The familiar word "Huguang" often appears in the history related to the Qing Dynasty. As place names, it mainly refers to Hubei and Hunan. In fact, the history of the word Huguang can be traced back to the Yuan Dynasty. Huguang, or "Huguang province" and "Huguang province", is a first-class administrative region directly under the jurisdiction of the Yuan Dynasty and the Ming Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, Huguang, the first-level administrative region, was the abbreviation of China Province. Huguang, a first-class administrative region in Ming Dynasty, is the abbreviation of the Ministry of Public Affairs and Political Affairs.
Huguang has been a land of plenty since ancient times. The saying that "Huguang is ripe, and the world is full" was first seen in the volume "Full Map" written by Li Fuyuan in the Ming Dynasty: "Chu is so prosperous and farming is very wide. At the age of one, he won Chai Sang again, and wuyue gave him more praise. As the saying goes,' the lake is wide and ripe, and the world is full'. During the Qianlong period of Qing Dynasty, there was a saying that "Hunan is ripe and the world is full". At that time, the whole northern Hunan area, including Changsha, was already an important grain producing area in China.
Zhang Zhidong (1837 ~ 1909), one of the representatives of the Westernization School in the Qing Dynasty, was named Xiao Da, Xiang Yan, and had no competitors, and he held ice since the later period. 1837 was born in Nanpi, Zhili (now Nanpi, Hebei), and 12 was born in Xingyi, Guizhou in September. 1863, there were three scholars in the first class, and they were awarded editorial review. During the Sino-French War, Feng Zicai, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, was defeated. Later, he was transferred to the governor of Huguang, and set up the Guangdong Land and Water Normal School, a gun factory, a mining bureau and an ironmaking bureau, weaving the layout and repairing the railway. There are complete works of Zhang Wenxiang. Zhang Zhidong systematically summed up a popular slogan in China's thought of learning from the West at that time-"Learning from the West is the body, learning from the West for use", which can be said to be a summary and generalization of the basic programs of the Westernization School and the early reformists.
Nanpi people in Zhili (now Hebei). 1837, a native of Guiyang, Guizhou, whose father Zhang Ying was appointed as the magistrate of Xingyi, Guizhou. Zhang Zhidong grew up in Xingyi Prefecture (now Anlong) in Guizhou when he was young. He has extensive reading, profound knowledge and outstanding literary talent. At the age of 1 1, he was the tallest child in Guizhou province, and he wrote the Mid-Levels Pavilion, which made him famous. The full text of this record is engraved in the Banshan Pavilion on the Anlong River in Zhao Di. He published his first book of poetry in Guiyang when he was twelve years old. In the third year of Xianfeng (A.D. 1853), he returned to Nanpi, Zhili, and took the provincial examination in Shuntian, winning the top prize. Tongzhi for two years (AD 1863), and Li Duanfen, a native of Guizhou, were both scholars. Later, he served as editor, teacher, reader, lecturer and bachelor of cabinet in the Hanlin Academy. At the same time, as an important member of the Qing school, he, together with Zhang Peilun, Bao Ting, Chen, Wu Dacheng, Zhun, Liu Enpu, Wu, Deng Chengxiu, He Jinshou and others, spoke out loudly, corrected the current political situation and attacked Yi? Li Hongzhang and other westernization bureaucrats are called "four remonstrances", "six gentlemen" and "ten friends".
