1900 During the Gengzi Incident, Empress Dowager Cixi, the supreme ruler of the Qing Dynasty who was "driven out" by Eight-Nation Alliance, went to xi 'an with Emperor Guangxu. After the signing of the Xin Chou Treaty, Empress Dowager Cixi and Emperor Guangxu returned to Kyoto. Empress dowager cixi agreed to implement the "New Deal". Lafayette, who didn't seem to see the coffin and didn't cry, began to realize that if the Qing Dynasty didn't change, it would be a dead end.

In fact, since the Opium War, Britain, France and other western powers forced the late Qing government to sign a series of unequal treaties, and the Qing empire began to embark on the last years of humiliation and innovation. At this time, all social strata are "eager to try". According to Xu Yisheng's Modern Foreign Debt History of China:1894-191year, the Qing Empire borrowed from foreign countries 1 12, and borrowed from Kuping Bank 1200 million yuan. During the period of continuous borrowing, the late Qing government accelerated the search for ordinary people in order to repay the "reparations" of the great powers as soon as possible. After the Opium War, the Qing government plunged China into a semi-colonial and semi-feudal state, and the people gradually lost confidence in the government and even became extremely disappointed. At that time, people often saw banners saying "Don't talk about state affairs" in teahouses or pubs.

When Yuan Shikai took over as Governor of Shandong Province, it was 1899. At that time, Shandong was very chaotic, because the Boxer Rebellion spread vigorously and quickly swept through Shandong under the jurisdiction of Yuan Shikai. As the Boxer Rebellion was gradually pushed to the altar, the conservative ministers in the Qing court thought that since the members of the Boxer Rebellion could be "invulnerable" and "invulnerable", why not let them confront the powers? This can kill two birds with one stone. As a result, these ministers began to encourage Cixi to use the power of the Boxer Rebellion to suppress the western powers. Soon, the Boxer Rebellion played the slogan of "helping the Qing Dynasty to destroy the foreign countries": burning churches, tearing down wires, destroying railways, resisting foreign goods, invading the Tianjin Concession, and slaughtering a large number of foreigners and priests. Many foreign families living in China moved to the northwest to settle down, hoping to escape the pursuit of the Boxer Rebellion. Ministers of various countries asked the late Qing government to suppress the Boxer movement with all its strength, but they always turned a deaf ear to the Qing government that tried to use the power of the Boxer to attack the powers.

On May 8, the following year, at the meeting of foreign ministers held in China, eight countries including Britain, France and the United States formally decided to jointly send troops to suppress the Boxer Rebellion. In mid-August, more than 20,000 people from Eight-Nation Alliance attacked Beijing from Tianjin and occupied the whole city on 14. Cixi hurried west with Emperor Guangxu. In addition to suppressing the Boxer Rebellion, western powers also hoped that the Qing government could carry out internal "rectification". "However, when the peace talks really started, the reference to internal reform was omitted. The Qing government seemed to be encouraged, thinking that as long as they made concessions to what they had done in the past, their ancient regime would not be disturbed by Qian Qian (Imperial Memories, Observations on the Reform in the Late Qing Dynasty). Even, it was written in the Diary of a Reclusive Zhai that in the report of Shenbao, it was mentioned that "the empress dowager and the emperor returned to Beijing, and wherever they went, except for all the supplies, the palace gate used 2,400 taels of gold every day, and Henan gradually reached more than 400 taels, all through the hands of eunuchs, and local officials took this opportunity to blackmail the people to meet their official bursa. The officials in Henan are all rich, and the people are miserable and complain. "

Finally, the two sides signed the "Xin Chou Treaty", and China paid 450 million yuan in compensation. The Diary of Zhai's Surrender said: "The imperial court seconded the peace talks, but it lost 450 trillion foreign gold and Shanxi sent 8 million gold; My city sent 150 thousand gold; Taiyuan is rich in one city, and there is only one household in Xifeng Village, but it only produces thousands of gold, and the rest of the thousands of gold producers are only more than ten households. 150,000 compensation can be made up? It is rumored that personal tax is 125 yuan per ding, shelf tax is 320 yuan per room, and field tax is 220 yuan per mu. "

The "Gengzi Incident" gave the Qing government and people a heavier burden, and the whole empire had collapsed to the extreme.

Domestic troubles and foreign invasion, reform is imperative. In fact, as early as1June 29th, 900 (the third day of June 26th of Guangxu), when Yuan Shikai summoned Sheng Xuanhuai, he put forward "urgency should be delayed" (Sheng Xuanhuai's Yu Zhai Cun Draft), which showed his reform ideas.

Since then, Yuan Shikai has repeatedly telegraphed the Qing government and put forward the idea of change. When I called Liu Kunyi, I said, "A few days ago, I wrote a letter saying that the peace talks would be successful and the compensation would be huge. Since then, I have become poorer and weaker, and it is difficult to stand on my own feet. If you get used to it, there is nothing you can do. It is wise to ask the ministers of the interior and foreign affairs to write down Chen Fuqiang's plan so as to prepare for the use of various languages. However, it is too late to speak freely. (Sheng Xuanhuai's Yu Zhai Cun Draft) "

So, 190 1, on June 29th, 65438 (the 27th year of Guangxu), Cixi issued an imperial edict in the name of Emperor Guangxu, ordering ministers above the governor to discuss and give full play to issues such as state administration, official management of people's livelihood, imperial examinations in schools, and military finance. On February 6th of the same year, Shenbao (version 1) received an electronic message in our library: "... there are many common experiences in the world, and there is no fixed law. Poor flexibility has long existed in "Da Yi", and gains and losses can be known in "The Analects of Confucius" ... In short, it is difficult to discuss more without changing laws and habits. Military ministers, university students, six ministers and nine ministers, foreign ministers, provincial governors, all concerned about the current situation, all concerned about Chinese and western dignitaries, all concerned about the cultural inheritance of dynasties, all concerned about people's livelihood, the imperial examinations of various schools, military and political finances, all concerned about the people, or all concerned about their own interests, how to govern the country, how to make ends meet, and how to make ends meet.

After the death of Li Hongzhang in19010, Yuan Shikai took over as governor of Zhili and minister of Beiyang, and became one of the actual promoters, leaders and implementers of the New Deal in the late Qing Dynasty. In the following year 19 10, the Qing government appointed Yuan Shikai as Minister of Government Affairs to plan the New Deal.

In fact, as early as the Reform Movement of 1898, Yuan Shikai had frequent contacts with the reformists, put forward many reform suggestions to them, initiated a strong society for Kang Youwei, and founded newspapers and libraries to raise funds. He also donated 500 gold to discuss with Kang Youwei and others about opening a bookstore.

1897, after Germany occupied JIAOZHOU bay, Yuan Shikai wrote to Weng Tonghe who supported the political reform, saying: "The reason why the country is rich and strong is because they only use people who reform; I am poor and weak, but I am governed by conservative people, seeking change. The difference between man and law, only contrary to the fact, can we see the law, even if we take another road, there will be no luck! ("Kong Jixiang on Yuan Shikai and Weng Tonghe")

However, Yuan Shikai has always had innovative thinking, and it is still difficult to judge until he promotes the reform of Beiyang in an all-round way and establishes a new official newspaper model, Beiyang Official Newspaper.

190 1 year, China's modern society began to "transform", which was closely related to the full-scale development of the "New Deal in the Late Qing Dynasty".

After writing so much, give a coolie a compliment to those who float by.