Zhan Tianyou was born in 186 1 (the 11th year of Xianfeng in Qing Dynasty) to an ordinary family of tea merchants.
Zhan Tianyou, a teenager, is very interested in machines, and often makes various machine models with the children in the neighborhood.
Sometimes, he will secretly take apart the bells at home, fiddle with the components inside and ask questions that even adults can't answer.
1872, Zhan Tianyou, who was only twelve years old, went to Hong Kong to register for the "Preparatory Class for Children Going Abroad" held by Qing * *.
After passing the exam, my father drew a note on a certificate of going abroad, which said, "If there is illness, life and death, everyone will live in peace."
After that, he left his parents and came to the United States to study with the ideal of learning western "skills".
In the United States, students of overseas preparatory classes witnessed the great achievements of science and technology in North America and Western Europe and marveled at the rapid development of machinery, trains, ships and telecommunications manufacturing.
Some students are pessimistic about the future of China, but Zhan Tianyou said firmly, "In the future, there will be trains and ships in China.
"He studied hard with the belief of making the country rich and strong, and graduated from New Haven with 1877.
In May of the same year, he was admitted to the Department of Civil Engineering of Yale University, majoring in railway engineering.
After four years in college, Zhan Tianyou studied hard, ranking first in the graduation examination with excellent results.
188 1 year, of the 120 overseas students who returned from China, only two got their degrees, and Zhan Tianyou was one of them.
After returning to China, Zhan Tianyou enthusiastically prepared to contribute his knowledge to the railway industry of the motherland.
However, officials of the Westernization School in Qing Dynasty were superstitious about foreign countries, relying on foreigners blindly to build railways, regardless of Zhan Tianyou's professional expertise, and sent him to Fujian Naval Academy to learn how to drive seagoing ships.
1882 1 1 was sent to the flagship "Wu Yang" as a driving officer to direct the drill.
1883, the Sino-French war broke out. In the second year, the long-planned French fleet entered the Minjiang River in succession, ready to go.
However, He Zhangru, the shipping minister of the surrendering faction in charge of Fujian Navy, turned a deaf ear and even ordered: "Don't fire first, and offenders will be beheaded even if they win!" At this time, Zhan Tianyou privately said to Mr. Zhang, the captain of the Wu Yang, "There are many French warships with ulterior motives.
Although we were ordered not to fire first, we couldn't take preventive measures in advance.
Because of Zhan Tianyou's warning, Wu Yang was very alert and prepared for the battle.
When the French fleet launched a surprise attack, Zhan Tianyou braved heavy artillery fire and calmly and tactfully commanded the "Wu Yang" to move forward from left to right; Avoiding enemy fire, seizing fighter planes, and bombarding the French command ship "Walter" with its tail almost killed the commander of the French naval expedition.
For this naval battle, Zilin Xibao, founded by British businessmen in Shanghai, also had to be surprised and praised in different places: "Westerners didn't expect China people to fight so bravely.
Of the five students aboard the Wu Yang, Zhan Tianyou is the bravest.
He was fearless in the face of the enemy. At the critical moment of life and death, he remained calm as always and got up the courage to save many people in the water ... "From the post-war to 1888, he finally transferred to China Railway Corporation as an engineer, which was the beginning of his dedication to the railway industry in China.
Shortly after taking office, Zhan Tianyou was put to the test.
At that time, the Tianjin-Hebei railway from Tianjin to Shanhaiguan was built to the Luanhe River, and a railway bridge across the Luanhe River was to be built.
The Luanhe River bed has deep sediments, and it encounters rising water and rapids.
The railway bridge was designed by a world-class British engineer, but it failed. Later, Japanese engineers were hired as contractors, which was no good. Finally, the German engineer came out and was quickly defeated.
Zhan Tianyou asked China people to do it themselves, but the Englishman in charge of the project had no choice but to agree to Zhan Tianyou's attempt.
Zhan Tianyou is a conscientious and down-to-earth person. After analyzing and summarizing the reasons for the failure of three foreign engineers, he dressed in work clothes and conducted field investigation and close-range measurement with the workers.
At night, with the help of dim oil lamps, the geological structure of Luanhe River bed was carefully studied, analyzed and repeatedly compared, and finally the position of the pier was determined, and a new method-"pneumatic caisson method" was boldly decided to be adopted for the construction of the pier.
