On people and ministers ①: There are officials, usurpers, heroes and saints. Internal shortage makes the people, external shortage makes it difficult to take off, and the people are not close, so you don't believe it. However, Qiao Min said that being good at pleasing is also the Minister of State. Disloyalty to the monarch, good reputation to the people, unfairness and justice, cronyism is not as good as Zhou, and serving the king for personal gain is also a usurper. Being loyal to the monarch and loving the people tirelessly is a great contribution. On the one hand, you can respect the monarch, on the other hand, you can love the people; The decree educates, and the punishment follows; In case of mutation (4), such as ring; By analogy, you can get a good reputation (5), and if you treat it badly, you are also a saint. Therefore, those who use saints as ministers are kings, heroes are strong, usurpers are dangerous, and ministers of state are dead. If the secretary of state uses it, he will die; If a usurper uses it, he will be in danger; If a hero uses it, it will be glorious; If a saint uses it, he will respect it. So Su Qin of Qi, Hou of Chu and Qin are all ministers. Han Zhi's Zhang Qubing Pet-name ruby, Feng Yang Pet-name ruby and Meng Taste can be described as usurped ministers. Guan Zhong of Qi, the chief culprit of Jin (1 1) and Sun Shuai of Chu are all heroes. Yi Yin of Yin and Taigong of Zhou are all saints. It is a theory of people and ministers, which is extremely good and bad, so we must be careful and choose what we want, which is enough to record.
[Notes] ① Theory: General Theory, category. 2 ring: pass on the "camp" confusion. 3 distance: pass "rejection" and resist. 4 pawn: through "suddenly", suddenly. ⑤ Reputation: Tong "He", the same kind. ⑥ Su Qin, a native of Luoyang during the Warring States Period, advocated joint resistance to Qin and equal emphasis on the six countries. After the failure of the Union, he went to the State of Qi, contended with the doctor of the State of Qi and was assassinated. ⑦ Zhou Hou: a courtier of King Xiang of Chu. ⑧ Zhang Yi: During the Warring States Period, Wei was a former dynasty and advocated Lian Heng, which broke the unification of the six Su Qin countries. Pet-name ruby Zhang Qu soldiers: the phase of Korea in the Warring States Period, life is unknown. Attending Fengyang: namely Fengyangjun, the younger brother of Zhao Suhou in the Warring States Period, and once served as Zhao Xiang. (1 1) The culprit: Hu Yan, a native of the State of Jin in the Spring and Autumn Period, was an uncle and died together 19 years. Strange, preach "uncle".
Surrender to the monarch means obedience, but surrender to the monarch means flattery; If you disobey orders, you will be loyal; if you disobey orders, you will be usurped. If you don't care about your honor or disgrace, if you don't care about your country, if you don't care about it, you will be a thief of a country. If you do something, you are afraid of endangering the country and bringing disaster to the country and the people. Ministers, fathers and brothers can persuade you to use it and go without using it, which is called remonstrance; If you can talk to the king, use it, and if you don't use it, you will die, which is called a dispute; Those who have knowledge and ability can compare with strength, attract hundreds of officials and be stronger than the monarch. Although I am uneasy, I can't help but listen, so it is a supplement to solve the great harm of the country and get rid of it. Some can resist the king's orders, some can steal the king's weight, and some can resist the king. In order to save the country, in addition to the humiliation of the king, merit is enough to make the country benefit, which is called the wind. Therefore, the person who remonstrates, argues, assists and brushes is also the minister of the country, and the treasure of the monarch is also respected by the wise monarch, while the black Lord confuses you and thinks you are a thief. Therefore, the reward of the wise king is also the punishment of the dark king; The dark king rewarded the Ming king for killing him. Yi Yin, remonstrance, Bi Gan and Zi Xu argued, helped Zhao, and trusted Ling Jun to brush Wei. Chuan said, "Follow the Tao and not be a gentleman." This is also called. Therefore, if the minister of justice is established, the court will not be equivalent; If all the people who advise, argue, assist and brush believe, you will not be far away; Slaves do, they don't do; In the office of the border minister, there will be no mourning in Xinjiang. Therefore, the wise Lord likes to be the same, and the dark Lord likes to be alone. A wise master who is virtuous can make him prosperous, while a dark master who is jealous of the virtuous is afraid of destroying his merits. Punish his loyalty, reward his thief, the husband calls it dark, so destroy it.
