As far as the political system is concerned, western countries are implementing parliamentary democracy, multi-party system and separation of powers. However, different countries have their own characteristics in specific organizational models, among which the most representative ones are the presidential model of the United States, the parliamentary cabinet model of Britain and Germany and the semi-presidential model of France. First, the basic characteristics of the American political system model. The political system of the United States is a presidential country. In its early power structure, there was no political party factor, but in the later political competition, political parties continued to play an increasingly important role in it. Its main features are: 65,438+0. Presidential candidates are recommended by political parties, and the president is directly and indirectly elected by all voters in the country. Being elected president is not necessarily the person who gets more absolute votes, but the person who gets more electoral votes. Any presidential candidate who gets 270 electoral votes will be elected president of the United States. The party that elects the president is the "ruling party", which takes office to form a cabinet and exercise administrative power. The president is also the chief executive, who directly controls the administrative organs and is also the commander-in-chief of the three armed forces. 2. The political party system in the United States is quite loose, and the significance of the existence of political parties is more as a tool for various elections. After the election, the role of political parties as an organizational system is quite weak, so they are typical "election parties". The United States is a typical two-party system, but it is different from the two-party system in western European countries. Not by ideology, but by regions and interest groups. In essence, these two political parties represent the interests of different bourgeoisie. In the American power system, most of the power of governments at all levels, from federal to local, is in the hands of two parties, and the third party has never posed a real threat to the Democratic Party. 3. Members of the United States Congress, that is, the House of Representatives and the Senate, are generally elected by political parties and directly elected by referendum, and have legislative power. Except for a few elected members who are members of the third party and independents, most of them are won by the Democratic Party and the Democratic Party to form their own party groups. The speaker of the House of Representatives is a senior member of the majority party, the speaker of the Senate is a vice president, and there is an interim speaker. Unlike western European countries, even if you get a majority of seats in the Senate and the House of Representatives, you are not necessarily the ruling party. Only the president's party is the ruling party. There will be mid-term elections in the middle of the presidency, mainly some senators and all members of the House of Representatives. 4. Although the president of the United States is nominally the leader of his party, he appears more as the "president of the whole people" after his election, and the party background and traces have faded. No American president has led a political party in an all-round way, and it is difficult for him to control public officials in Congress, states and localities through party organizations. The president of the United States is not elected by Congress, and he is not responsible to Congress. 5. The advantages of this political system model are: the president of the United States has more power, is less restricted by political parties, and is more independent, which is conducive to making political decisions quickly and improving the ruling efficiency. Its weakness is that the three major power systems in the United States have obvious mutual constraints and constraints, resulting in some institutional consumption. The president has no right to dissolve Congress, but he can veto bills passed by Congress, and Congress can impeach the president. The President can appoint the Supreme Court, and the Supreme Court can decide whether the laws and decisions of Congress and the President are unconstitutional. Second, the basic characteristics of political system models in Britain, Germany and other countries. The model of party politics and political power in these countries is common in the west, including Britain, Germany, Sweden, Canada, Italy, Japan and most developed countries in Western Europe. They basically belong to the responsibility cabinet system and are typical parliamentary democracy. Their basic characteristics are: 1. The main way for political parties to gain power is to win parliamentary elections, that is, to obtain a majority of seats in the lower house, the House of Representatives. Most candidates for parliamentary seats are recommended by political parties or have political party backgrounds. Multi-party elections are an important aspect of their so-called democratic system. Generally, a threshold of 3-5% is set, and the electoral system of majority representation is implemented, which is more conducive to the big party to obtain a majority of seats. Generally, the leader of a political party with a relatively large majority in the lower house forms a cabinet, and the leader of the party serves as the head of government. However, there is also a phenomenon that minority parties have cabinets in the parliament, which is more likely when many parties have entered the parliament and no party has obtained a relative majority in the parliament. 2. The power system of the country is centered on the Cabinet, which has the highest executive power of the country. The Cabinet is accountable to and subject to Parliament. The cabinet not only has the executive power, but also has the right to propose legislation, and the parliamentary majority controlled by the ruling party guarantees the passage of legislation. The prime minister or prime minister has great power. He can not only choose cabinet members, but also decide the country's major policies. He can even dissolve parliament and announce an early election. 3. The president or king is more of an honorary position and has no real power. In this regime, the king is hereditary, and the president is mostly indirectly elected, such as by members of Congress. As the head of state, the president or king is more symbolic and ceremonial, but only intervenes in the power mediation between political parties under special circumstances, usually detached and does not bear specific responsibilities. Most political parties have a relatively strict organizational system, but the right wing is looser than the left. Political parties, whether as mass political parties or elite political parties, mostly have a top-down organizational system, and even a set of party peripheral organizations, such as trade unions, youth and women's organizations, play an auxiliary role in the party's governance and even form some constraints on the government. 5. The advantage of this regime model is that it is relatively democratic and fair, both in system formation and actual operation, which is more conducive to scientific and comprehensive decision-making. But the disadvantage is that the system or system is easy to model, which leads to bureaucracy and affects the efficiency of governance. Third, the basic characteristics of the French political system model are different from those of the United States, Britain and other western countries. France's political system model is a "semi-presidential system" model, which has the characteristics of both presidential system and parliamentary system. Its main features are: 1. Presidential candidates are recommended by political parties or coalitions of political parties and are directly elected by the whole people. The term of office has been shortened from the original seven years to five years, which is in sync with the term of office of the parliament and the government. As the head of state, the president is not as powerful as the president of the United States, but far more powerful than the president or king of the cabinet system. He is in charge of the country's foreign affairs and national defense, decides all major policies including economic and social affairs, actually grasps the highest administrative power of the country (but he is not the chief executive, nor is he specifically responsible for economic and social affairs), presides over cabinet meetings, enjoys the right to appoint government officials, has the right to dissolve parliament, announce early elections, and can exercise special powers stipulated in Article 16 of the Constitution. 2. The government consists of political parties that have won a majority of seats in the House of Commons (the National Assembly). The Prime Minister is also the leader of a political party and is appointed by the President. The main responsibility of the government is to manage the economy and internal affairs, and it is also responsible to the president and parliament, which can question and impeach the government. 3. In France, the president and parliament generally adopt the two-round voting system (if the president wins more than 50% of the votes in the first round, there is no need to hold a second vote), and both the president and members of parliament are candidates who win a relative majority in the second round. If the president is not the same party as the party that won the majority of seats in parliament, there will be a political phenomenon of "ruling from left to right", but the party that is in power in the government is generally regarded as the ruling party. In the past 20 years, this phenomenon of "left and right * * * rule" has appeared several times in France. The advantage of this political model is that the power is relatively dispersed, and it is not easy to lead to dictatorship and autocracy. The president has certain real power, which is conducive to political stability. Its disadvantage is that the decentralization of administrative power weakens the authority of the government, which is not conducive to national management. Moreover, the phenomenon of "ruling from left to right" leads to the struggle for power and profit among political parties, which damages the image of political parties and is not conducive to the smooth solution of social problems.