develop
Mongolians first lived in Ergon in the upper reaches of Heilongjiang, and began to migrate westward in the 8th century. During the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the Mongolians in Northeast China were mainly distributed in the Liaohe River Basin and its nearby areas. In the early Ming Dynasty, after the Yuan Dynasty ceded Naha to the Ming Dynasty, the Ming Dynasty moved the Mongols to Liaodong, Liaoxi or Shanhaiguan.
The Mongols in Shenyang came to Shenyang from Horqin Department in Qing Dynasty and joined the Eight Banners of Mongolia to form a small gathering village. And gradually moved from Inner Mongolia, Fuxin, Chaoyang and other regions, with about 30,000 people. After continuous integration, their living habits and languages gradually became the same as those of Manchu and Han, but they also retained some Mongolian customs.
Mongolian first name and surname
Mongolian people have lived in grassland areas for a long time and have more opportunities to get in touch with animals. Influenced by it, it was named after animals. Genghis Khan's ancestors were descendants of Burtiechina (meaning "Canglang") and Heumann Le (meaning "White Deer"), and similar names named after animals abound, such as Bart (meaning tiger), Tory (meaning eagle) and Nahai (meaning dog). Mongolians advocate bravery and are often named after fierce and robust animals. There are many animals named after tigers and cows, such as Harabat (Hei Hu), Ulabat (Red Tiger), Ai babat (Male Tiger), Maobat (Evil Tiger), timur Buhua (Iron Bull), Yasunabuhua (Jinniu) and Harabat Buhua (black keys). Some nobles and leaders of Mongols have titles and honorifics besides their own names. After Temujin unified the ministries of Mongolia, the titles of the ministries were "Genghis Khan", which means powerful or ocean. The most commonly used appellations of Mongols are Batulu (warrior), such as Naerbatulu (honest warrior), Limbi Batulu (valuable warrior) and Cherchin Batulu (smart warrior). In addition, Mongolians also like to use white, festive, blessing, metal and other words to name. Influenced by other ethnic groups, especially Tibetans and Hans, some Mongolians have Tibetan or Han names. Such as Buhan (meaning Buddha) and Celing (longevity in Tibetan); Named after the habits of the Han nationality, such as the Mongolian language Baoba, the word Meng Gong, named Pu 'an.
Most Mongolians take clan names as surnames, such as Tatar and Zara. Surname and first name are separated, not used together, and not often used. Influenced by China culture, simplified surnames appeared, such as Borzite simplified to Bao or Bao surname, and Hongjila simplified to Hong. Some translate the original Mongolian surname into the corresponding Chinese surname according to its meaning. For example, the semantic meaning of Sirat Mongolia is yellow, and it is translated into Huang surname; Chagan, Mongolian semantics is white, translated into white surname; Hu He means blue, translated into blue surnames and so on. Some take their surnames with homophones. For example, a son is named after his father, and the homonym of his initials is white. Some use China's surname directly. Many Mongolians in Liaodong have surnames such as Liao, Luo, Dong and Tong. But it is different from the way Han people use surnames. Children do not necessarily inherit their father's surname, some take the first word of their father's name as their surname or take other surnames. There are also many Mongolian people in pastoral areas who are used to not using their names together.
domestic
Mongols also experienced clan society at the earliest. In clan society, family commune is the most basic social organization. Around the 12 century, the clan organizations in Mongolian society began to disintegrate and transited to the individual nomadic economy. Mongolian families in modern society are generally small families, that is, nuclear families. It consists of parents and their minor children. There are four generations of Genjia and Dagen. Generally speaking, there are many small families in pastoral areas and many large families in agricultural areas. Families, big or small, are mainly paternal. Generally speaking, important family affairs are decided by the father, while women mainly do housework. The responsibility for raising children lies with parents, and the responsibility for providing for the aged lies with children. Widowed and widowed, dependent on father and brother and their close relatives or dependent on uncle's family. If the nephew has anything important, he must ask his uncle to solve it. His uncle's decision can only be obeyed, not opposed. It shows that the female surname still has a certain social status in the family.
