My father lost his mind and hit him with a big stick. If he is killed, injured or disabled, he will feel very sorry after he calms down. This will leave a heavy shadow on my father's heart, and I will never get rid of it. This is the mental trauma caused by "not running away" to my father. A true dutiful son should escape his father's anger and avoid causing mental harm to his father. No matter how the people of Lu praised Zeng Shen at that time, Confucius took this matter seriously in order to leave a correct opinion for future generations. Obviously, Confucius disagreed with the above statement that the father told his son to die. You can't die easily if you don't die, even if you have the order of your father.
Xunzi, a great scholar at the end of the Warring States Period, said: "If people follow the Tao instead of the monarch, righteousness and father, they can achieve great things." ("Xunzi Zidao") When Lu Aigong asked Confucius, "Is a son obedient to his father, filial?" I obey your orders. Is it true?/You don't say. Confucius didn't answer, so he came out and told his student Zi Gong, "Son follows father, Xi is filial? I obey you, Xi Marco? "Let's see why they call it filial piety and chastity." How can a son be said to be a dutiful son when he follows his father? I am obedient to you, how can I say I am a loyal minister? It depends on the circumstances under which you do it, so you can say that it is filial piety and loyalty. It can be seen that obedient blind followers are not regarded as loyal and filial ministers by Confucius.
Second, the distinction between righteousness and benefit.
Mencius said "why bother to seek profit", Xunzi said "shame on profit", and Dong Zhongshu advocated valuing righteousness over profit. "It is true that friendship does not seek profit, and knowing its way is not its merit." Therefore, according to these statements, later generations believe that Confucianism is not profitable, especially under the conditions of market economy. What if there is no profit or profit? This is also a serious misunderstanding.
"The Analects of Confucius Yongye" records: "I thought it was killing it, which was 900 yuan, so I resigned. Confucius said: No! Let's be friends with our neighbors! " Yuan Xian, a student of Confucius. He is poor, and when he becomes an official, he thinks that the salary of "900" is too high, so he doesn't want it. Confucius criticized him and thought it was wrong not to do so. Zhu's explanation is: "words are often said, but words are inappropriate." If you have a surplus in your own consumption, you can also help poor neighbors. It is also unfair not to accept normal wages. It is wrong to "resign" money. Zi Gong, a student of Confucius, is very good at predicting the market. He engaged in business activities and made a lot of money. The state of Lu stipulates that whoever can spend money to redeem the Lu people who are slaves in foreign countries can get some money from the court as compensation. Zigong redeemed some people and came back. Because he had a lot of money, he didn't go to the government to receive compensation. Criticized by Confucius, Confucius said that just because you have money, you can't accept compensation. When you do something, you should consider how it is appropriate to be an example to others. If you do this, Lu people will become slaves in foreign countries and no one will redeem them. Here, it is unjust not to take money, but it is righteousness to take money. Wang Chong thinks Zigong is "willing to give up". Another student of Confucius, Luz, saved a man from drowning. The man used a cow to express his gratitude, and Luz accepted it. Confucius said, "Lu people will be very enthusiastic about saving people from drowning in the future." At that time, a cow was a very expensive reward. Wang Chong said, "Luz accepts and abides by morality" (On Heng Dingxian).
Three virtues and small benefits
It used to be said that Confucianism used small favors to win people's hearts. In fact, although Confucianism talks about being kind to others, it does not talk about small favors. For example, "The Analects of Confucius Yongye" records: "Zi Gong said:' If it can be given to the people, will it help the people? Kind? Confucius said:' What is benevolence? Will be holy! Yao Shun is still sick! Confucius believes that people who "give to others and help others" are saints. What we are talking about here are "the people" and "the masses". Generosity for the people is a great virtue, not a small profit. Confucius' theory of "ruling by virtue" and Mencius' theory of "benevolent governance" all belong to the category of great virtue.
Mencius wrote in Li Lou: "Listen to the words of the Zheng government and use it to help the people of Qin. Mencius said:' I don't know how to govern. Years old, in November, it was just a bar; /kloc-in October/February, Yu Liangcheng and the people were not sick. A gentleman can balance his politics or be a king. How can everyone help him? So not everyone in politics can enjoy it. When Zi Chan was appointed as Zheng Guoxiang, Qin and Yan were two rivers. As there is no bridge, people cannot cross the river. Zichan put his carriage into the river and let people cross it. Convenient for the masses. Mencius believes that this practice can only be called "benefit", that is, it brings benefits to some people, but it is not good at "governance". Why? Zhu commented on this sentence: "Hui means personal kindness and small profits. Politics has an aboveboard institution, and discipline and laws are applicable. " ("Four Books, Mencius and Li Lou") Politics needs statutes, which can bring benefits to the whole people. His carriage is limited and there are many places to cross the river, which can't fundamentally solve the common problems of the masses. The weekly calendar is two months earlier than the summer calendar, and December of the weekly calendar is October of the summer calendar. The Zhou Dynasty stipulated that the bridge should be built in November and December every year. This is the time after busy farming, so that farmers can build bridges and solve the problem of people crossing the river. This is also a political job. By doing so, you don't have to use your carriage as a bridge in the river. Mencius also said that if politics is done well, people can just go out and avoid it. How can we make it convenient for everyone? So if politicians want to make it convenient for everyone, your time is not enough. For this sentence, Zhu made this evaluation: "If everyone wants to show personal kindness to please him, then there will be fewer people, and it will not be enough for him. Zhuge Wuhou tried to rule the world with great virtue, not with small interests, to get the meaning of Mencius. "(ditto) If there are no rules and regulations in politics, whoever asks for something will promise it. If you personally have a good impression on this person, he will be happy and lose his principles. In this way, honest people suffer, crying children eat more milk, and noisy people take advantage. If we can't be fair to the public, uphold justice, "smooth the government" and handle all matters related to the masses fairly, we can't establish the prestige of those in power. In short, Confucianism advocates doing great things and avoiding small favors. This is the way of a gentleman. A small favor is a small person. In a leading group, there are often people who agree with all the opinions put forward by the masses and sympathize with and support all the demands put forward by others. The masses think he is a good man. And the conclusion discussed at the meeting, he also agreed, no opinion. I just don't want to explain it to the masses. When a leader discusses someone's business, he reveals it to the parties to please others. After a long time, his prestige also declined. This is cleverness. It won't be a big deal to give a little favor verbally.
Fourth, Confucius looked at water.
Confucius strolled to the river and looked down at the river flowing eastward. Zi Gong asked: What does a gentleman think of when he meets water?
Confucius replied:
He is always flowing and can popularize all living things, so water is like virtue;
The flow must be downward, not backward, square or long, as if it were just;
Vast, as if there is a road;
It seems brave to flow through mountains and rivers without fear;
Placement is not uneven, as if obeying the law;
See how much, don't shave, as if standing upright;
Pervasive, as if penetrating;
Originated in the west, as if determined;
Take it out and put it back. Everything is clean and seems to be good at change.
Water has these virtues, and a gentleman must look forward to it when he meets it. If he carefully examines his similar meaning, he can understand that a gentleman's way of being in the world is extremely useful. Can Ann not watch it? What about the concept of safe mountain view?