Sima Qian [Han Dynasty]

Chen Shengsheng, a native of Yangcheng, is involved in words. Wu Guangzhe, Yang Xiaren, is an uncle. When Chen She was young, he tried to plow with people's servants, and he was disappointed for a long time in his fallow ridge. He said, "If you have money, you will never forget each other." The servant smiled and replied, "If you are a servant, how can you be rich?" Chen She sighed, "oh! Swallows know the ambition of swans! "

In July of the first year of the second year, the left guard Yuyang, 900 people in osawa township. Chen Sheng and Guangwu were both appointed captains of chariots. It will rain heavily, the road will be blocked, and the temperature has already been lost. When time is lost, the law will be cut. Chen Sheng and Guangwu said, "If you die today, you will die if you plan something big. Waiting to die, can you die? " Chen Sheng said: "Ku Jin suffers all over the world. I heard that II had a younger son, but it was not done properly. It was done by his son Fu Su. Fu Su admonished foreign generals with several words. If you are not guilty today, you will be killed by II. Many people have heard of their sages, but they don't know their death. Xiang Yan, the general of Chu, made many contributions and loved foot soldiers. The Chu people pitied him. Or think of death, or think of death. Today, I sincerely call myself Fu Su, Xiang Yan and sing for the world. I should respond more actively. " Guangwu thinks so. The soothsayer knew what this meant. He said, "Everything is difficult at the beginning, and you have merit. But the ghost of the first step? " Chen Sheng and Wu Guangxi thought of ghosts and said, "This teaches me to show my ears first." The book of Dan says "Chen Wangsheng Wang", and it is put in the belly of a fish. Strangely, a pawn bought fish to cook and got a book in the fish's stomach. There is a bonfire in the temple next to Wu. what does the fox say said, "Chu Xing, Chen." All the soldiers are afraid at night. On the day of his death, stroke often talked, all referring to Chen Sheng.

Wu Guang loves his wife, and his foot soldiers are mostly users. Drunk the captain, so he said he wanted to die, angered the captain and humiliated him to anger his public. Weiguo kuan Wei Jianting, widely circulated, captured and killed the captain. Chen Sheng assisted him and killed two commanders. The summoner said, "If it rains, it's overdue. Cut it off. Don't cut it first, but stick to it. If a strong man dies, he will become famous, and princes will have descendants! " All the disciples said, "I respect your commands." Fu Su and Xiang Yan, two sons, pretended to obey the wishes of the people. To the right is called Dachu. Alliance altar, sacrifice to the captain. Bobby Chen became a general and Guangwu became a captain. Attack osawa Township, and then attack. In this case, Commander Ying Ge turned his soldiers to the east. Attack, hairpin, bitter, zhe, qiaocheng all fall. Okay, retreat. Compared with Chen, he rode six or seven hundred cars, rode more than one thousand, and killed tens of thousands of people. When attacking Chen, Chen Shouling was away, and he was fighting alone. Fu Sheng and Shou Cheng died according to Chen. A few days later, the monastery called three elders, heroes and everyone to the finance room. The three elders and all the heroes said, "The general is determined to win, and the attack is invincible. He has destroyed Qin and rebuilt Chu, so he deserves to be king." Make Chen She king, posthumous title Zhang Chu. At this time, all the counties harmed by Qin officials were punished by their officers and killed in response.

Classical Chinese knowledge

First, interchangeable characters

1. If you want to sing for the world, you must be more responsive ("singing" starts with "advocating")

2. The fortune teller knows what he means ("refers" to "purport", purpose and intention).

3. Solid and responsible ("use" by "already", already)

4. Generals are strong and sharp ("being" and "wearing")

If you have money, you forget everything ("nothing" means "nothing", don't)

6. He was sent to the left to defend Yuyang ("zhé"), and he was sent to exile. )

Second, ancient and modern synonyms

1. (Wait) Death, what about the country? Ancient meaning: the same, the same. Meaning: Wait, wait.