If there is no heir, you can adopt adopted sons, but the order of adopted sons is from near to far. If there are no adopted children at home and no close relatives, you can look for them in this flag or outside it. Family property, before the separation of brothers, is the common property of all family members. The property brought by his wife from her family still belongs to her personally. When a widow remarries, she can only take the property brought from her family, but not her husband's inheritance and other property. Influenced by the Han nationality, the right to inherit property used to be inherited by the eldest son of the nobility. Civilians are inherited by the younger son, because Mongolian children will be separated when they grow up, and the eldest son is the first to be separated. Unmarried daughters, nephews and husbands, and monks and nuns can all inherit. If there are no children, the first one who can inherit is my brother, the second one is my own daughter, the third one is my uncle's brother, the son-in-law who supports the elderly, and finally the distant relative's nephew.
marry
The marital status of Mongolians generally adopts the system of extraethnic marriage. After entering the class society, different clans with the same surname can marry. Intermarriage between aunts, uncles and cousins is also common among Mongolians, which is considered to be beneficial to both men and women. The marriage system adopted by the wife is very popular among Mongolians, especially when there are no boys in the woman's family or the man's family can't get married because of poverty. Mongolian adoption marriage system has two kinds: permanent and non-permanent. Permanent is to live in the woman's house for life. The latter is divided into three years, five years and longer. You can take your wife home at the expiration, but you should leave the first boy at her house. In the past, Mongolians, whether civilians or nobles, were popular in the form of adoption marriage. Later, nobles adopted the adoption marriage system, mostly because of custom, while civilians lived in the woman's house before marriage because the man could not afford to pay a huge dowry and volunteered to work in the woman's house to make up for the loss of population, which was also called "labor marriage".
Mongolian families generally live a monogamous family life. But nobles and rich families have many wives and concubines, some as many as dozens or even hundreds. Genghis Khan unified Mongolian ministries and proclaimed himself emperor, with more than 500 empresses, 23 of whom were officially canonized as empresses, and 16 were concubines recorded by yuan dynasty history. Most of them were plundered by Genghis Khan when he conquered other countries, and other nobles also had many wives and concubines. With the changes of the times, especially after the introduction of Yellow Religion into Mongolia, the phenomenon of polygamy gradually disappeared. In addition, in the Ming and Qing dynasties, in order to maintain their aristocratic lineage, most of the aristocratic classes intermarried with aristocratic families, and wives from aristocratic backgrounds were not allowed to marry their husbands. Mongolian princes and Qing royal families intermarried and could not take concubinage. Influenced by these concepts, the relevant laws also impose strict restrictions on concubinage of princes and nobles. Princes and nobles can not only marry two princesses, but also treat civilians who marry princesses as concubines. Nevertheless, the phenomenon of concubinage of some Mongolian nobles has not completely disappeared, and the phenomenon of three wives and four concubines still exists. In addition, inheriting marriage is also an important reason for Mongolian polygamy.
Dress
Mongolian robe is a traditional Mongolian costume with national characteristics, which changes with the seasons. Fur robes are generally used in winter and spring, and robes are mostly used in summer and autumn. Mongolian robes are relatively large, with long sleeves, and some are "wedged open" at the hem, while others are not. The clothes are buttoned left and right. The colors of clothes are mostly red, yellow or dark blue. The hem and seams of the robe are inlaid with colored lace. The fat Mongolian robe is not only convenient for riding and grazing, but also suitable for Mongolian grassland climate, which is convenient for knee protection and cold protection. Herdsmen wear Mongolian robes and usually wear red, green or orange silk belts around their waists. It is said that this long belt can not only keep out the cold and keep warm, but also keep the waist vertical and stable when riding. There is a Mongolian knife hanging on the belt. Herdsmen eat beef and mutton with this knife. Mongolian knives have sharp blades, and the scabbard has exquisite patterns, including copper-clad and silver-clad, and the scabbard is engraved with very beautiful patterns. Besides the knife, there is an iron and a snuff bottle hanging on the waist.
Mongolian herders, both men and women, generally like to wear boots. There are two kinds of boots, one is Mongolian boots and the other is riding boots. Knee-high soft boots made of cowhide. The tips of Mongolian boots are upturned, showing a boat-shaped crescent shape, which is comfortable to wear and convenient to ride on the grassland.
The hats worn by Mongolian herders are also very special. In winter, Mongolian men usually wear blue, black or brown bowler hats. Women wear conical hats like men in winter, and men and women tie their heads with brightly colored cloth or silk in other seasons. Mongolian women like to wear jewelry, and the most popular ones are coral and gold and silver. Women have pigtails. The unmarried woman put her head in the middle, tied two hair roots, put two big round beads on the hair roots, and decorated them with agate, coral, jasper and silver hairpin. When a woman gets married, she ties her braids on her head and ties them into a bun. Earholes and earrings are common.
