1 the historical changes of cheerleading.
1. 1 male cheerleading period? 1898 In a football match at the University of Minnesota in the United States, Johnny Campbell, a student, was very excited and stood in front to lead people to shout the slogan of refueling. Johnny Campbell became the first official cheerleader. This cry was recorded in ariel, a publication published by students of the University of Minnesota. It is a milestone in the development of cheerleading, and it also marks the official birth of cheerleading.
From 65438 to 70' s, college students formed teams, made rules, and were organizers of inter-school competitions, which strengthened the unity of rules to some extent. With the increase of students' interest and the increase of college boys, male college students who take sports as their pastime have become loyal spectators of college sports. In the early days, cheerleading was a completely masculine entertainment.
From 65438 to 1990s, some colleges and universities began to designate "cheerleaders", which were also called "Shouwang" and "Shoudui Leader", and Johnny Campbell was one of the first designated cheerleaders. Organized cheering has become a way to strengthen audience participation. With the increasingly strict organization of sports competitions, the good interaction between athletes and spectators has been further strengthened.
Male college students are recognized as social elites. Cheerleading originated from male college students, as an academic and male activity, has been fully recognized and idealized. Cheerleading has become their unique form of entertainment while developing further.
1.2 In the early days when women joined cheerleading, with the extensive development of cheerleading in colleges and universities, its influence gradually expanded. This activity spread to primary and secondary schools, and more people participated in it, which promoted the in-depth development of cheerleading. At the beginning of the 20th century, educators redefined cheerleading in order to better regulate students' behavior. In the 1920s, women began to join the cheerleading team, holding props to add atmosphere and integrating aerobics and gymnastics into the cheerleading team. In 1950s, cheerleading was fully developed in primary and junior high schools. Entrepreneurs have created a new industry for cheerleading.
1.3 female cheerleaders tend to be in the dominant period? In 1960s, NFL teams began to organize their own dance cheerleading teams. The dance cheerleading team of NFL dallas cowboys premiered in the season of 1972- 1973. Cheerleaders' sexy costumes and graceful dance moves made them the focus of attention, and their real popularity was in the 10th Super Bowl of 1976. Other NFL teams have followed suit, and the style of cheerleading has changed since then, and the image of cheerleaders has also changed dramatically.
Date of submission: 20 10-0 1-05
About the author: Zhang Qingru, Ph.D., research direction: theory and practice of aerobics teaching. Land change. King was one of the first teams to introduce the concept of hot dance into NBA. In the mid-1980s, a group of beautiful and passionate young girls danced with great interest during the intermission, which really refreshed the fans who were used to watching the men's arena. King's home tickets also became very popular during that period. Cheerleading performance is not only widely known in NBA, NFL and other professional competitions, but also becomes an integral part of these competitions with the professionalization of football and basketball in China. Cheerleading performance has also become the focus of fans. More than 90% of the current cheerleaders are girls.
2 Analysis of cheerleading changes
2. 1 Analysis of the gender change of cheerleaders; Cheerleading members changed from "all male cheerleading" to "more than 90% female". We can see that the number of female cheerleaders has obviously increased, and the image of strong and powerful male cheerleaders who emphasize both skill and beauty has been replaced by the image of female cheerleaders who emphasize appearance. In the 1920s, cheerleading as an academic and male activity was fully recognized and idealized, and male college students were recognized as social elites. In the 1970s, cheerleading activities were mainly attended by women and became popular in various schools. Different views on cheerleaders map gender values. Being regarded as a supplement to men's sports competitions, cheerleading with women's participation has therefore become commonplace. The passivity and enthusiasm of cheerleaders coexist: health corresponds to dress exposure; Energetic, confident and popular students correspond to blind advocates or aggressive decadent people; The focus of the students corresponds to the appendages outside the stadium.
2.2 Analysis of the Cultural Changes of Cheerleading The ubiquitous symbols of cheerleaders reveal the conflict and identity of related status, fame and fortune and gender in cultural values. Views on cheerleaders in professional sports focus on the negative definition, such as "vanity" and "exposure" of women's quality. However, the form and style of cheerleading have been recognized, and proper female behavior has been developed in the process of cheerleading. Educators and parents condemn the influence of sexual descriptions in mass media on teenagers and support the development of cheerleading in schools. The examination of cheerleading reveals the contrast between the symbolism and reality of cheerleading. Symbolically, it permeates popular culture and mass media. In reality, cheerleading is widespread in schools, professional sports and groups. Cheerleading, which originated from male college students and is their unique entertainment, has undergone great changes in style and structure. Especially when women join this activity, the cultural significance of cheerleading also changes. In today's cheerleading, the emerging trend of gender role flexibility is more and more obvious, but the symbolic depiction of feminized cheerleading masks this trend. The subjectivity of cheerleading is closely related to the traditional definition of gender behavior, and the positive and negative views on cheerleading reflect the complexity and contradiction of gender roles in social structure.