2. The ancient meaning of (regular) strokes: everywhere, everywhere. Modern meaning: often, often.

3. The ancient meaning of Chu people (pity): love, love. Meaning: Pity, pity.

4. The ancient meaning of wake (167): 67/ 10, indicating the approximate number of scores. Modern meaning: sixteen or seventeen, indicating the divisor of an integer.

5. (Borrow) the first order does not cut the ancient meaning: even if, if, a conjunction indicating a hypothetical relationship. Modern significance: lending is often regarded as relying on and pretending to be just.

6. Today (death) is also the ancient meaning of death: escape, escape. Modern meaning: death.

7. He also (occasionally) ordered the ancient meaning of Wu Temple: private, stealing. Meaning: gap.

8. Today (honestly), by deceiving others, I claim to be a child. Meaning: sincere, true and practical.

9. (Bi) To Chen Jiayi: et al. Modern significance: such as comparison.

10. It will rain. Ancient meaning: coincidence, coincidence. Modern meaning: assembly, gathering, meeting, etc.

1 1. Call three elders, heroes and everyone (accounting). Modern meaning: a person who manages finances.

12. In the evening (bonfire), what does the fox say has an ancient meaning: it refers to a fire covered with bamboo, a ghost fire. Modern meaning: refers to a fire burning in an open place or in the wild.

13. (or) thinking of death, or thinking of death: some people. Meaning: Or, maybe.

14. Call for orders (three old people), heroes and everything to explain things. Ancient meaning: the township official in charge of education in feudal society. Modern significance: three old people.

15. Heroic ancient meaning: This refers to local people with prestige and status. Today's meaning: a talented person.

16. (Taste) Use people to plow the fields. Today's meaning: taste the taste of things.

17. Yan (an) knows the ambition of a swan, which has existed since ancient times: why, where. Meaning: security and peace.

18. Chen Sheng and Guangwu are both (times) ancient meanings: today's meaning: order; Inferior quality

19. (Degree) Expired Ancient Meaning: Estimated Modern Meaning: Limit, Measure

20. General (body) Pi Jian Zhi Rui ancient meaning: personally, personally today meaning: body.

Third, the flexible use of parts of speech

1. Dachuxing, Chen: Nouns are used flexibly as verbs, and they are called kings.

2. The world is bitter. Ku Jin is suffering: adjectives conation, pain, suffering. ...

3. bonfire night: nouns are adverbials and verbs are modified at night. Bonfire: a noun as a verb, with a shrouded fire, refers to a ghost fire.

4. what does the fox say Fox: Nouns are adverbials, like foxes.

5. Put people in the belly of fish: nouns are used as verbs to catch people with nets.

6. The general's body is strong and sturdy: adjectives are used as nouns, hard armor. Sharp: adjectives are used as nouns, sharp weapons.

7. Death can mean death: the verb usage of adjectives means to die.

8. Naidan Shudan: Nouns as adverbials, using cinnabar. Book: Nouns as Verbs, Writing

9. All laws are beheaded: nouns are adverbials, according to the law.

10. It is strange to insist on strangeness: I am surprised that this adjective is used in a conative way. ...

1 1. Anger: The use of adjectives makes ...

12. Both refer to the order of Bobby Chen: nouns are used flexibly as verbs and expressed with eyes. Refers to: nouns are used flexibly as verbs, and point with your fingers.

13 are both chief punishments: nouns are used flexibly as verbs to be punished.

14. Weiguo Guangbo: Nouns are used as verbs and hit with bamboo boards.

15. There are many adjectives used as verbs.

16. Merits should be princes: nouns as verbs, on merits.

Fourth, the word is polysemy.