prescribe a diet
Mongolian traditional food is divided into white food and red food. White food is called Chaganyide in Mongolian, which is a dairy product of cattle, horses, sheep and camels. Red food is called Ulan Yide in Mongolian, that is, meat products of cattle, sheep and other livestock. Free food is a kind of food for Mongolian guests. According to Mongolian customs, white means purity, auspiciousness and loftiness, so free food is the highest courtesy for Mongolian guests. When visiting a Mongolian herder's home, the host will bring out various white foods such as milk skin, cheese, milk tea and milk wine for the guests to taste. Among them, there is a kind of "Chagan Hulude" milk dessert, namely milk tofu or milk cake, which is a famous white food of Mongolians. Although it is made of milk tofu, sugar and butter, it is extremely exquisite, not only delicious, but also beautiful in appearance, just like a beautiful handicraft. Because the free food is made of milk, with sugar and other seasonings, it is not only delicious, but also nutritious. Some free foods have a certain therapeutic effect on diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis. Mongolians should use white food on holidays or when their children wear new clothes, and Mongolian yurts used for wedding ceremonies should also use white food to show their blessings. There are birthdays, birthdays, weddings, long-distance trips, and old people hold a blessing ceremony with snow-white milk for peace and smoothness.
Mongolian red food is varied. Mutton is the most popular food. There are many kinds of mutton, such as hand-grabbed meat, roasted mutton, stewed mutton, whole sheep summer sleeping mat and so on. When Mongolians celebrate China New Year or entertain tourists, eating mutton is a fashion. The so-called hand-grabbed mutton is the mutton that is eaten by hand. When cooking this kind of mutton, you don't need to add salt or seasoning to keep the original flavor. At the same time, you should pay attention to the cooking temperature. Usually the noodles are familiar, so the mutton is tender, smooth and delicious. All-sheep banquet is a banquet specially designed for VIPs, named after it is made of whole sheep. Usually cooked whole with big-tailed sheep. It's interesting to eat whole lamb mats. The master first cut the sheep's scalp into small pieces with a Mongolian knife, gave it to the elders on the mat, then removed the sheep's head, cut off the sheep's back completely, cut a knife on the sheep's spine, then cut off the meat on both sides, and handed it to the guests one by one, and then invited them to eat casually with a Mongolian knife. Dip in salt water or seasoning when eating.
In addition, Mongolian people have a traditional food in their daily life-fried rice. Fried rice is made of small rice steamed and fried, golden yellow, soaked in milk tea or yogurt.
Herdsmen eat three meals a day, drink yogurt, milk tea, steamed bread or fried rice in the morning. At lunch, people who eat grass outside eat steamed bread, and eating at home is also very simple. Dinner is rich and varied, and the family eats meat and vegetables together. The staple food is millet porridge, noodles, shortcakes and steamed buns.
Housing and transportation
Mongolian yurt, also known as Mongolian yurt, is a round house that Mongolian herders have lived for generations. Mongolian yurts vary in size, generally 4 meters in diameter and about 2 meters in height. They are made of wooden fences and white felt, and the surrounding fences are made of red willow branches, which are diagonal squares and can be folded. The fence is covered with white wool felt. There is a skylight with a diameter of about 80 cm on the circular ceiling, covered with movable felt, which can be opened for ventilation and lighting during the day and covered at night or in rainy and snowy days. In addition to the skylight, there is a small door with a width of 80 cm and a height of about 150 cm. The yurt is facing a niche, and there is a cabinet under the niche. On the cupboard, there are daily necessities such as bedding and tea sets. In the middle is a stove, and its chimney goes all the way to the top of the bag. Because yurts have little resistance to snowstorms, they are more suitable for grassland pasture.
The door is facing up, men sleep on the left, women sleep on the right, and their parents live in front of the Buddhist shrine. This is a Mongolian custom. When the guests came, they sat in the south as a courtesy.
Mongolian people have been engaged in nomadic animal husbandry for a long time on the grassland. Horses are their main means of transportation, but their transportation mainly depends on ox carts and camels. Besides ox carts, there are camel carts, horse-drawn carriages and so on.
Etiquette, customs and festivals
"Big Year" and "Small Year" are two important festivals of Mongolian people. "Off-year" is the 23rd day of the twelfth lunar month, also called "offering sacrifices to stoves". Every household should burn incense to pay homage to the kitchen god, donate beef, mutton and dairy products to the kitchen god, and then have a reunion dinner together. After the "off-year", every household should clean the yurt inside and outside, and buy some new clothes to prepare for the "off-year".