188 1 year (the seventh year of Guangxu), awarded the governor of Shanxi, which was the beginning of his official career. Later, his political attitude changed and he vigorously engaged in westernization activities, becoming the main representative of the later Westernization School. 1in the spring of 884, on the eve of the Sino-French War, he was ordered to act as the governor of Guangdong and Guangxi. During his tenure, he took the lead in resisting the law, raised his salary, prepared weapons, and used Feng Zicai, a veteran of the former Guangxi prefect, and made positive contributions to the progress of the war. At the same time, a new official enterprise will be established in Guangdong, and a bullet factory, an iron factory, a gun factory, a coin factory, a weaving layout and a mining bureau will be set up. Establish a naval academy with new equipment and exercises. 1889, Governor of Huguang. In the next eighteen years, except for the provisional governor of Liangjiang, he was longer than this one. He moved the machines ordered by Guangdong from abroad to Hubei, and established Hubei Railway Bureau, Hubei Gun Factory and Hubei Textile Bureau (including weaving, spinning, reeling and hemp making). And set up Daye iron mine, inland river shipping and telecommunications, and vigorously promote the construction of railways such as Luhan, Yuehan and Chuanhan. 1894 to 1895, when he was in charge of the two rivers, he imitated the German military camp system and trained the Jiangnan self-strengthening army in Jiangning (now Nanjing, Jiangsu), and then trained the new army in Hubei on this basis. In order to train westernization talents, we pay special attention to running schools extensively, and set up new schools in Hubei and the Soviet Union, such as military equipment, agriculture, industry, commerce, railways, dialects, general education, normal schools, etc., and sent students to Japan, Britain, France, Germany and other countries for many times to study. In the process of organizing Westernization, a large number of foreign debts were borrowed, which was the first time that the local government of China directly contracted loans from foreign countries.
When Huguang and Liangjiang were governors, Zhang Zhidong was praised by some intellectuals with reform ideas and appointed some of them as aides. During the Reform Movement of 1898, it first appeared as an activity to support reform. 1895 When Jingshi Jiangshe was founded in autumn, it donated 5,000 yuan to help. A few days later, Shanghai Qiangzhi Society was established, promoted to president, and sent Lao Wang to help run the times. At the same time, he also sponsored Hunan Nanshe and Xiangxuehai New Newspaper. However, when the reform movement developed day by day and the old and new struggles intensified, it showed differences with the reformists. The newspaper announced that it had removed the name of the president, interfered with the progressive remarks of the times, and severely criticized Hunan Governor Chen Baozhen and Zhu, who actively supported the reform. 1April, 898, he wrote "Persuading Learning", proposing that "middle school should be the body and western learning should be used", maintaining feudal rules, propagating westernization ideas, attacking reform ideas and opposing the political reform movement. /kloc-After the Boxer Rebellion broke out in 0/900, he advocated "cooperation from the inside" and wrote to the Qing court many times, demanding that the Boxer Rebellion be responsible for ZY hell to pay. That summer, Eight-Nation Alliance advanced on Beijing and Tianjin, and the Qing government declared war on foreign countries. It is precisely because of the local self-respect that, at the instigation of Britain, it contacted the governors of southeast provinces such as Liu Kunyi, Governor of Liangjiang, and Li Hongzhang, Governor of Guangdong and Guangxi, and concluded nine articles of the Southeast Mutual Insurance Charter with foreign consuls in Shanghai, stipulating that the Shanghai Concession was "protected" by various countries, and the governors of the provinces were responsible for public security in the Yangtze River, Suzhou and Hangzhou. In August, through the British consul in Hankou, the self-run military organs in the British Concession were uncovered and Tang et al. were killed. Later, in Hubei, Hunan and Anhui, the self-defense forces launched by the reformists Tang, Gui Lin and Qin Lishan, who were associated with the elderly society in the middle and lower reaches of the Yangtze River, were suppressed.
190 1 year, the Qing government announced the implementation of the "new deal", established the supervision department, and appointed Zhang Zhidong as the governor and minister of state of Huguang. Xuan and Liu Kunyi put forward four methods of "promoting learning and cultivating talents" with the theme of "Reform with 30% Reform", adjusting 12 things of Sino-French relations and adopting 11 things of Western France, which are important blueprints of the "New Deal" activities. 1903, in cooperation with the minister of management, the Guimao Academic System was drawn up (i.e. 1903 revised and reissued the Constitution of Playing School), and the modern education system was adopted for the first time in China. After 1905, the bourgeois GM movement rose, destroyed the southeast GM organization and suppressed the armed uprising led by the GM faction, so it was strongly condemned by the public opinion of social progress. 1907 transferred to Beijing, served as minister of military aircraft, served as a bachelor in Tijen Hall, and was also in charge of the department. The following year, the Qing government decided to nationalize the national railway, and was appointed Minister of Guangdong-Han Railway and Minister of Hubei-Sichuan-Han Railway. After the death of Emperor Guangxu and Empress Dowager Cixi, they paid great attention to the life of Prince Jin Taibao. 1909 (Xuantongyuan year) died of illness. The collection of posthumous works is all Zhang Wenxiang's works.