1. On the ridge where I dropped out of school to farm (verb, to go, to go), I regretted for a long time (modal particles, not intended to play the role of auxiliary syllables). I killed it (pronoun, he, referring to Fu Su). Sparrows know the ambition of swans (structural particles, yes). Chu people pity it (pronoun, He, referring to Xiang Yan). He, referring to Guangwu, was composed of Chen Sheng (pronoun; He killed him in response to Chen She (pronoun; They refer to every county magistrate in history, but the first step is ghost (pronoun; It refers to the uprising)

2. Chen Sheng and DuDu are on this trip (edited) and occasionally make a trip to Wu (stopping on the way to the brigade or army)

It will rain (just right, just right) for accounting (meeting)

4. It's Wang (Wang) and Chen (Wang)

5. Project Yan is General Chu.

6. Singing (singing) to the world for the commander of the chariot, most of the foot soldiers are used for the altar (being), and Xiang Yan is General Chu (yes)

7. A book is a book in the belly of a fish (letter, here refers to the book of Dan and Bu).

8. Tens of thousands of people (a few words, roughly) died because of their many words, and made great achievements because of their many words (many times).

9. When the founder is Fu Su (judged by the table, yes), Chen Sheng is Wang (only) and Chen (so, only).

10. In accounting affairs (verbs, orders), the number of people who call Sanlao, Hao Jie and Gelai is Zhang Chu (number of countries, number of declarations).

1 1. admonish the reason (because) and blame it (through "already", it has) in a few sentences. Today, I sincerely call myself Gongzi Fu Su and Xiang Yan (Ba) and kill them at the expense of their commander (and) (indicating the boundary of time and direction) in response (to come).

12. In the field of peace and war (peace), try to cooperate with others (with ...) to explain things (all, all).

13. The trip to Chen Sheng and Guangwu is a trip (parade, procession), but a retreat (March).

14. So it is generally said that he wants to die (intentionally). Fu Su exhorted reason (reason) in several words.

15. Kill a captain, catch him at the same time (ostensibly to bear) and guard the dead (ostensibly to turn, but) the servant should say with a smile (ostensibly to decorate).

16. Shangling (position noun, above), making foreign generals (noun, saint)

17. No road (road), no road (humanity, morality)

18. Ling Nai Ling Fu Li Ren Ying Ge General (Command) Chen Shouling is absent (county magistrate)

19. Servants should smile and say (answer) and respond more (respond).

20. When waiting for death, the country can be (equally) drenched (used after nouns, indicating a large number)

2 1. However, the first step is ghostly (however). Guangwu thinks so (right, right).

22. The fortune teller knows his meaning (meaning, meaning) and refers to Chen Sheng (meaning).

23. If you want to speak widely, you will die (think, want) and obey the people's desires (desire, desire).

24. Sincerely, today, I call myself Fu Su and Xiang Yan.

25. Obey the will of the people (obedience). Xiaohui is not satisfied, and the people obey (follow).

26. Bibi, compare Chen (et al.) with his knee (near).

27. Dangdang, at this time, Chen Sheng, the county (all) suffering from Qin officials, was in the middle, and the founder was Fu Su (Ying), the son.

28. In the stomach of a fish (suo: pronoun, used before a verb to form the structure of "suo", which is equivalent to "something"), Wu is also in the nearby temple (suo: noun, which can be translated as "Chu").

29. Its people are more familiar with its virtues (pronouns; He, referring to Fu Su, knows what he means (pronoun; He (referring to Guangwu) tried to anger his public (pronoun; Are punished for their long history (pronoun; Refers to the people of counties oppressed by Qin)

Verb (abbreviation of verb) ellipsis sentence

1. Shou Cheng died, but according to Chen, the word "Rebel Army" was omitted before "Nai".

2. Take it for granted: "Take it for granted" is an omission of "take it for granted"

3. Make the generals and soldiers: omit the pronoun "make" after "make" to refer to Fu Su.

Wu Guangsu loves his lover, and most of his soldiers are users: after "Wei", the pronoun "Zhi" or "Zhi" is omitted.

5. Humiliate it: omit the pronoun "Qi" after "Shi" to refer to a captain.

6. On the ridge of dropping out of school, Bobby Chen was omitted before "dropping out of school".

Sixth, judgment.