[Note] ① "Ji O correction": use "correction" to correct. 2 strokes (Bibi): Pass "Bi" and be positive. ③ Zixu: Wu, a famous minister of Chu in the Spring and Autumn Period. Persecuted by the king of Chu, he fled to the state of Wu and became a doctor of Wu. Later, he remonstrated with Fu Cha, the king of Wu, and was forced to commit suicide. ④ Ping Yuanjun: Zhao Sheng, Huiwen's younger brother, thrice rescued Zhao with Zeng Lianchu and Wei Yingqin. ⑤ Xinlingjun: Wei Wuji, the younger brother of King Wei Anli during the Warring States Period. When Qin attacked Zhao, he stole the military code and led the army to break Qin and save Zhao. ⑥ Longitudinal: Through the "shovel", the front edge. ⑦ (xi m: ng enjoy): enjoy. Sheng: Pass "Cheng".
Those who serve the saints listened and did not protest; In fact, the monarch has disputes and no flattery; Those who are tyrants should be made up, and there is nothing to slap in the face. When threatened by chaos, the poor live in a violent country, but they do not shy away from it, so they praise its beauty, publicize its goodness, violate its evil, hide its defeat, tell its strengths, not its shortcomings, and think it is universal. "Poetry" said: "The country is too big to bid farewell to others, which will hinder others from dedicating themselves." 3 this is also called.
【 Note 】 ① Cutting: sewing. 2 violation: preach "taboo" and avoid it. (3) The sentence of "Yue" in "The Book of Songs": Quoting poetry is an escape poem, but this book "The Book of Songs" is not available.
Respect and humility, be sensitive when you listen, dare not make your own choice, or take it for yourself, with obedience as the purpose. This is the meaning of being a saint. Loyalty without flattery, admonition without flattery, and words without inclination are cases of saying yes, not cases of saying no, which is what the monarch means in matters. Tune without flowing, be soft but unyielding, be tolerant but not chaotic, be clear but not harmonious, but change things easily. This is the meaning of a tyrant. You ride a simple horse, you raise a child, you feed people, you will change it because of fear, argue it out because of anxiety, enter its path because of joy, and get rid of its resentment because of anger: the song is so-called ambiguity. "Book" said: "Listen to your words, do not shrink back, and remonstrate tirelessly. The top is clear, and the bottom is widowed. " 4 this is also called.
[Notes] 1 Ran: It should be. 2 levels: enter. Internal: pass "that". 3 discrimination: pass "change" and change. 4 "Book Yue" sentence: Quotations are lost in this "Book of History". Flirting, aggression.
Not doing things smoothly, not sick; Those who are ill are disrespectful; Those who respect but do not obey, disloyal; Loyalty and disloyalty, reactive power; Not successful, not virtuous. Therefore, virtue without virtue is the Tao, which leads to illness, failure and pain, and the gentleman does not do it.
[Note] ① Fall (Huιash): same as "taste", destroy.
There are great loyalists, secondary loyalists, lower loyalists and traitors. Restoring the monarch with virtue is a great loyalty; Adjust the monarch with virtue and make it up, and be loyal; If you are angry with me, you will be loyal; I don't care about my own honor or disgrace, I don't care about the concealment of the country, I stole tolerance and kept it as a gift, and I am also a national thief. If the Duke of Zhou is king, it can be described as great loyalty; If Guan zhong is loyal to Huan gong, it can be described as two loyalties; If Zixu is for Fu Cha (3), it can be described as loyalty; If Cao touches the dragon, it can be described as a national thief.
【 Precautions 】 ① Reply: with "cover", cover and influence. ② Complement: It should be the word "auxiliary". (3) Fu Cha: the monarch of Wu at the end of the Spring and Autumn Period, and was later destroyed by Gou Jian, the King of Yue. ④ Cao Moulong: Minister, life is unknown.
Benevolent people must respect others. If a mortal is not a sage, the case will be corrupt. People who are morally disrespectful are animals; Corrupt and rude people are tigers. Animals are chaotic, killing tigers is dangerous, disasters and their bodies are taken away "Poetry" says: "I dare not violently tiger, dare not congratulate. People know one thing, but they don't know anything else. Trembling, like an abyss, like walking on thin ice. " 2 this is also called. Therefore, the benevolent will respect others. There is a way to respect others: the sage is expensive and respected, and the unscrupulous person is afraid and respected; The sage is close and respectful, and the unscrupulous is respectful. Its respect is one, and its affection is two. If the husband is faithful and does not hurt, then there is no connection, which is the essence of benevolence. Faith is the quality, loyalty is the unity, courtesy is the text, morality is the reason, and breathing is the worry. One can be the law. "Poetry" says: "Don't bully or steal, rarely do it." This is also called.
[Notes] ① Xi × leisure: teasing. (2) Yue is in the Book of Songs: See The Book of Songs Xiaoya Xiao Min. Violent, empty-handed struggle. Feng (Ping Ping) waded on foot. 3 end: integrity and sincerity. ④ Use the word "creep". ⑤ "Poetry" sentence: See the Book of Songs, which is elegant and restrained.