Zhan Tianyou really succeeded in building the Luanhe River Bridge.
This incident shocked the world: one China engineer actually solved a big problem that three foreign engineers could not complete.
After Zhan Tianyou won the first battle, he immediately encountered a more severe test.
1905, the Qing dynasty decided to build the first railway in China, namely the Beijing-Zhangjiakou railway.
Both Britain and Russia wanted to intervene, but their attempts failed because of the strong opposition of the people of China.
The British and Russian envoys said in a threatening tone: "If China engineers built the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway themselves, it has nothing to do with Britain and Russia.
"They think that in this way, China will not be able to build a railway.
At this critical moment, Zhan Tianyou accepted this arduous task without hesitation, and was solely responsible for building the railway from Beijing to Zhang Jialu.
News came that some imperialists and British newspapers sarcastically said, "The engineer who can build this railway in China has not been born in the womb! It will take China people at least 50 years to build a railway without foreigners, if it is not a dream.
"They even attacked Zhan Tianyou, the general manager and chief engineer, for his arrogance and overreaching.
Under pressure, Zhan Tianyou insisted on not appointing foreign engineers, and said: "China is vast and rich in resources, and I feel ashamed to rely on outsiders all the way to work!" "China has awakened, and China people want to use their own engineers and their own money to build railways.
In August, 1905, the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway officially started, and the intense exploration and route selection work began.
Zhan Tianyou personally led the students and workers, carrying benchmarks and theodolite, running around the rugged mountains day and night.
One evening, the fierce northwest wind roared in Badaling area, whizzing past with dust, which made people unable to open their eyes. The survey team finished the work in a hurry, filled in the survey figures and climbed down from the rock wall.
Zhan Tianyou took the notebook, looked at the figures and asked doubtfully, "Is the data accurate?" ? "Almost," replied the surveyor.
Zhan Tianyou said seriously: "The first requirement of technology is accuracy, and there can be no ambiguity or rashness. Statements like' probably' and' almost' won't be said by engineers.
"Then, he picked up the instrument, braved the wind and sand, struggled to climb to the rock wall again, carefully surveyed it again, and corrected a mistake.
When he came down, his lips were purple with cold.
Soon, exploration and construction entered the most difficult stage.
At Badaling and Qinglong Bridge, there are overlapping mountains and steep walls hanging rocks, and four tunnels will be opened, the longest of which is more than 1000 meters.
After accurate calculation, Zhan Tianyou decided to adopt the method of sectional construction: simultaneously drilling from the north and south ends of the mountain, opening a large well in the middle of the mountain, and then drilling from the north and south ends in the well.
This not only ensures the construction quality, but also speeds up the project progress.
When digging a hole, I dug a lot of stones by hand and picked out the spewing spring water one by one. Zhan Tianyou, as the chief engineer, has no shelf. He digs stones and carries water with the workers, and his face is covered with mud and sweat.
He also encouraged everyone to say, "The Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway is the first railway that we built with our own people and our own money. The eyes of the whole world are watching us, and we must succeed! " "No matter success or failure, it is definitely not our own success or failure, but the success or failure of our country!" In order to overcome the difficulty of driving on steep slopes and ensure the train to climb up Badaling safely, Zhan Tianyou creatively used the principle of "turn-back line" to design a herringbone line on the steep Qinglong Bridge section in mountainous areas, which reduced the tunnel excavation and slope.
When the train arrives here, it will cooperate with two high-powered locomotives to push and pull to ensure the safety of the train uphill.
Zhan Tianyou once put forward three requirements for the whole project: "less money, good quality and quick completion".
After several struggles by workers, the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway was finally opened to traffic in September 1909.
It was originally planned to be completed in six years, but it was completed four years ahead of schedule, and the project cost was only one-fifth of that estimated by foreigners.
Some European and American engineers paid tribute to Zhan Tianyou after visiting by bus.
However, Zhan Tianyou said modestly: "This is the strength of more than 10,000 employees of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway, not my personal credit, and the glory should belong to everyone.
"After the completion of the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway, Zhan Tianyou succeeded as the supervisor and chief engineer of the Yuehan Railway.
At this time, the United States decided to grant him a doctorate in engineering and asked him to go to the United States to attend the conferring ceremony in person.