Chen Shengsheng, a native of Yangcheng, is involved in words. (... Zhe, ... is also the standard sign of a judgment sentence, and later it evolved into ... Zhe or ... is also a judgment sentence)

It was childe Sue standing at that time. (Right, right, right ...)

Unknown death also.

Seven, inverted sentences

Priest's Order-Priest's Order (adverbial post-sentence, adverbial priest's order)

Anyone who suffers from Qin officials will be punished by their officers.

translate

Bobby Chen is from Yangcheng. Guangwu is from Yang Xia. He is a servant. When Chen She was young, he used to farm with others. One day, he stopped farming and went to rest on the high ground of the ridge. He sighed and hated for a long time because of disappointment, saying, "If anyone has money in the future, don't forget each other." The servant's companion smiled and replied, "As a farmer, how can you be rich?" Chen Sheng sighed and said, "Alas, how do sparrows know the ambition of swans?"

In July of the first year of Qin Ershi, the court recruited the poor to station in Yuyang, and stationed 900 people in osawa Township. Chen Sheng and Guangwu were both incorporated into the garrison and served as the small leaders of the garrison. It's catching up with the heavy rain and the road is blocked. I guess it was delayed. Missed the deadline and beheaded according to law. Chen Sheng discussed with Guangwu, saying, "Running away now is also death, and the uprising is also death. Is it okay to die for national affairs? " Chen Sheng said, "The Qin Dynasty has ruled the world for a long time. I heard that Qin Ershi, the youngest son of Qin Shihuang, should not be the emperor, but his son Fu Su. Because Fu advised Sue many times, the emperor sent him out to lead troops. Now some people hear that he is innocent and junior killed him. Laobai said that most people heard that he was wise, but they didn't know that he was dead. Xiang Yan, a general of Chu State, has made outstanding achievements and cared for soldiers. The people of Chu state like him very much. Some people think he is dead, others think he has run away. Now, if we pretend that our people are the team of childe Fu Su and Xiang Yan, as the world starter, there should be very responsive people. " Guangwu thinks he is right. So they went to divination. Knowing their intentions, the fortune teller said, "You can succeed in all your major events and build your achievements. However, have you asked ghosts and gods about this? " Bobby Chen and Guangwu are very happy. They thought about the diviner and said, "This is just to teach us to scare everyone with ghosts and gods." So he wrote "Chen" on the silk book with vermilion and put it in the belly of the fish caught by others. Soldiers bought fish to cook, and found that the silk script on the belly of the fish was already very strange to them. Chen Sheng secretly sent Guangwu to the No.1 temple in the jungle next to the station. At night, he played lanterns and shouted with a fox's shrill voice: "Great Chu will prosper, and Chen Sheng will be king." The soldiers were afraid all night. The next day, the soldiers talked about it, just pointing at each other and pointing at Bobby Chen.

Guangwu has always cared about soldiers, and soldiers have created huge profits for him. One day, the general commander who escorted the garrison soldiers was drunk. Guangwu deliberately said repeatedly that he wanted to escape, which made the general commander very angry and made him humiliate himself to anger the soldiers. The commander is whipping Guangwu. Guangwu drew the captain's sword from its sheath, jumped up, grabbed it and killed him. Chen Sheng assisted him and killed two commanders together. So Chen Sheng summoned his men and ordered them to say, "You all missed the deadline in the heavy rain, and if you missed the deadline, you will be beheaded. If you can only avoid being beheaded, six or seven out of ten people must have died on the frontier fortress. Besides, if a strong man dies, he will gain great fame. Will princes have natural noble species? " All the subordinates said, "I am willing to obey your orders." So they pretended to be childe Fu Su and Xiang Yan's team and obeyed the wishes of the people. All the people flashed their right arms as a sign of the uprising, which was called Dachu. Build a high platform with mud, swear on it, and sacrifice the heads of the two generals to heaven. Chen Sheng was appointed general and Guangwu was appointed captain. They attacked osawa Township, incorporated the rebels into osawa Township and then attacked Qixian County. After the capture of Qi, the emissary led troops to capture the eastern part of Qi, while Chen Sheng attacked Luo, Zhou, Zhe and Qiao, and captured them all. Recruit soldiers along the road during the March. When we arrived in Chen county, there were six or seven hundred chariots, one thousand cavalry and tens of thousands of soldiers. When Chen Jun was attacked, the county magistrate and the county magistrate were absent, and only the defenders led the troops to fight the rebels in the city gate cave. Guarding the city can't win, and the soldiers are defeated and die. The insurgents enter the city and occupy Chen County. A few days later, Chen Sheng ordered a meeting of local discipline officials and talented squires. The country officials and gentry all said, "General, you are wearing armor and holding sharp weapons. According to your contribution to cracking down on the cruel Qin Dynasty and restoring the founding of Chu, you should be crowned king." So Chen Sheng was made king and declared to expand Chu. At this time, all the counties that suffered greatly from Qin officials rose up to punish the local county officials and killed them in response to Chen Sheng.

