The central issue of the debate is the right to reserve the provisions of the treaty establishing the League of Nations. These reserved rights were put forward by Senator henry cabot lodge of Massachusetts, chairman of the Senate Foreign Relations Committee. These reservations clearly show that the United States has no responsibility and obligation to defend the members of the League of Nations according to Article 10 of this article without the approval of Congress.
President Wilson urged senators to vote against the treaty, but Loki had reservations. He said that sticking to these reservations was tantamount to canceling the whole treaty. Finally, the Senate rejected the treaty containing Lodge's reservation by 55 votes to 39 votes. 46 Republicans voted against it.
1920165438+1On October 2nd, 55-year-old Warren Harding was elected as the 29th president of the United States. Harding was born in Ohio, 1865. When I was a child, I liked playing music and had a gift for reciting. After graduating from college, he engaged in journalism and presided over the Star. 189 1 year, Harding joined the * * * and Party, 1899 was elected as a member of the Ohio Parliament, and 1904 was elected as the deputy governor of the state. 19 14 was elected as a federal senator and served until 1920. During his tenure in the Senate, he was a nobody and was often absent. However, he has a wide range of friends, is loyal to the party, and can act according to the meaning of the party's core leadership, so he was nominated as the party's presidential candidate by the party leaders at 1920. Harding took advantage of voters' boredom with President Wilson and his Democratic Party and put forward the campaign slogan of "returning to normal". As a result, the election was successful.
192 1 On March 4th, 2000, after Harding became president, he dissolved various institutions set up in wartime, and announced that the government would not interfere in the activities of private enterprises, but did not ask about the merger of enterprises, no longer set prices or formulate government regulations to interfere in the economy, and allowed monopoly capitalists to expand their power and strengthen their monopoly position. He also abolished the income tax, inheritance tax and excess profit tax increased by the Wilson administration in wartime, especially reduced the tax rate of high-income earners, greatly reduced the taxes paid by wealthy capitalists, and increased the burden on the broad masses of people. Diplomatically, Harding's government initiated the Washington nine-nation conference and signed the Naval Arms Treaty and the Pacific Agreement. During President Harding's term of office, many big capitalists were employed, which led to many corruption and corruption cases.
12 On April 12, President Harding said at a joint session of Congress that the United States would not "join" the League of Nations. The new president's rejection of the League of Nations won warm applause mainly from his * * * and his party partners. This international organization was strongly advocated by former President and Democrat Wilson. While rejecting the league of nations, the president promised that his government would cooperate with foreign governments, which hoped to form what he called a non-political league of nations and revive war-torn European countries.
1923 On August 2nd, President Harding passed away. In the early morning of the 3rd, US Vice President Coolidge was sworn in as president according to the Constitution. He is modest and pious, and the American public likes him very much.
From 1923 to 1929, the United States flourished during Coolidge's presidency. At that time, because of the huge windfall of World War I, the United States got rid of the economic crisis of 1920 ~ 192 1 several years ahead of schedule, and production began to resume development. At the same time, after entering the 20th century, the "industrial rationalization" movement appeared in the United States, and various enterprises adopted new equipment and technologies to realize the specialization, standardization, electrification and automation of production. The implementation of "Taylor system" and "Ford system" in management not only improved labor productivity, but also made the emerging industrial sectors develop rapidly. Moreover, while expanding the domestic market, a large number of capital and commodities are exported. All these have promoted the rapid economic development and prosperity of the United States from 1923 to 1929. This is mainly manifested in the substantial growth of industrial production. The total industrial output value of the United States in 1929 was twice that of 19 14, especially in the automobile industry, construction industry and electrical industry. In addition, the chemical industry, machinery manufacturing, rubber, aircraft manufacturing and other departments have also made great progress. The prosperity of this period greatly promoted the industrialization of the United States and made industry play an increasingly important role in the national economy. This period coincided with John Calvin Coolidge's tenure, so it was called "Coolidge's Prosperity Period".
On March 27th 1928, the NYSE traded a huge amount of money, and the participants gained and lost. This is an extraordinary day in the history of Wall Street. With the crazy trading, the automatic display screen of the stock market makes noises from time to time, and as many as 4.79 million shares change hands. This is a day when the stock trading volume is amazing and the battle for dollars is crazy. Even if it is only 10 minutes, the difference in the value of major securities caused by price fluctuations is as high as millions of dollars.
On May 5th, 1928, the stock price of Wall Street fell rapidly without any warning, and the turnover was unprecedented in the Wall Street stock market. By yesterday's close, the total number of shares traded was 4.82 million, most of which changed hands in the last two hours. Before the wave of selling was brought under control, many of the most dynamic stocks had fallen by more than 5 to 40 points.
1929101On October 24th, the new york stock market plunged for the first time, which started the global economic crisis. The scale, scope, influence and consequences of this crisis have greatly surpassed any economic crisis in history.
With the sharp drop in new york's share price, a large number of industrial enterprises and farms in the United States went bankrupt, and commercial trade showed a trend of collapse. Take the automobile industry as an example. In August of 1929, the American automobile output was 440,000 vehicles, but it dropped to 3190,000 vehicles in June of 10, and then dropped to1690,000 vehicles in June of10, and then dropped again by the end of the year. In just four months, American automobile production has dropped by about 80%. While the industrial crisis is expanding, the agricultural crisis is becoming more and more serious. From September 1929 to February 19, the average price of wheat in the United States dropped by about 4 cents, with a drop rate of over 80%. The rate of decline in imports is also very alarming. 1929 The total import value in September was 396 million US dollars, while192 decreased to 307 million US dollars, a decrease of about 20%.
"100 dollars can buy this car. Losing money in the stock market is in urgent need of cash. " This is the result of the financial crisis in new york. When the crisis came, American President Hoover was completely unprepared. He denied the seriousness of the crisis, continued to pursue the traditional economic theory, and firmly believed that the policy of market self-regulation and laissez-faire was enough to get the United States out of the quagmire of the crisis. However, with the passage of time, the economic improvement that Hoover hoped for not only did not come, but the crisis intensified, leading to the spread of public dissatisfaction. In this case, the Hoover government has taken some anti-crisis measures, but the effect is not great, and the situation is still deteriorating.
The development of economic crisis to a certain extent will often lead to political crisis. Since 193 1 spring, American progressive organizations have held many hunger strikes to put pressure on state capitals. One of the most serious political crises faced by the Hoover administration was that the unemployed veterans of World War I marched into Washington on May 1932. The March was originally initiated by 200 unemployed veterans in Bordelon, Oregon. During their transcontinental March to Washington to petition Congress, they were warmly welcomed by thousands of American civilians. By June, more than 20,000 veterans had flooded into Washington. They demanded that Congress pay veterans' benefits immediately.
1On July 28th, 932, President Hoover ordered Army Chief of Staff MacArthur and his assistant Eisenhower to command cavalry, tanks, machine guns and infantry to disperse veterans and drive them out of Washington. However, the national struggle against hunger has not subsided, but has intensified. One after another, the workers' and peasants' movements have brought great impact to the American political situation.