2.3 Analysis of expression changes in cheerleading? At the beginning of the 20th century, when this cheering activity spread to public middle schools, educators redefined it in order to better regulate students' behavior. In the 1950s, entrepreneurs upgraded such activities to competitive activities. In the process, they started a new industry for cheerleading. In 1970s, cheerleading, as a large-scale entertainment and sales method, was brought into the operation of sports events by professional sports organizations. All these fund-raising influences the cultural significance of cheerleading. Cheerleading has changed from an informal way for the audience to express their enthusiasm to a well-trained activity with certain requirements for physical fitness. Cheerleaders continued the atmosphere of the stadium with perfect and energetic performances. Cheerleading performance in the main event provides a platform for them to show themselves, and the performance matches the main event to meet the needs of the audience. Campus cheerleading has developed from an activity of cheering for football to a sport deeply loved by teenagers, and gradually developed from an accessory to a competitive event. Campus cheerleading emphasizes the team spirit of full cooperation and collective supremacy, which is conducive to shaping the positive will quality of team members and cultivating their spirit of unity, cooperation and health. Campus cheerleading competition is becoming more and more fierce, with the participation of both men and women, and its value is generally improved.
3 Cheerleading characteristics
Cheerleading meets the needs of various roles under the background of society, market and school, and is diversified to adapt to the entertainment functions of campus competitions and professional sports. From the birth of cheerleading to the development of competitive events with international influence, campus cheerleading has been widely recognized by the society, and the positive evaluation of campus cheerleaders has occupied a dominant position.
3. 1 explicit characteristics of cheerleading
3. 1. 1 Cheerleading performance The lively cheerleading movement fully embodies a vigorous and healthy spirit. Therefore, cheerleaders must have a youthful image, a healthy body and a strong physique. Male athletes should have obvious muscle lines and their bodies should be symmetrical into an inverted triangle. Female athletes should have bright muscle curves, symmetrical upper and lower limbs and bright and healthy skin color. All cheerleaders are required to have good facial features, dignified manners, youthful beauty, and youthful and healthy beauty of contemporary teenagers.
3. 1.2 The outstanding technical features of cheerleading performance technology refer to the unique technical style of cheerleading. The technical characteristics of cheerleading are different from aerobics and dancing. It shows that all body movements achieve their unique sense of strength through short-term acceleration and positioning braking. Appropriate adagio movements are allowed, but only as transitional movements. It is required to use the basic hand position, pace and jump of cheerleading, combine various dance elements and slogans, and show the project characteristics of cheerleading through various changes in space, direction, formation and rhythm.
3. 1.3 Cheerleading Performance Cheerleading organized by Cheerleading Performance is a collective activity. The International All-Star Cheerleading Association stipulates that the number of participants is 6-30, regardless of gender. Only when the number of people reaches a certain requirement can we arrange more creative complex movements and more levels of movements, complete more space transformation and formation transformation, and truly reflect the infinite charm of cheerleading. Cheerleading requires the exchange of skills and experience between players in order to achieve the tacit understanding of skill implementation and cooperation. Cheerleading shows the unity and cooperation of the team members in the combination of dragging, throwing and catching. In order to maximize the overall function of the team, it emphasizes mutual encouragement and cooperation among members to achieve the team goals.
3.2 Recessive characteristics of cheerleading
3.2. 1 Cheerleading embodies the healthy, happy and positive spirit, and has gradually developed from an accessory to an initial sports event into a competitive event. As an independent sport, there are world cups, championships and so on. Health and happiness are the overall impression that cheerleading brings to people. Cheerleaders are full of enthusiasm and charm. Whether it is the external image of cheerleaders or their performances, they will reflect a youthful, beautiful and vibrant atmosphere. This kind of health and happiness is from the inside out and from the heart. During the competition, cheerleaders will wear professional clothes and proper makeup according to the regulations, and their appearance will be neat and generous, healthy and beautiful. In life, cheerleaders will show a fresh and fashionable look, reflect the sense of the times of healthy sunshine, show a good style and lead a new trend of health and vitality. Cheerleading represents a healthy, happy and positive spirit and shows the elegance of the younger generation to the society.
3.2.2 Emphasis on teamwork, and team spirit, service spirit and overall situation consciousness embody "team spirit". The core of team spirit is cooperation, the foundation is respect for individual interests and achievements, and the highest level is the cohesion and centripetal force of all members. In cheerleading, it is not safe to complete a series of actions such as throwing and receiving without the close cooperation between the players. The most important factor of cheerleading is "safety", and the consciousness of "safety" runs through cheerleading all the time.
