The reasons for the backwardness of modern science and technology in China are as follows: \x0d\ 1. The influence of traditional cultural background. China people, who have been influenced by Confucianism for thousands of years, are cautious and modest in their words, actions and even academic opinions, and refuse to cross the line easily. China's traditional Confucian culture advocates the "three cardinal principles and normality" and the "golden mean", and it is not good at in-depth research, nor is it willing to be unconventional. Academically, the younger generation of scholars have great respect for their predecessors. Even if they don't agree with their own views, most of them adopt a tolerant attitude, unwilling and unwilling to point out what they think is wrong, unwilling to make earth-shattering changes, and become disrespectful, unfilial and heartless. Some famous ideas in Confucianism, such as "parents are here, don't travel far", have prevented many people from giving up ambitious exploration activities. Many people's illusions about the unknown world have been stifled, and China's geomechanics has not made great achievements since Zhang Heng invented the seismograph. This traditional culture of conformity, conservatism and superstition has certainly played a powerful role in restraining the development of modern science and technology in China. Second, the influence of bureaucracy. In the feudal society of China, the long-term feudal autocratic bureaucracy was the mortal enemy of the democratic system on which science and technology depended for prosperity. The ruling class demands that science and technology obey their own interests, and a large number of science and technology related to the development of handicraft production that has nothing to do with their immediate interests are ignored or even contained. For example, the book "Heavenly Creations in the Germination of Capitalism in the Ming Dynasty" is a summary of the production technology of agriculture and handicrafts by Song, a famous scientist in ancient China. At that time, the world was advanced, but this book didn't get the attention it deserved. Geographer Xu Xiake's travel notes were not engraved until 150 years after his death, and a large number of manuscripts were lost. \x0d\ Third, the influence of feudal education system. China's education system, from feudal society to modern times, was taught by private schools. In the Sui and Tang Dynasties, compared with the whole western classroom education method, the private school teaching method was far from perfect. Generally, a teacher teaches two or three children to recite three-character classics and some Confucius and Mencius articles all day. These teaching methods are neither systematic nor standardized, and only require students to memorize, not to mention scientific and technological inventions, and students' overall knowledge gains are very small. \x0d\ As for the imperial examination system, although it played a direct role in promoting the development of ancient science and technology, such as facilitating the selection of talents and promoting the rapid development of education, with the advance of the wheel of history, the imperial examination system hindered the development of modern science and technology more and more, and its many disadvantages became increasingly apparent. The most prominent ones are: \x0d\ 1. The content and form of the imperial examination are very narrow. The content of the imperial examination is generally limited to the ideological and theoretical works of Confucius and Mencius, the scope is limited to Confucianism, and the form is poetry, calligraphy and painting, and writing articles. The knowledge of astronomy, geography, mathematics, biology and medicine is rarely involved, let alone the combination of technology, experiment and operation, especially in the Ming Dynasty. The content, scope and form of the examination are more narrow. It is only stated in the Four Books and Five Classics that writing must go through eight fixed steps in turn, which cannot overwhelm any order and is very rigid, further inhibiting people's thinking and practical ability. It can be seen that the imperial examination system at this time has become an ignorant policy and is no longer a way to select talents. \ x0d \ 2。 The imperial examination system only focuses on. The ultimate goal of the imperial examination system is to select talents for the ruling class in order to maintain its class rule. Therefore, the ruling class pays special attention to those talents who can analyze and predict world events and carry forward Confucius and Mencius. On the contrary, the imperial examination system is not interested in those skilled craftsmen and people who are good at invention and creation, so that these skilled craftsmen can neither be officials nor get the support and encouragement of the government. Of course, I have no intention of carrying out practical activities such as scientific and technological inventions and creations. Therefore, due to the unbalanced structure of science and technology in modern China, the theoretical part accounts for the vast majority, and the experimental and technical parts only account for a very small number. Theory, experiment and technology are separated from each other, which greatly destroys and inhibits the development of scientific and technological talents. \x0d\ Both the private school teaching method and the imperial examination system are the reflection of the decadent and backward feudal society in China in the modern education system. This decadent backwardness was not eliminated or weakened at the end of feudal society, that is, after the world entered modern times, but was further strengthened. In modern times, western education strongly advocated the combination and circulation of science, experiment and technology. Compared with this progressive education system, China's traditional science, which once had an advantage in the world, had to be completely surpassed by western natural science in modern times. \x0d\ IV。 