He gave up this honor in order to devote himself to the railway construction of the motherland.
After the Revolution of 1911, in order to revitalize the railway industry, Zhan Tianyou and his colleagues established the China Engineering Society, and was promoted to president.
During this period, he devoted a lot of efforts to the training of young engineers and technicians. In addition to setting an example, he also encouraged young people to "study hard for invention" and asked them not to "favor one over the other, and not to fish for fame".
Take others in good faith, not for personal gain, and bind quotations as an example.
"Zhan Tianyou has been engaged in the railway industry for more than 30 years, and almost every railway in China at that time has different degrees of relationship.
Old age breaks down from overwork 19 19.
Comrade Zhou Enlai once spoke highly of Zhan Tianyou's achievements, calling him "the glory of the people of China".
During the construction of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway in Zhan Tianyou, various railway engineering standards were formulated and adopted by the whole country.
The 4-foot-8-inch standard gauge and Jenny coupler still in use in China (also known as Johnny coupler and Zheng coupler, created by American Eli Jenny) were all put forward by Zhan Tianyou.
In addition, Zhan Tianyou also pays attention to the training of railway talents, and has formulated the articles of association for the promotion and transfer of engineers, which clearly stipulates the assessment and requirements of engineers, and stipulates that the remuneration of engineers is linked to the assessment results.
Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway has trained many engineers in China, and the assessment regulations formulated by Zhan Tianyou have also become the object of imitation by other railways in China.
After the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway was completed, Zhan Tianyou was awarded an engineering scholar by Xuan Tong and served as the examiner for international students.
19 10 served as the prime minister and engineer of Guangdong Commercial Guangdong-Han Railway Corporation, 19 12 served as the Han-Yue-Chuan Railway Association, responsible for the construction of Guangdong-Han and Sichuan-Han railways.
Since then, I have lived in No.9, Eha Street, Russian Concession in Hankou (now 5 1 Dongting Street).
In the same year, "China Institution of Engineers" was established and was elected as the first president.
After the founding of the Republic of China, 19 13 was the technical director of the Ministry of Communications, and 19 14 was awarded the second-class Baoguang Golden Harvest Seal.
19 16, was awarded an honorary doctorate in law by the University of Hong Kong.
19 19 At the beginning of this year, as the China representative of the Far East Railway Conference supervised by the Allies, he was sent to Vladivostok and Harbin.
He returned to Hankou due to illness in April and died on April 24 at the age of 59.
Zhan Tianyou and his wife Tan Juzhen were buried near Qinglongqiao Railway Station on Zhangjing Road.
1922 bronze statue of Zhan Tianyou was erected at Qinglong bridge railway station.
1987, Zhan Tianyou memorial hall was built nearby.
On the occasion of commemorating the 0/00th anniversary of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway/KLOC-,Zhangjiakou people will always cherish the memory of Zhan Tianyou, the chief designer of Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway. In 2005, a statue of Zhan Tianyou was built in Zhangjiakou South Station Square.
Zhan Tianyou is a pioneer in the history of modern science and technology in China and an outstanding patriotic intellectual in modern China.
Qing Xianfeng was born in Nanhai County, Guangdong Province on April 26th (186 1) in the 11th year of Tongzhi in Qing Dynasty, and was admitted to study in the United States at public expense.
In June (188 1), he graduated from the Department of Civil Engineering of Sheffield Institute of Technology, Yale University, and returned to China in August of the same year.
He has served as a teacher of Fuzhou Ship Administration School and Guangzhou Land and Water Normal School.
In the 14th year of Guangxu reign (1888), he was an engineer of Tianjin Railway Company.
From 65438 to 1980s, he devoted himself to the railway construction in China. He once presided over the early railway construction in Beijing, Zhangjiang, Chuanhan and Yuehan, and worked hard for the development of early railway construction in China.
In particular, the completion of the Jing-Zhang Railway (1905- 1909) presided over by him shocked China and foreign countries, showed the diligence and wisdom of the working people in our country, inspired the national spirit and promoted the development of the railway industry.
Fearless and indomitable in the face of imperialist powers, he put forward the slogan of "learn from each other's strong points and know everything, so that the country will be free from foreign aggression and stand on its own feet on the earth", which represents the indomitable lofty national integrity of the people of China and will always be a model for future generations.
