1900 On August 23rd, a restless heart that stirred the world and itself stopped beating. This man is Nietzsche, a famous German philosopher who will shock the world in the future.
August 23rd, 2000 is the anniversary of Nietzsche's death100th. The Greek philosopher said: Some people are born after death. Nietzsche's influence before his death was limited to the small academic circles in several small European countries, so Nietzsche always complained that the world did not understand his philosophy. He said regretfully but quite proudly:
Only in 2003 can the world understand the charm and shock of his theory.
The world's tolerance and resistance to the new theory greatly exceeded Nietzsche's imagination. Shortly after his death, his theories and shocking slogans, such as "reevaluate all values" and "God is dead", spread like wildfire. "A ghost, a ghost of Nietzsche, wandered not only in Europe, but also across the ocean to Asia and ancient China, and has been wandering in the long river of the century." In a century, Nietzsche's reputation fluctuated with various wars and political situations in full swing. From George brandeis, the famous Danish literary critic who was the first in Europe to comment on Nietzsche's thoughts, to karl jaspers, the German existentialist master, from Lou Salome, Nietzsche's beloved girlfriend, to Gilles Deleuze, the French postmodernist master, all fell into it.
A master said: If Kant is an insurmountable bridge to classical philosophy, then Nietzsche is an insurmountable bridge to modernism and postmodernism.
Nietzsche said that great men become great men because they are misunderstood. Nietzsche's life and his theory were distorted and misunderstood more than Nietzsche's own imagination: the Bible that German soldiers often read in the trenches during the two world wars was Nietzsche's Zarathustra, and Hitler and Mussolini, the chief culprits of fascism, publicly claimed to be Nietzsche's followers. Hitler worshipped Nietzsche's sister Elizabeth Nietzsche, visited Nietzsche's archives twice and personally donated money from his private pocket to Nietzsche's archives; Mussolini wrote to Nietzsche's sister that "Nietzsche is his favorite and most admired philosopher" and donated money to Nietzsche's archives. 1945 The Soviet Red Army occupied Weimar, sealed Nietzsche's archives and declared Nietzsche's thought as "fascism".
"Seen from one side of the mountain, the heights are different." The world praised Nietzsche, with ups and downs. In Nazi eyes, Nietzsche was a militarist and anti-Semitic. In the eyes of liberals, Nietzsche is an individual supremacist; In the eyes of those who stick to tradition, Nietzsche is a destroyer. He advocates breaking all idols and traditions with a hammer. In the eyes of devout religious people, Nietzsche is a dangerous deviant; Heidegger, the master of existentialism, said: Nietzsche is the last metaphysical scholar, and traditional metaphysics ends with Nietzsche.
Who put the cloak of fascism on Nietzsche's theory, and who was the initiator of turning Nietzsche into a "fascist saint"? Nietzsche's Brothers and Sisters-A German Tragedy reveals the inside story of Nietzsche's fascism in detail for the first time. The author is Peter, a famous American Nietzsche expert. He visited all Nietzsche's files in German archives many times. After many efforts, he consulted the frozen Nietzsche's files and visited all the places where Nietzsche had been. He spent more than 20 years writing this book. Peters vividly described Nietzsche's life and love, writing and madness with reportage, and how Nietzsche's sister Elizabeth Nietzsche used Nietzsche's madness, manipulated, distorted Nietzsche and his thoughts, and tried her best to get close to Hitler, making Nietzsche a fascist "ideological saint". For this reason, German Nazi newspapers called Elizabeth Nietzsche "the first woman in Europa", and Hitler went to her funeral and offered flowers to mourn for her.
After the book was published in the United States, it had a great influence and was reprinted many times. Germans attached great importance to this book, specially bought the German copyright, and asked the author Peters to translate it into German himself. The Chinese version is translated according to the German version, with more than 60 pictures of Nietzsche and his sister in Zhang Zhengui, many of which were first published in China. This book shows and tells Nietzsche and his little-known legendary story for more than 40 years in an illustrated way.
1889 65438+1On October 3rd, Nietzsche saw a coachman whipping an old horse in Carlo Alberto Square in Turin. He cried with his horse in his arms and then fainted. Nietzsche finally lost his mind.