To annotate ...

Sage: A biography in historical records, mainly written for princes and princes. Although Chen Sheng was born as a farmer, he made great contributions to the Qin Dynasty and established the "Zhang Chu" regime, so he was endowed with an important historical position and included in the "aristocratic family". Yangcheng: Southeast of Dengfeng City, Henan Province. Yang Xia (2000): In today's Taikang County, Henan Province, I tried to farm with others: I farmed with others. A servant, a servant. On the ridge of returning farmland: stop farming and rest on the ridge. Go ahead, go ahead. Regret for a long time: sigh because of disappointment and hate for a long time. Disappointed, depressed, unhappy. First, the mood auxiliary words. If: You mean Bobby Chen. Swallow: Sparrow, this metaphor is short-sighted. Honghu: Swan, this metaphor is for people with great ambitions. The first year of the second year: namely BC. After the death of Qin Shihuang, his youngest son, Hu Hai, succeeded to the throne and was called the second. Lv Zuo: It refers to the poor. In ancient times, the poor lived in Luzuo and the rich lived in Lv You. Proper defense: sent to guard the border. Appropriate, pass "change". Yuyang: Southwest of Miyun in Beijing today. H: They were all put in the barracks. When doing, when in the column. Tunchang: the small leader of the garrison. Death: escape, escape. Make a big plan: launch a big event, that is, uprising, stick to it, stick to it, and implement it. Wait: the same. Dead country: die for a country. Bitter Qin: Suffered from the rule of Qin. Reasons for remonstrance: Because of repeated remonstrance. Count, count again and again. In ancient times, subordinates put forward opinions or suggestions to superiors to persuade them. Jiang: The emperor sent him out to lead troops. In fact, liegeman's respect for the emperor refers to Qin Shihuang Ying Zheng. Xiang Yan: At the end of the Warring States Period, the general of Chu State, the father of Xiang Liang and the grandfather of Xiang Yu, the overlord of Western Chu State, defeated Li Xin, the general of Qin State. Unfortunately: love. Sincerely: if we put our people. Sincere, true and hypothetical. Chàng: advocate and advocate. Beneficial Responder: someone who should (have) a good response. Suitable, should be. The first step: refers to the other party, the ancient title of respect for others. Ghost of divination: Ask the ghost of divination! The ghost of divination is "divination is in ghosts", omitting "Yu". Thinking about ghosts: thinking about divination ghosts. Read, think and think. Naidan wrote (wàng) on the silk book, so Dansha wrote (three maids) on the silk book. Dan, cinnabar. This means "use cinnabar". Book, write. King, be king. Put it in the belly of a fish caught by others: put it in the belly of a fish caught by others. Fishing net, as a verb, means "fishing with a fishing net", and it is natural to accuse it. Use, pass "already", already. Ji 'anling: emissary. Occasionally, in private, stealing. Time next to the temple: Go to the jungle station next to the temple. A temporary stop when traveling or marching. Congci, a tree-lined temple. Fox chirp: Like a fox's voice. Dan Ri: Tomorrow, the day after tomorrow. Often: talk everywhere. Pointing: point at each other with your eyes and make gestures. General: An official who escorts (a guard). Angry (fèn) Captain Hu: Make the captain angry. Hit with a whip, stick or bamboo board. Sword holder: Pull the sword out of its sheath. Summoner: Summons and commands the person to whom it belongs. G: All of you. Male, as a courtesy title for each other. Don't order beheading: even if you can avoid beheading. "Borrow", "first" and "order" all mean "even if". Sixteen and seven: six tenths and seven. Princes have descendants: Do Princes have any natural noble species? Ning, don't. Take orders: obey orders. Right: Show your right arm. The priest ordered the head: sacrifice the heads of two commanders to heaven. Qi (qí): South of Suzhou City, Anhui Province. Liv: In Suzhou, Anhui today. Favoritism: refers to leading troops to patrol and make people surrender. Luo (ZHI), Mao (cuó), (hü), Zhejiang (zhè) and Qiao (qiáo): the place names in the Qin Dynasty, Luo and Qiao, are in Anhui today. Bitter, bitter and sad, in today's Henan. Retreat: Assemble troops along the road during the March. Bobby: Wait. Chen: The name of Qin County is now Huaiyang, Henan Province. A personnel carrier, especially one with a certain number of soldiers. Riding a horse (j √): a person and a horse. None of the guards are here: neither the county magistrate nor the county magistrate is here. During the Qin Dynasty, Chen County was a party county and the seat of the county government, so he obeyed the order. Guarding the city: a local administrative assistant guarding the city. Qiaomen: the first hole in the gate. Three elders: disciplined township officials in feudal society. A hero refers to a person of local prestige. Be(pρ) is resolute and sharp: wearing armor and holding weapons. Metaphor personally involved in the battle, from the front. Put it on, put it on. Strong, refers to the real armor. Sharp, of weapons. Country: "She" is the land god and "Ji" is the valley god. Later, this country was used to represent this country. Not Zhang Chu: It claims to expand the State of Chu, that is, to revive it. On the one hand, this country is named "Zhang Chu". Punish its main officials: punish the local county magistrate. Punishment (xíng) Yang: Located in today's Henan Province, it was an important military town in ancient times. Chu Bing: refers to the rebel army of Chu State. Get together: to form a group. Get together, get together.