The influence of decadent social system and returning politics \x0d\ The degree of political democracy of a country affects the level of scientific and technological development of this returning country. Autocracy and dictatorship were prominent manifestations of politics in old China, so the slow development of modern science and technology in China can be imagined. Science and democracy complement each other. It is precisely because autocracy and autocracy are serious obstacles to the development of science that the New Culture Movement initiated by Chen Duxiu in 19 15 hated the autocracy and autocracy in old China and issued "Advocating democracy and opposing autocracy; Advocating science and opposing ignorance; Advocate new culture and oppose old culture. " Natural science research is to explore unknown natural phenomena, and scientific and technological knowledge is a true reflection of the nature and laws of objective things. It must respect objective facts, attach importance to experiment and practice, pay attention to rational thinking, obey scientific truth, and need to be able to discuss problems freely. The nature of science and technology naturally requires democracy and freedom, and without academic democracy and freedom, it is difficult to develop science and technology. "X0d\ from the western renaissance, the rise of capitalism, until the end of the 1940s, the great development of capitalism, China was under feudal autocracy and Kuomintang dictatorship, and the western democracy and freedom greatly exceeded that of China. The bourgeoisie started with the slogan of freedom, democracy and equality. After they gained political power, they established the so-called "democracy and state" of representative system. Although bourgeois state politics is essentially bourgeois dictatorship, the form of democratic scope of bourgeois state is much larger than that of feudal society. Therefore, under the western bourgeois democracy, the development of science and technology is much faster than that of modern China. \ x0d \ v. Impact of the closing policy. From the second half of the 5th century to the 65438+8th century, with the development of capitalist mode of production, the development of science and technology in the West has undergone an essential turning point. The first scientific and technological revolution began in18th century, and the second scientific and technological revolution began at the end of19th century, which wrote a brilliant chapter in the history of scientific and technological development. \x0d\ On the contrary, with the rapid development of science and technology in western countries, coupled with the backward social system and mode of production, China began to implement a closed-door policy. The closed-door policy is necessary and progressive in a certain historical period. Because of the prevalence of Japanese pirates in the southeast coast in the late Ming Dynasty, the government implemented a closed-door policy, which was conducive to preventing Japanese pirates and protecting people's livelihood in the southeast coast. However, after the Japanese pirates were wiped out, the China government did not immediately stop its closed-door policy. On the contrary, I am more complacent. Especially after entering the Qing Dynasty, the Qing Dynasty was arrogant and closed its eyes, always dreaming of "China going to Japan". This makes China a frog in the well, isolated from the world and far behind the trend of world development. For example, during the Qianlong period of the Qing Dynasty, British special envoy Mashal invited general Fu Ankang to watch his guards practice new European firearms. Fu Kangan said coldly, "It looks ok. "At this time, the emperor Qianlong didn't even know where Britain was, its area geometry and population. It is precisely because of this arrogant mentality that China does not have any desire to increase productivity rapidly, nor does it need a scientific and technological revolution. Coupled with its isolation, it did not feel the rapid development of external science and technology. As we all know, the history of social development and scientific and technological development proves that the need of productivity development is the most fundamental, lasting and powerful force to promote the continuous progress of science and technology. It is the need of production that puts forward various topics for scientific research, and science and technology will also make great progress and breakthroughs. However, China's modern science and technology has no desire for its own development, no driving force and no external stimulation, so it is a historical necessity to lag behind the times.