Sociologists believe that the "quarterback" and teamwork spirit in American football matches can reflect American corporate culture, and the rules of the game can fully demonstrate the pioneering spirit of the United States, so they are deeply loved by Americans. In a sense, the tacit cooperation between players has been fully demonstrated in cheerleading, which originated from football matches. For example, in the throwing action of cheerleading, sufficient patience, proper timing and concentration are the three basic elements that players must master. Patience: the only way to reduce the chance of sports injury is to spend a lot of time practicing new techniques, because no technical action can be mastered instantly; Timeliness: The key to the success of throwing depends on the accurate judgment of time by the lifter and the baseman. Throwing time is too short or too long, which will increase the danger of action; Concentration: Every member of the team must maintain a high degree of concentration, because throwing requires more concentration than other cheerleading techniques, and any other possible interference should be minimized. Cheerleading is the best performance of teamwork, and whether the top players can safely complete the difficult movements depends on whether the bottom protectors are solid.
3.2.3 Highlighting the enterprising and tenacious spirit of cheerleading, many different gestures respectively represent the meaning of unity, strength, victory, self-confidence and courage. The spirit of struggle and enterprising is also reflected in various slogans and slogans of different styles, which represent the elements of the spirit of struggle and enterprising, and encourage team members to fight hard and bravely in the Vietnam War. Cheerleading can cultivate the spirit of self-struggle and initiative of cheerleaders, and at the same time, this spirit will inspire every player in sports competitions to be brave and enterprising, and finally win the competition.
3.2.4 Cheerleaders' English name is Cheerleader, which literally translates as "Cheerleader". They cheer in front of the audience, arouse the enthusiasm of the audience, win the respect of the audience and lead them to become the leaders and commanders of the team. It can be said that cheerleaders are natural leaders and commanders, and 83% of cheerleaders in American schools maintain a leading position in the school organization and become the main student cadres in the school. In the early development of cheerleading, the duty of cheerleaders is to lead the crowd to shout outside the stadium. Being a brave cheerleader is one of the most precious experiences for students in college life. As a professional or public life title, it is second only to the role of football quarterback. This honor is equivalent to being a hero in college sports and a leader among other students. Cheering leaders are charismatic and tall leaders. Because of their good reputation and character, they were chosen because of their obvious leadership ability. Football quarterbacks and cheerleaders are symbols of leadership in college life, which will also help to transform into professional success in the future. Many enterprises in the United States are willing to hire employees with cheerleading experience, because they understand customers' psychology, are good at using body language, have the courage to stick to their goals and meet challenges. Many celebrities in American society today, such as former President George W. Bush and Hollywood movie star Sandra & # 8226; Brock, etc. , have had the experience of cheerleading.
Cheerleading has higher requirements for the image of the players, which has a positive impact on the cultivation of their will quality. Cheerleading embodies sports, youth, passion and fashion. It can not only shape athletes' positive will quality, but also cultivate their spirit of unity, cooperation and health. Cheerleading has greatly enriched the development of campus sports and cultural activities, and cultivated their collective concept of unity and cooperation and team spirit while exercising. Campus cheerleading has been fully recognized by the society and parents. Cheerleaders have also become stars in schools and sports fields and become symbols of "youth, popularity and leadership".
4 Conclusions and suggestions
4. 1 conclusion? 1) The development of cheerleading has gone through three stages: the period of male cheerleaders, the initial period of female cheerleaders and the period when female cheerleaders tend to have a number advantage, and the members have also changed from "all cheerleaders are men" to "more than 90% are women". Cheerleading is the product of the combination of leisure culture and sports culture in modern society, and it is produced to meet the social needs of modern people such as participation, leisure, aesthetics, joy and expression.
2) In the historical changes of cheerleading, members' gender, culture and forms of expression have changed to varying degrees, and the change of cheerleading's popular cultural status also affects the values attached to it.
3) The characteristics of cheerleading can be divided into explicit and implicit aspects. Externality includes the dynamic vitality of cheerleading performance image, the outstanding style of cheerleading performance technology and the unity and cooperation of cheerleading performance organization. The recessive characteristics are "the concentrated expression of health, happiness and positive spirit", "emphasizing teamwork and collectivity first", "highlighting the competitive spirit of enterprising and tenacious struggle" and "cultivating individual comprehensive ability and improving leadership ability".
4.2 It is pointed out that cheerleading has developed from the initial cheering activity into a competitive event popular with teenagers, and it is a dynamic part of competitive events. Cheerleading performances in professional sports events provide a platform for cheerleaders to show themselves; Campus cheerleading has gradually developed from the initial activity of cheering for football to a more competitive event in which both men and women participate, and its value has generally improved. The field of cheerleading culture construction is a comprehensive, pluralistic, interactive and cross-cutting issue, which requires the combination of macro and micro, integration and subdivision, depth and prospect, theoretical exploration and practical progress, and the role played by theory is decisive. It requires us to cultivate a keen sense of life practice in the requirements and responsibilities entrusted by the times, actively cultivate a sense of theoretical foresight, make tangible actions in real life, and promote the inheritance and development of cheerleading culture.