19 19 passed away in Hankou Renji Hospital on April 24th at the age of 59.
In the same year, a bronze statue of Zhan Tianyou was erected at Qinglongqiao Station.
Edit this personal experience
Zhan Tianyou, the word is sincere and quick.
186 1 was born in Nanhai county, Guangdong province.
1On July 8th, 872, Zhan Tianyou, who was only 12 years old, went to study in the United States as the first batch of formal international students from China.
Zhan Tianyou studied in Weihafen Primary School and Nuhafen Middle School in the United States. He graduated from Yale University with 188 1, and wrote his graduation thesis "Research on Wharf Crane", where he obtained his bachelor's degree and returned to China in the same year.
After returning home, Zhan Tianyou went to Mawei Ship Administration School to study. After graduation, he was sent to Wu Yang, the flagship of Fujian Navy, as a gunner and participated in the Mawei naval battle.
After the war, he was transferred to the Huangpu Naval Academy to teach.
Fujian navy flagship
From 65438 to 0888, Zhan Tianyou was recommended by his old classmate Mou to be an engineer in China Railway Company.
Zhan Tianyou, which has been lost for seven years, has the opportunity to join the railway industry of the motherland.
At this time, it was the construction of the Tianjin-Tangshan Railway. He didn't want to stay in Tianjin for a long time, so he went to the construction site to share joys and sorrows with the workers. As a result, it was completed and opened to traffic in only 80 days.
However, Li Hongzhang played the role of Englishman Jinda and promoted Jinda as chief engineer.
Zhan Tianyou's works were therefore copied.
1890 Qing Dynasty repaired the internal and external railways (now Beijing-Shenyang Railway), with Jinda as the chief engineer.
1892, the project goes to Luanhe Bridge, and many countries want to win this business. Of course, Jinda took the Englishman first, but the Englishman Cox failed because the bridge could not be built.
Contractors from Japan and Germany also failed.
As the delivery deadline approaches, Jinda has to ask Zhan Tianyou.
Zhan Tianyou made a detailed analysis of the reasons for the failure of various countries, and made a thorough survey of the geological soil at the bottom of Luanhe River. Later, he decided to change the pile location, adopt the traditional method of China, dive into the bottom of the river with divers from China, cooperate with machine operation, successfully complete the piling task, and build the Luanhe River Bridge.
This victory has strengthened the ambition of the people of China.
1894 British engineering research association elected Zhan Tianyou as its member.
Since then, Zhan Tianyou has led the construction of railways such as Beijing-Tianjin Road and Pingyao Road (Pingxiang to Liling).
In order to please Nora, Yuan Shikai invited to build a Xinyi Railway (Gaobeidian to Yixian) in 1902 for the royal family to worship their ancestors.
Nora is naturally willing to take the train to worship her ancestors.
In order not to miss the use of ancestor worship in 1903, Yuan Shikai was ordered to finish it within half a year.
Yuan Shikai appointed Zhan Tianyou as the chief engineer.
Although this road is of little value, it is the beginning for China people to build their own railways, so Zhan Tianyou still attaches great importance to it.
Zhan Tianyou completely abandoned the routine that foreigners had to air dry the roadbed for one year before laying the track. It took only four months to build the Xinyi Railway at a very low cost.
It greatly encouraged the people of China to build their own railways and laid a good foundation for the later construction of the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway.
Zhangjiakou is the hub of Beijing's entry into Inner Mongolia, the channel for tourists and businessmen from north and south, and has always been a battleground for military strategists. Therefore, the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Railway has important economic and political value.
As soon as the news that the Qing court was going to build the Beijing-Zhangjiakou Highway came out, Britain, the most influential country in China, was determined to win. Russia, which regards the north of the Great Wall as its sphere of influence, will never give in and the two sides will not give in to each other. Finally, an agreement was reached: if the Qing court did not borrow foreign debts and needed foreign craftsmen, the road would be built by China people, and neither side could reach out.
In this way, Qing * * dismissed the idea of asking foreigners for help and concentrated on self-study.
1905 In May, the Engineering Bureau of Beijing-Zhangjia Railway Administration was established, with Chen Ren as general manager and Zhan Tianyou as general manager and chief engineer. 1906, Zhan Tianyou was promoted to general manager and chief engineer.