Mongolian "New Year" is called Chagansale, which means white New Year. These days from the 30th day of the twelfth lunar month to the 5th day of the first lunar month are the most lively days for the Chinese New Year. Every household slaughtered cattle and sheep in advance and prepared all dairy products. On the evening of 30th, the whole family stayed together and tried to eat and drink well. But there is a big round cake that can't be eaten all, and everyone can only eat one bite, which indicates that the whole family is happy and happy forever. The Mongolian custom is to celebrate the "New Year" every two years, once to bid farewell to the old year on the night of the twelfth lunar month and once to welcome the New Year on the first day of the first month. On New Year's Day, the whole family, men, women and children, put on festive costumes, children kowtow to the elderly to pay New Year's greetings, and young people get together for horse racing and other recreational activities.
There are still many taboos in Mongolian life, such as the habit of not eating fish, birds and mules and horses. Pass someone a knife when eating meat, and the tip of the knife should face yourself. Go to someone else's house, don't do it yourself, wait for the host to give it to you. When welcoming guests, you must wear neat clothes and neat hats, and you can't welcome guests bareheaded. You can't use bowls to get water from pots and pans, and you can't buckle the bowls. When you see signs such as setting fire and hanging red cloth in front of the yurt, it means that there are patients or parturients at home and you can't go in. Don't hit the herdsman's dog at will. When heating, don't spit in the brazier, don't poke with a fire stick, don't cross the brazier or bake shoes and socks. Not to mention your feet. When sleeping with the Mongols, you can't use shoes, socks and pants as pillows, and you can't put the above items on the stove or window. Don't step over clothes, hats, pillows, tables, pots, wellheads, ropes, etc. And don't sit, stand or pedal on the threshold, especially don't touch or move on religious instruments, classics or Buddha statues. When visiting temples and Buddhist temples, don't talk loudly, don't touch around, don't talk loudly, and don't ask questions with your fingers. You can't pee in the house, near Manigan, or in the cowshed. No hunting near the temple, no killing of animals in the temple, no lighting on the Buddha lamp and no sneezing at the Buddha lamp. Smoking and spitting are especially forbidden in temples. When passing through Aobao, you are not allowed to take stones, branches and woolen cloth tied to them.
Nadam Fair
"Nadam" means entertainment and games in Mongolian. The "Nadam" conference is an annual traditional festival and grand event of Mongolian people. Every year in July and August, it is held in the season of lush grass and fat livestock.
Nadam includes archery, horse racing and wrestling.
As early as13rd century, during Genghis Khan's period, "Nadam" was just an activity of praying to heaven. At that time, Mongolian leaders not only formulated laws and regulations, appointed and dismissed officials, and implemented rewards and punishments, but also carried out archery, horse racing, wrestling and other activities. Genghis Khan likes this kind of entertainment very much. Later, this ritual activity evolved into a traditional grand event with three competitions as the main content.
The "Nadam" activity is very grand. Whenever the "Nadam" conference is held, herders within one or two hundred miles around will wear festive costumes, bring yurts and all kinds of food, and ride horses from all directions.
Wrestling competition is the main content of "Nadam" conference. Mongolian wrestling is different from classical wrestling and Chinese wrestling. It adopts the elimination system, regardless of weight class and time. Don't make dangerous moves with your legs in your arms during the game. Any part of your body except the soles of your feet will be judged as a failure.
Mongolian wrestling competition is a very polite and grand activity, which is carried out in a traditional way. The dark-skinned and burly "Buheqin" (Mongolian wrestler) is wearing a "Zhao Dege" (black wrestling suit) inlaid with copper nails, white fat pants embroidered with auspicious patterns and Mongolian boots.
Jiaobao
Aobao Festival is a grand festival for Mongolians. It originated from Tibetans and was introduced with the introduction of Tibetan Buddhism. Tibetans often carve six-character mantras on stones and put them in Shan Ye. Passers-by threw stones at them, or piled them into stone platforms, which gradually rose, with prayer flags and bows and arrows inserted on them, forming an "Aobao". Sacrificing "Aobao" is to sacrifice vegetation in Sichuan and pray for a bumper harvest and peace. Sacrifice to "Aobao", some flags are held alone, and some flags are held together. "Aobao" is generally in the flag boundary, and the sacrificial period is July 13th of the lunar calendar. During the sacrificial ceremony, Buddha statues were placed on Aobao, lamas chanted scriptures, and pigs and sheep were slaughtered. The ceremony was grand. Everyone gathered around "Aobao" and turned from right to left, shouting slogans. After the religious ceremony, everyone held a reception, dancing, horse racing, wrestling and other entertainment activities. This activity of offering sacrifices to "Aobao" gradually merged with the "Nadam" conference.