1The drastic changes in Eastern Europe that began in the second half of 1989 and the disintegration of the Soviet Union in 199 1 are collectively referred to as the drastic changes in the Soviet Union and Eastern Europe, which was a political earthquake caused by the loss of political power by the * * * production party in the Soviet Union. Together, it is a massive upheaval.
The main reasons for the drastic changes are:
Historical reasons. After the Eastern European countries came to power, they all copied the Soviet model and were largely controlled by the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union forced the eastern European countries to be consistent with it in their domestic and foreign policies. In fact, Eastern European countries have no independent rights.
(2) Internal reasons. Economically, most countries have developed slowly, the reform has not achieved much, and the gap with western European countries has widened. Economic difficulties lead to economic crisis, which leads to political crisis and ethnic conflicts. Politically, due to the serious destruction of democracy and legal system, the political parties and governments in eastern European countries are divorced from the masses.
(3) Soviet factor. Gorbachev's reform loosened the eastern European countries, and his program of building "humane and democratic socialism" and "new thinking" of foreign policy promoted the reorganization, differentiation and transformation of various parties in eastern Europe.
(4) Western factors. Western countries have lured and pressured Eastern European countries through various means such as loans, trade, technology and ideological infiltration, urging them to move closer to the West and "peacefully evolve" towards capitalism. Based on the reading materials, this paper thinks and analyzes various reasons and functions of the drastic changes in Eastern Europe.
In 1980s, except Albania, all eastern European countries were carrying out a new round of reform. There are many factors that promote the reform, of which two are more important: first, the average growth rate of national income in Eastern European countries has declined, 1966- 1970 7.4%,1971-1975 6.4%,/kloc. The decline of national income reflects the exhaustion of production, indicating that the extensive economic system can no longer adapt to the development of productivity in eastern European countries; Second, the world energy crisis has dealt a heavy blow to the eastern European economy, leading to a rapid increase in the foreign debt of eastern European countries. In the early 1980s, Romania's foreign debt reached $654.38+04 billion, Yugoslavia's foreign debt reached $2065.438+00 billion, Poland's foreign debt to the West reached $38.2 billion, the per capita debt was $ 654.38+0000, and Hungary's foreign debt was $ 654.38+0988. The reform in Eastern Europe in 1980s was the continuation and development of the previous stages, which conformed to the trend of historical development and played a positive role. Secondly, it is also very important: in the new round of reform, all countries are constantly exploring the construction road suitable for their own national conditions, breaking the unification of the Soviet model, and there is a trend of diversification of economic systems in Eastern Europe.
The reform of the Soviet Union was initiated by Khrushchev, so Khrushchev can be regarded as the first generation reformer of the Soviet Union. However, it is precisely because its reform is the first time that Khrushchev's reform is rough because of lack of argumentation, and its policy is also impactful. After Brezhnev came to power, in order to overcome Khrushchev's shortcomings, he was no longer so reckless, which affected Brezhnev's later reforms in the Soviet Union. Brezhnev carried out the "new economic system" reform in 1965, but in a few years, while the Soviet Union stifled the reform movement in Czechoslovakia, its own reform also came to an abrupt end, and the new economic system and the "Prague Spring" both died together. Brezhnev's reform promoted the development of Soviet productive forces to a certain extent. However, due to his personal superstition and the aging of the Politburo with him as the core, the reform in the early 1980s did not play a role in invigorating the economy. In addition, the Soviet Union and the United States are in full swing for hegemony, and the Soviet economy is becoming more and more militarized. 1985 March 1 1: Gorbachev entered the Kremlin, and the Soviet Union was already at home and abroad when it came to power. At home, the development of the national economy has also stagnated, and various social contradictions have become increasingly serious. Externally, the global offensive launched by the Soviet Union in the 1970s began to be comprehensively countered by western groups. The "Star Wars Plan" put forward by the United States put the Soviet Union in danger of being dragged down by a new round of arms race, and the protracted war in Afghanistan also made the Soviet Union pay a heavy price. It can be considered that when Gorbachev came to power, the original foreign policy of the Soviet Union was unsustainable. In order to coordinate with domestic policy, Gorbachev made a major adjustment to the foreign policy of the Soviet Union. Gorbachev "shouted loudly" in the report of the 27th Congress of the Soviet Union: "The situation requires reform." And "accelerating the national socialist economic development is the key to solving all our problems; Only in this way can we achieve a new situation in Soviet society. He also talked about "improving social class relations, hunger nationalism" and "opening wider to the outside world", which attracted thunderous applause from time to time. " However, Gorbachev's "democratization" has no class. There are no boundaries between openness, abstraction and humanitarianism. An abnormal public opinion has been formed in China, which has gradually led the reform to a misunderstanding and caused great ideological confusion in Soviet society.
Hunger reform in socialist countries first began in Eastern Europe. After the establishment of the socialist system, all eastern European countries applied the Soviet model and formed a highly centralized management system. The Soviet model was originally a special model implemented in an extraordinary state. However, Soviet leaders "imported" into Eastern Europe without thinking after the war, and its disadvantages became increasingly apparent. As a result, the reform phenomenon of reforming the Soviet model and taking its own path appeared one after another. Therefore, the Soviet Union and other eastern regions have been involved in the wave of socialist reform to varying degrees, forming an irreversible situation. However, the Soviet Union's reform in Eastern Europe did not achieve the goal of perfecting socialism. On the contrary, the reform came to a dead end, and the intensification of various contradictions reached an unmanageable level, which eventually made socialism lose its foundation for survival and development, and the * * * production party regime lost.
1in the summer of 988, the reform of the Soviet Union faced a complicated situation. On the one hand, economic reform is stagnant, on the other hand, left-wing radicalism is developing rapidly. 1990 After the 28th Congress of the Soviet Union was held, the situation in the Soviet Union changed dramatically, and various political forces were combined one after another, basically forming three forces, namely, the "radicals" headed by Yeltsin, the "centrists" headed by Gorbachev and the "traditionalists" headed by Gachev. In this context, the 8654,38+09 incident broke out, because it should be said that yanayev and others launched the 8654,38+09 incident to stop the evolution of the Soviet Union. However, the rapid failure of the 8 19 incident accelerated the evolution of the Soviet Union. Party history in 1993, ruling in 1974, the Soviet Union collapsed in an instant, and party flag, once flying all over the Soviet Union, landed. The disintegration of the Soviet Union is a "milestone" in the evolution of the Soviet Union. Without the Soviet Union, the Soviet Union will surely embark on the road of disintegration.
The integration of Eastern Europe began in Poland, followed by Hungary and the Democratic Republic of Germany ... Although the evolution process of each country is basically the same, the ways of political power transfer in Eastern European countries are very different, which can be roughly divided into three categories: First, the top management of the ruling * * * production party has cracked, lost everything and eventually lost state power, such as Hungary. Second, the ruling * * * production party tried to resist or even fight back under the impact of the comprehensive role at home and abroad, but was forced to hand over the political power and step down under the slogan of "unity, harmony, cooperation and * * *", such as Poland, Democratic Germany, Czechoslovakia and Bulgaria. The third is to realize regime change and mutation through the struggle form of sock conflict, which is the most intense and sharp integration in Eastern Europe, such as Romania.