Zhan Tianyou clearly knows the difficulty of this task. He must first resist cynicism from all sides: some people say that he is "overreaching", "only spending a few dollars" and even "daring".
In a letter to Mrs Northrop, an American teacher, he said: "If the Beijing-Zhangjiang project fails, it will be not only my misfortune, but also the misfortune of China engineers, and it will bring great losses to China.
Before and after I accepted this task, many foreigners publicly declared that engineers in China could not undertake the arduous projects such as masonry and cave dwelling on the Beijing-Zhangjiakou line, but I stuck to my project. ".
It fully embodies the patriotism and sense of national responsibility of China intellectuals.
Zhan Tianyou has surveyed three routes, and the second detour is too far.
The third is today's abundant sand line.
Due to the limited funds allocated by the Qing court and the short time, Zhan Tianyou decided to adopt the first route, that is, from Fengtai to Zhangjiakou via Xizhimen, Shahe, Jingnankou, Juyongguan, Badaling, Huailai, Ji Ming Post and Xuanhua, with a total length of 360 miles.
The difficulty of the whole line is to close the ditch, where the mountains overlap and the cliffs are steep and varied. The difficulty of the project was not found in the whole country at that time, and it was rare in the world. The slope is very large, and the height difference between Nankou and Badaling is 180.
Zhan Tianyou divides the whole line into three sections: Fengtai to Nankou as the first section, Nankou to Kangzhuang as the second section, and the rest as the third section.
/kloc-0 started construction on September 4th, 905, and/kloc-0 started track laying on February 6th, 2.
On the first day of track laying, the coupler chain of an engineering vehicle broke, causing derailment accident.
This has become evidence that China people can't build their own railways, and all kinds of slanders have poured in.
However, Zhan Tianyou didn't panic, but thought calmly: the slope of this road is extremely high, and the connection performance between cars is slightly unstable, so the accident is hard to avoid.
To this end, he used the method of automatic hook and finally solved this problem.
On September 30th 1906, all the first blocks of the project were opened to traffic, and the second blocks started at the same time.
The difficulty lies in the second quarter. First of all, we must open four tunnels: Juyongguan, Wuguitou, Shifosi and Badaling. The longest length of Badaling Tunnel is1.092m..
This requires not only accurate calculation and correct command, but also new mountain cutters, ventilators and pumps.
The former is not a problem for Zhan Tianyou, while the latter is not available in China at that time, and it can only be imagined by the hands of workers.
They overcame many difficulties and finally completed the second bid section in September 1908.
The difficulty of the third bid section is second only to that of Guangou. The first one is Huailai Bridge, the longest bridge on Zhangjing Road, which is erected by 7 steel beams 100 feet long.
Thanks to Zhan Tianyou's correct command, it was completed in time.
April 2 1909 train goes to Xiahuayuan.
Although the section from Xiahuayuan to Jimingyi mining area is not long, the project is extremely difficult.
On the right is Yanghe River, and on the left is Rocky Mountain. A six-foot-deep tunnel should be opened on the mountain, and a seven-mile-long riverbed should be padded under the mountain.
Zhan Tianyou paved the river bed at the foot of the mountain with stones paving the road on the mountain.
In order to prevent mountain torrents from impacting the subgrade, cement bricks were used for protection, and the third section was successfully completed.
Zhan Tianyou never paid attention to the engineering difficulties, but Zhan Tianyou was extremely worried about man-made obstacles.
There is a man named Guangzhai in Qinghe. He used to be a Taoist priest and a relative of the royal family Zaize. Both the ruling and opposition parties have influence.
As soon as the railway passed its grave, he led the crowd to make trouble, stopped the project, and bribed heavily in private to demand diversion.
The postal department is afraid to ask.
There is the tomb of King Zheng in the north, the tomb of eunuchs in the south and the tomb of Nora's father Guigong in the west. I wonder how much time and money will be wasted to divert traffic.
Zhan Tianyou is ashamed of taking bribes, never misappropriating them, and strives to stay or stay.
Finally, because the five ministers were bombed when they went abroad, Zaize was too scared to talk about foreign affairs. Guangzhai agreed to pass through the grave wall because he lost his backer.