Make an appreciative comment

Based on the activities of Chen Sheng and Guangwu, this paper describes the whole process of Chen Sheng Uprising in detail.

The article "Chen She Family" was written in the order of events. To write about the process of the uprising, we should first write about the reasons and plans before the uprising, and then write about the outbreak and development of the uprising until the establishment of the political power. The background is very clear. In the narrative, the causal writing is adopted. To write the motives of the uprising, first write the harsh laws of Qin; Write about the occurrence of the uprising, then the cruelty of the commander, and so on. All of them are reasonable, which strongly highlights the justice of the uprising. Through the description of typical details, this paper fully shows the process of the uprising, its great momentum and the mental outlook of its leaders, thus leaving a deep impression on people.

This paper vividly describes the historical process from the Daze Township Uprising to the establishment of Zhang Chu regime, and reproduces the heroic qualities of two uprising leaders, Chen Sheng and Guangwu. Bobby Chen's class consciousness is high and he has "great ambition". This is manifested in the dialogue between servants and companions, and in the speeches of the two commanders to their disciples after they were killed, especially the words "the princes would rather plant", which is a powerful denial and criticism of the feudal hereditary system. It is precisely because of his foresight and inspirational words that he can receive the effect of "respecting orders" every day. As the leader of the uprising, Chen Sheng and Guangwu were quick-witted and decisive, and made careful plans and arrangements for the uprising.