Respect and courtesy; Harmony, music; Caution is beneficial; Fighting anger is harmful. Therefore, a gentleman should be polite, steady, not angry, and not mention a hundred things. The villain is the opposite.
[Notes] ① Hundreds of cases: dealing with all kinds of things.
The smoothness of loyalty, the level of power and danger, and the sound of disaster are all unknown to a wise master. Struggle for goodness, then work hard, die selflessly, be loyal to the public, and be loyal to Ling Jun. Seize justice, kill benevolence, translocation up and down, and then be virtuous and accomplish a lot. The husband is called the level of power crisis, and the soup and martial arts are also. Common sense, harmony without passing, right and wrong are indistinguishable, merits and demerits are indistinguishable, confused and crazy, and the husband calls it the sound of disaster, Fei Lian and Loy also (3). Chuan said, "Cutting together and following in vain are different." The poem says, "Take a small ball and a big ball to compose music for the next country." 4 this is also called.
[Notes] ① Crime (Li Li): violation. 2 Zhen: Zheng. 3 Fei Lian and Alai: See the article "The Influence of Confucianism". (4) Poem sentence: See Book of Songs, Shang Song and Long Hair. Ball, pass "slap", statutes. Decoration (liú flow) sets an example. Affixes, marks. Pendant under the flag.
Appreciating "following the Tao and not following the monarch" is one of the loudest slogans shouted by scholars during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period. In order to compete for hegemony, monarchs of various countries tried their best to win over celebrities and enhance their political appeal, and the social status of scholars naturally improved. The self-affirmation and self-confidence of the literati class independent of the political power were also lacking in any dynasty since then. Even those who join the WTO and become politicians and ministers hope to achieve as much balance as possible between attachment to kingship and moral independence. This article is relative to the "Jundao" article, which is described as a minister's way, and slowly described, quite like a master's way.
Xunzi first divided his subjects into four categories according to whether he obeyed the monarch's orders or not and whether his words and deeds were beneficial to the monarch: obedience, flattery, loyalty and usurpation. The extreme of usurpation is called "national thief", and the extreme of loyalty is called "remonstrance, struggle, help and strike". The so-called remonstrance, contention, assistance and caress are all typical examples of "following the Tao and not following the monarch". When we look closely at these two standards, their advantages and disadvantages are worth pondering. An idealized minister is naturally beneficial to the mind of the country and the monarch, but it is difficult to find such a person in reality. The meeting between the monarch and the minister can be so harmonious, which is beneficial to the country and the people. Perhaps we can respond to the sentence "When the golden wind meets jade, it will win but there are countless people in the world" ("Queqiao Fairy"). But more often, officials are only beneficial to the country and not to the monarch's appetite, or always cater to the monarch's wishes and not to the country. Although the former is often praised by later generations in history, it may not be successful in its lifetime, and the world for realizing its ambitions is quite limited, and it may even be fatal. The courtiers who are often easy-going to the monarch's mind are quite arrogant, at least in form. Because all their ideals are to serve their masters well and always prepare for the selfish desires of the monarch. So, on the whole, I can realize my psychological expectation faster, gain appreciation and occupy a high position.
This kind of classification seems clear and identifiable, but in fact it is very prone to problems. First of all, in life, we are often subject to various constraints, so we will have different judgments on the right and wrong of the same thing. Different people have different opinions. People in different positions often have different views. Obedience is obvious, but it is not clear whether it is beneficial to the monarch, so the value of admonition of courtiers needs to be considered again and again. Secondly, the extension of the so-called "Li Jun" is also very wide. How to distinguish the private interests and public interests of the monarch, short-term interests and long-term interests, where to go? This is the choice of courtiers, and it is also the key to the monarch's "careful choice" by observing the advantages and disadvantages of the characteristics of each courtier.
In the harsh reality at that time, Xunzi and most scholars were bitter and helpless. "When threatened by chaos, the poor live in a violent country and there is nothing to escape" is a true portrayal of its reality. Every scholar is among them, and his answer is also strongly personal. Radical and strong as Mencius, he said, "There is a way in the world, and you are martyred; There is no way in the world, and I am martyred "("Mencius with all my heart "). While avoiding hiding his position like Xunzi, he also said that "worshiping its beauty, promoting its goodness, violating its evil, hiding its defeat, showing its strength, not calling it short, thinking it vulgar", implementing gradual reform, helping to correct it, and advocating respectfully, harmoniously and cautiously serving the monarch, rather than violent revolution. It was here that Xunzi's position as a minister began to decline. In the contradiction between value ideal and reality, Xunzi had to give up some ideals to adapt to social reality and began the process of instrumental value ideal. Later, some Confucian scholars also continued to follow Xunzi's ideas.