China put forward the strategic slogan of "rejuvenating the country through science and education" several years ago. Comrade Deng Xiaoping also said that "science and technology are the primary productive forces". Comrade Jiang Zemin's "Theory of Three Represents" theory even emphasized that "* * * party member must be the representative of advanced culture", and academic journals are the carriers of science and technology and advanced culture. Facing the trend of the increasingly integrated world economy and the improvement of the modernization level of information communication technology and information processing, academic journals as carriers should take the lead in action, which is full of expectations.
The final achievements of scientific and technological research are mainly manifested in three aspects: publishing scientific papers, winning scientific and technological achievement awards and obtaining social and economic benefits. Scientific papers generally refer to research papers published in professional academic journals with a certain academic level. It is the main form of scientific and technological activities and achievements, and it is also one of the most direct output forms of scientific research. The quantity and quality of scientific papers, to a certain extent, reflect the achievements and efficiency of scientific research, especially the level of papers, which is an important index to evaluate the scientific and technological ability and level of a country, a unit and researchers. Through the quantitative analysis of scientific papers, the overall evaluation of scientific and technological output ability and level is made. Managers at home and abroad have made many useful researches and attempts, such as using fuzzy mathematical model analysis and other methods. Among them, bibliometrics analysis method is one of the quantitative analysis methods widely used in recent years.
Bibliometrics is a new discipline. It studies the distribution, structure, quantitative relationship and quantitative management of literature system from a quantitative point of view, and then discusses the changing law and scientific management of literature. In recent years, the research results of bibliometrics have been widely used in scientific and technological fields other than information science. One of the important aspects is to use bibliometrics indicators to evaluate the efficiency of scientific and technological production, so that decision makers can effectively manage scientific and technological research quantitatively. Simple bibliometrics indicators, such as the number of published works, the number of published papers, the number of citations, etc. , has been widely used in various departments as an evaluation basis for employee assessment, rewards and punishments, and promotion. Combining these simple indicators, we can evaluate the scientific and technological level and influence of universities, research institutes, industrial companies and even the whole country. 10 years, bibliometrics has made great progress and achieved many achievements, with the maturity of all aspects, the deepening of research level and the improvement of quantitative description means and methods. At the same time, we should seek more systematic and comprehensive data collection, more modern means of document data processing, and finally effectively guide the document information work.
In recent years, the application scope of bibliometrics has been continuously broadened, and the intensity of applied research has been significantly increased, especially in scientific and technological management and decision-making, which has attracted more and more attention from relevant leading departments and researchers. Foreign countries attach great importance to this. For example, the United States, Britain, Hungary, India and many other countries not only regard bibliometrics as an important part of the index system of scientometrics, but also consider it an important way and an effective method to measure a country's scientific and cultural level and even its comprehensive national strength from the perspective of management. As early as 1960s, the United States began to compile scientific citation index (SCI). The publication of this large-scale index provides a powerful tool for bibliometrics research, solves a large amount of data necessary for bibliometrics application to a certain extent, effectively promotes the all-round development of bibliometrics, and is regarded as an epoch-making research achievement in the history of bibliometrics. It can be said that there would be no modern bibliometrics without SCI. Famous Chinese scholars such as Zhao Hongzhou and Jiang Guohua rank papers published by domestic universities by bibliometrics, and publish them in newspapers in the name of "academic rankings", which has aroused strong repercussions from all walks of life and has been highly valued by leaders of the State Science and Technology Commission, the Chinese Academy of Sciences and the National Natural Science Foundation of China. Since 1987, the State Science and Technology Commission has entrusted China Institute of Science and Technology Information (now renamed China Institute of Science and Technology Information) to make statistical analysis of papers published by Chinese scholars since 1983, so as to evaluate the development of disciplines, the input and output of science and technology, and the achievements of scientific research institutions and scientific and technological personnel in China. Then, the State Science and Technology Commission issued a special funded project, requiring China Institute of Science and Technology Information to make a more extensive and systematic statistical analysis of the literature information, make an objective evaluation of China's scientific and technological level in the world and the scientific research and production capacity and academic level of major universities and research institutes, and gradually form a system of holding annual press conferences to announce relevant statistical results. Starting from 1998, the Document Information Center of China Academy of Sciences has also published "Scientific Metrological Indicators of China: Statistics of Papers and Citations" (hereinafter referred to as "Index Set") year by year. There are more than 100 statistical indicators in the set. By using the methods of scientometrics and bibliometrics, this paper objectively describes the productivity, influence and distribution of scientific papers in China. The contents of this book include: survey of statistical sources, econometric statistics of institutional research, econometric indicators of national key laboratories and departmental open laboratories, metrological indicators of regional research, metrological indicators of science and technology funds, metrological indicators of cooperative research, metrological indicators of talent research, and metrological indicators of literature evaluation. In recent years, the National Natural Science Foundation has continuously funded six research topics in bibliometrics and scientometrics, which has promoted the scale, grade and level of its research, thus effectively promoting the in-depth development of bibliometrics. Because the evaluation function of bibliometric indicators is consistent with that of other social evaluation indicators, its research results and measurement data can provide quantitative basis and support for the management and decision-making of relevant departments, so it has been paid more and more attention by relevant leaders and management departments. This important progress shows that some contents and methods of bibliometrics are developing from subject research to career and becoming an integral part of national science and technology culture. This will help bibliometrics break through the traditional limitations, enhance its penetration and radiation, stride into the "science and technology circle", "management circle" and "decision circle", give full play to its role in a wider scope, and further gain recognition and attention from all walks of life. This is one of the remarkable characteristics and trends of bibliometrics research and application development since 1990s.