"It will rain heavily, the road will be impassable, and the temperature has been lost." If time fails, the law will be cut "is the direct cause of the uprising of Chen She and others. Chen Sheng and Guangwu kept calm in a crisis, made a decisive decision, planned an uprising, and were determined to let the masses live, which showed that they had a good grasp of the timing of the uprising. In their plot, Bobby Chen made an incisive analysis of the current situation and grasped the social background that "the world is suffering from Ku Jin". On the basis of this analysis, we decided to use the banner of Fu Su and Xiang Yan, because "the people know more about their talents, but their deaths are unknown", "Xiang Yan made many contributions, and cherished his soldiers, and the Chu people pitied him" and "either thought of death or thought of death". This slogan is "even more so". Inspired by fortune tellers, they carefully planned two "supernatural" events, the fish belly of Dan tree and the fox sound of bonfire, which deceived the eyes and ears of other guards. They co-starred in the double reed drama of killing generals and successfully ignited the fuse of the uprising, which shows that they are good at planning.

The following article "All Counties Suffer from Qin Officials" takes care of the above-mentioned "all the world suffers" and "all its officers are punished and killed to respond", which echoes the above-mentioned "those who should respond more". These two sentences show that Bobby Chen's analysis is completely correct, which shows his ability to understand the current situation. It was Chen She's planning ability and insight that led to the uprising, which quickly spread to all parts of the country.

Chen Sheng and Guangwu had divination when they were planning the uprising, and later, at the suggestion of fortune tellers, they conducted two more scams: Dan Shu and Hu Ming. This deception of creating public opinion to overthrow a regime is common at the turning point of China's history. When people have a strong fear of fate, it is the most ingenious and effective way to show that they are superman ordered by heaven with various tricks. However, Chen Sheng and Guangwu themselves are not superstitious about destiny, and "princes will have seeds" is their real thought. When describing Chen Sheng and Wu Guangxing's divination, the author Sima Qian deliberately debunked that "the soothsayer knows his meaning", that is, "knowing his meaning" means "all goes well with one step". As for "divining ghosts", he is obviously participating in a conspiracy. This kind of deception is fully revealed in the writings of Chen She family, and Liu Bang's myth of snake-cutting is also preserved in Biography of Emperor Gaozu, which reflects Sima Qian's progressive view of history.

Neither commander was at fault in the Daze Township Uprising. The uprising leader planned the conflict between them and Guangwu, but they died in the end. This is because they are the representatives of the forces of the Qin Dynasty. In the face of cruel class struggle, they acted as the opposite of the insurgents, so they could not escape the fate of becoming victims. After Chen Sheng captured Qixian, the first county town, he sent Ying Ge to the east of Qixian in time to open up a new battlefield, so as to quickly open up the situation, and at the same time, he lost no time in establishing a monarch and a peasant regime. All these show that they used strategies and tactics properly in the early days of the uprising and successfully assumed the responsibility of leaders. In the battle, the victory lies in Chen Jian's perseverance and charge, and his "being a lover, being a foot soldier, is to use the family", which are all indispensable qualities of a leader, and are clearly reflected in Chen Sheng and himself.

The personality characteristics of the above characters are all expressed through the narration of specific events or details. It is not difficult to see that when Historical Records is a biography of historical figures, it not only records their lives, but also reveals their mental outlook, and at the same time shows the background and environment related to their activities, thus reproducing the real picture of social life at that time, which is the main embodiment of the literariness of Historical Records.

Sima Qian

Sima Qian (before 145 or before 135 ~ can't be verified) was born in Longmen (xia yang in the Western Han Dynasty, now Hancheng in Shaanxi Province, now Hejin in Shanxi Province), a historian and essayist in the Western Han Dynasty. He created China's first biography and general history book (formerly known as Taishi Gongshu) with the historical knowledge of "studying the relationship between man and nature, understanding the changes from ancient times to modern times, and making a family statement". It is recognized as a model of China's history books, which records more than 3,000 years' history from the legendary period of the Yellow Emperor to the first year of the founding of Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. It is the first of the "twenty-five histories" and is praised by Lu Xun as "a historian's swan song, and Li Sao has no rhyme".