1On September 28th, 936, the rebels occupied the Toledo area in the southwest of Madrid, and then marched into Madrid in four directions: west, southwest and south. 1936165438+16 October, the rebels arrived in the suburbs of Madrid, and the China government moved to Valencia to form a regular army of 300,000 people. With the cooperation of international columns, the Spanish people launched the defense of Madrid. * * * and the army, militia to build three lines of defense in the west of Madrid, bravely against the enemy. Under the command of General J. Miaja, two brigades of the newly formed Peace Corps and international columns of international organizations rushed to the front to strengthen their defense. On the same day, 20,000 rebels, supported by tanks and planes of German and Italian intervention troops, stormed from the southwest. Their left wing carried out a large-scale assault through the "Pastoral House" park, crossed the Mansa Nares River and occupied 3/4 of the university town in a week. * * * and the army increased to 7 brigades (including 1 tank), giving the enemy a head-on blow. On the 25th, the rebels stopped attacking. In order to narrow the encirclement, the rebels dispatched 1 7,000 men to carry out a raid in the northwest of Madrid on February 1936 13. After1month of fierce fighting, the road from Madrid to El Escorial was cut off. The Spanish * * * production party stood in the forefront of defending * * * and the country, 90% of Madrid's * * * party member took to the front line, and many international column soldiers died heroically in the battle.
1On February 6th, 937, with the support of the Italian intervention army, the rebels launched an attack in the Halama Valley southeast of Madrid in an attempt to cut off the road from Madrid to Valencia and complete the siege of Madrid. 18 ~ 27, * * * and the army launched a counterattack, crushing the rebels' attempt to surround the capital from the southeast. On March 8, the Italian intervention army raided Guadalajara from the northeast in an attempt to cooperate with the rebels to seize Madrid. * * * The Peace Corps adjusted its deployment, put three divisions into tenacious defense, and finally smashed the attack of the Italian intervention army on the 22nd.
In the meantime, the rebels launched the Battle of Harama River in the southeast of Madrid from February 6 to 27, in an attempt to cut off the traffic line from Madrid to the southeast. The army fought back bravely and crushed the rebels' attempt. In order to contain * * * forces and troops, the rebels attacked in southern Cordoba, Granada and Gibraltar, occupied Montoro and Malaga, and then turned to defense. 1937 12.5 In order to smash the rebels' attempt to attack Madrid again, the Peace Army launched an attack on teruel, the main base of the rebels, which once liberated the city. However, the Peace Corps failed to develop the attack as planned, and fought alone for two months, and finally suffered heavy losses because of being outnumbered. It's on 1938. The battle of teruel caused 25,000 casualties and 100 planes. Rebels and interventionists took the opportunity to turn their attention to the eastern front. In March, Franco invested five troops and almost all planes and tanks in the Ebro River basin, and launched an attack on Aragon with the cooperation of German and Italian intervention troops, while the Peace Army only had 1 1 division on the eastern front. On the 9th, the fascist army broke through the * * * and martial law defense lines, and successively occupied Lerida, Tromp and Vena Rhodes on April 15, splitting the * * * and martial law areas in two, cutting off Catalonia from the central and southeastern regions. Then, rebels and interventionists attacked Valencia in the south and Barcelona in the north separately. In order to reverse the war situation and relieve the pressure of Valencia, the Peace Corps invested more than 654.38 million troops from seven divisions in the Ebro River area from July to June, which was the largest offensive battle since the Civil War, namely the Battle of Ebro River. After more than three months of fighting, more than 80,000 people were wiped out and more than 200 enemy planes were shot down and injured. However, due to the lack of timely replenishment of manpower and material resources, they were forced to turn to defense and failed to achieve the expected campaign goals. The battle was decisive, and the * * * army lost 60,000 effective forces, which led to an unprecedented deterioration of the war situation. During this period, on September 2 1 day, at the request of the League of Nations, * * * and the United States dissolved the international column in an attempt to exchange the pressure from Britain and France on Germany and Italy to withdraw their intervention troops, but failed. Some members of the international column stayed to continue fighting, and the government later made them citizens.
On February 23rd, 65438, the Rebel Army and the intervention troops dispatched more than 20 divisions with 400,000 troops to launch the Catalan campaign, which completely decided the outcome of the war. Because Catalan anarchists are lax in discipline and weak in leadership, the situation is obviously favorable to rebels and interventionists. Anarchists don't obey the minimum military rules and act in an anarchist way. As a result, they can't play well. Therefore, * * * and the army had to fight and retreat at the end of the campaign. 1939 65438+1On October 26th, Barcelona, the capital of Catalonia, fell. On February 8th, Figueras, the last stronghold controlled by * * and the army, fell, and 250,000 * * and the army were disarmed after crossing the French border. The next day, the rebels and intervention troops reached the border between France and Spain, cutting off the land links between the Second Republic of Spain and other countries. In February 1 1, Catalonia was occupied. Nazi Germany
As early as before the outbreak of the civil war, German high-level officials had many contacts with the leaders of the National Army. After the civil war broke out, Franco sent a special envoy to Germany to ask for military assistance. On July 25th, 0936, he met with German Aviation Minister Goering, and on July 26th, he met with Hitler. Hitler had just watched Valkyria's opera that day, and after learning the purpose of the national army, he made the decision to intervene in the civil war that night. Three military operations were ordered to carry out Operation Feuerzauber. 1 1 German Ju-52 transport plane, six He-5/Kloc-0 fighter planes and 85 German Waffen SS soldiers boarded the passenger ship Usaramo and transported it to Morocco where the Germans were stationed in Spain. The Spanish diplomatic corps in Morocco has returned to China. In late September, Hitler released Operation Otto again, mobilizing more soldiers and war materials to help Franco. Hitler gave Franco 24 tanks 1, several anti-aircraft guns and some radio equipment, and the German commander Alexander von Scheler also converted the JU-52 into a bomber. 1June 936, there were about 600 to 800 Germans in Spain. In addition to the air force, the German navy also sent warships "Deutschland", "Admiral Schell" and "Cologne" as well as U-33 and U-34 submarines into the war zone.
