened the thought of the integration of three religions of Wang Yangming School, the most popular school in Ming Dynasty. It "established the theory of the unity of the three religions and condemned Zhu Chengjiao as a heresy. Wanli people reached middle age, admired by the masses and immersed in art. " At the same time, the tendency of Wang Xue's Neo-Confucianism disciples to develop to the lower classes is also obvious. For example, when Luo Rufang (near the stream) of Taizhou School gave a lecture, "If a shepherd boy sticks to firewood, he will catch an old fisherman, a teenager on the street, a public servant, a weaver girl farmer, a scholar thief and a thief. "Wei Dai, who lives in Shuiyan, is a white-flour scholar, the son of a teenager, White, Huang Guan, a gentleman in clothes, a gentleman in gentlemen, like? It's really a rut, rushing to meet. Mr. Zhang put his hand into his palm and sat there laughing. The disciples of these Confucian scholars are diverse. In this way, Wang Xuedi, represented by Luo Rufang and Guan Zhidao (Ai Dong), can be said to be a trend that gradually spreads to other classes, not only in the bureaucratic class, but also in agriculture, industry and commerce. This is because good books, merits and demerits no longer stick to the boundaries of Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism in the past, but confuse the three religions and understand their beliefs and knowledge with their own practical position as the center, thus becoming popular as a new public morality. " As a result, under the condition that the people are widely influenced by it, the "Trinity Religion" with the real nature of the integration of the three religions came into being. In fact, the view that Confucianism is regarded as Confucianism mostly comes from this time. This shows that the transformation from the integration of the three religions to the integration of the three religions is in line with the social needs of the Ming and Qing Dynasties and echoes the evolution of Confucianism. Wang Zhongyang believed in the unity of the three religions, Chongyang was full of truth and Hua Kai, and Emperor Jia proposed: "Confucianism, Buddhism and Taoism are interlinked, and the three religions have never been an ancestor. Quanzhen religion was popularized by Wang Zhongyang, Ma Yu, Qiu Chuji, Yin Zhiping and Li Zhichang at that time. Although there is a limited development process, several generations of Quanzhen Taoists have made great contributions to the historical worship of the integration of the three religions.