Hitler's biggest and last national support action was to send vulture corps. From June 1936, 1 1, he sent 500 extra troops and provided 92 new planes for the Spanish National Army, including the best Bf 109 fighter in the whole civil war. Hitler let the vulture corps participate in the war until1April 939 when the war ended. At the peak, there were about 12000 Germans, and as many as 19000 Germans participated in the Spanish Civil War.
Kingdom of Italy
1936 After the civil war broke out on July 22nd, military leaders of various countries went to Rome to convey Franco's request for military assistance to Italian Foreign Minister GianGaleazzoCiano. By 24th, Mussolini officially decided to step in and sent 12 SM8 1 bomber to help Franco transport the African legion to the mainland. Later, with Hitler's encouragement, Mussolini sent some regular troops to participate in the Spanish Civil War, partly because he didn't want to be inferior to Hitler in international influence. Although Mussolini sent more ground troops than Hitler, he provided less strategic resources. 1In September, 936, the war broke out. Mussolini only provided 68 planes and hundreds of light weapons for the national army, while the Royal Italian Navy played an important role in the Mediterranean and blocked the American navy. Italy later provided the national army with heavy machine guns, cannons, planes, light combat vehicles and two combat troops, Aviazione Legionaria and Corpo Truppe Volontarie (CTV). There are about 50,000 Italian troops in Spain. Through rotation and reorganization, more than 75,000 Italian soldiers fought for the national army in the Spanish Civil War.
other
Although Portugal did not formally declare war when the civil war broke out, about 8,000 volunteers entered Spain to fight against the National Army, providing a small amount of munitions, and more importantly, providing a port for Germany and Italy to transfer to Spain. In addition, some volunteers who fled to Portugal were taken to the State War Department for treatment. There are about 700 volunteers in Ireland; In Romania, volunteers led by Ivan Motta also joined the camp, and Motta himself was killed on 1937 65438+ 10/3. the Soviet Union
While the League of Nations imposed an arms embargo on other countries, the Soviet Union was the main helper of the * * * and the government, secretly providing about 806 planes, 362 tanks and 1.555 cannons. Although Stalin signed a non-interference agreement in the Spanish civil war at that time, he announced in June 1936 that "if Germany and Italy do not stop their military assistance to the national army, the Soviet Union will not be bound by the non-interference agreement", and then secretly intervened. Because Stalin didn't want anyone to trace the Soviet intervention in the form of weapons, most of the weapons they provided to the Peace Corps were produced by museums and other countries in the world or seized by the Soviet Union, but the Soviet Union still provided Spain with world-class equipment such as T-26 light tank, BT-5 fast tank, I- 15 and I- 16 fighter. The Soviet Union also sent several military advisers to Spain to organize international columns to participate in the war. During the civil war, the total number of Soviet troops did not exceed 700, but Soviet volunteers often drove Soviet tanks and planes to fight alongside the party. For Soviet armaments, * * * and the government paid for them with the national gold of Spanish banks, with a total value of more than 500 million US dollars, accounting for two-thirds of the national gold of * * * and China (see Moscow gold entry). 1938, the Soviet Union withdrew its military advisers and volunteers from Spain.
Mexico
Unlike the United States and Latin American countries, Mexico publicly expressed its support for the government and refused to follow the non-interference proposal of France and Britain. However, compared with the assistance provided by the armies of Germany, Italy and other countries, the amount of armaments provided by Mexico to the * * * and the government is very small. Mexico provided US$ 2 million in aid and some war materials, including 20,000 rifles, 280,000 bullets, 8 cannons and some American-made aircraft, such as Bellanca CH-300 and some military aircraft serving in the Mexican Air Force. But Mexico's most important help is to shelter many political refugees from Spain in the Ministry of Foreign Affairs, including many intellectuals and orphan families.
International Brigade
After the outbreak of the civil war, the Soviet Union organized volunteers from more than 50 countries in the world to form an international column (also known as an "international brigade") and went to Spain to fight against the National Army with the army. Members are socialists, * * * industrialists and anti-fascists from all over the world (mainly from Britain, France and the United States, but also from totalitarian countries such as Germany and Italy), including Albert Camus, Nie Luda, Hemingway, George Orwell, Picasso and other famous figures, as well as China people who went to Spain when War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression broke out in China at that time. After receiving basic military training, they were sent to the front to fight. During the Spanish Civil War, about 32,000 people joined the international column. During the war, members of the international column became one of the main forces relied on by the army because of their high fighting spirit.