2. Statistical analysis system of geoscience documents at home and abroad
Background of the establishment of statistical analysis system of geoscience documents at home and abroad
The application of bibliometrics is based on a large number of data, so it is necessary to establish a formal bibliometrics tool by using modern means such as computers to provide access and sources of large-scale data for the application, which can only be carried out by relying on a suitable bibliometrics database. At present, domestic bibliometrics research mostly uses SCI as the data source for statistical research. However, in the project investigation conducted in this study, it is found that SCI was founded in a short time, and its traceability is not as good as some traditional retrieval tools with a long history (such as GeoRef, which has a history of more than 200 years in geology). Although SCI contains more than 5,000 periodicals, the number of each subject is not enough because of its wide professional coverage. Moreover, SCI attaches different importance to various disciplines, so the data between various sciences are not comparable. In addition, there is no "classification number" in SCI, so it is very difficult to use it for statistics of a certain subject. Some literature statistics projects have to spend a lot of manpower to re-classify and input the original data in order to use SCI for comprehensive statistical research of various disciplines. These data can reflect whether the data source is selected properly, which greatly affects the results and efficiency of statistical work. It can be considered that the use of SCI to analyze the distribution and changing trend of papers in different disciplines and fields at home and abroad, the statistical analysis of the analysis and testing methods adopted in the papers, and the statistical analysis of the regional distribution of papers can not meet the requirements. Therefore, the project team designed and completed the statistical analysis system of geoscience documents at home and abroad.
Statistical analysis system of geoscience documents at home and abroad
The statistical analysis system of geoscience documents at home and abroad applies database technology and public query system technology to realize the storage, query, analysis and output of geoscience documents and realize the information management of geoscience documents.
(1) system operating environment:
A. server: WINDOWS NT and above platforms, PIII 800, RAM/256M, Disk/20G；; ;
B. Client: DINDWOS 9X or WINDOWS NT and above, PII 350, RAM/64M, Disk/9G；; ;
C. Network: Internet;
D. Database: MS-SQL 2000.
(2) System structure:
The statistical analysis system of geoscience periodicals at home and abroad adopts three-tier B/S architecture, including client, application server, Web server and database server. This method is also called thin client system, and the client has no or little application code. The client is responsible for the display of data results and the submission of user requests. The application server and the Web server are responsible for responding to and processing users' requests. The database server is responsible for data management. All spatial data and applications are placed on the server, and the client only makes requests, and all responses are completed on the server. Among them, the Web server is located in the middle of the system, which is the hub and core part of the prototype system and the key to system design and implementation. The system structure is shown in figure 1. The front end of the system is client/browser, the middle is Web server, and the back end is Sql Server.
Figure 1 Application Structure Diagram of Geoscience Literature Statistical Analysis System at Home and Abroad
(3) The overall function of the system:
A database management: realize data input and maintenance, query, display and output. The system also provides data management under the Web environment, and can edit, browse and maintain data information remotely or locally.
B. The system can carry out preliminary evaluation and overall evaluation of bibliometrics: according to the results of literature query, make statistics and analysis on the correlation of disciplines, topics, authors, research units and research fields.
C data exchange function: the system can convert data into other standard formats, such as national standard data such as 2709.
The system has a complete desktop management and help system.
(4) System structure block diagram (Figure 2) and main function block diagram (Figure 3).
Fig. 2 Block diagram of statistical analysis system of geoscience documents at home and abroad.
(5) Development and application environment of the system: SQL2000, ULTRADEV and VBSCRIPT are used for development under Chinese WIN2000.
Selection of data sources for statistical analysis system of geoscience documents at home and abroad
The establishment of statistical analysis system of geoscience periodicals at home and abroad mainly collects and uses GeoRef retrieval system (hereinafter referred to as GeoRef) and China Geological Literature Database and Retrieval System (hereinafter referred to as GDS) as data sources. GeoRef is a geoscience document database established by the Information Center of the US Geological Survey, which was introduced by China Geological Library 1982. The database contains geological documents in North America and other parts of the world since 1785 and 1933, including more than 5,000 internationally recognized journals and conference materials in the field of earth sciences, totaling about 2.2 million articles, covering nearly 40 earth sciences. It is the most authoritative geological literature retrieval database in the world at present. GDS built by China Geological Library has collected more than 400 kinds of periodicals, monographs, papers and Chinese materials of international conferences from 65438 to 0985, with a cumulative literature volume of more than 200,000 volumes, covering 40 categories such as earth science and land science. It is the largest retrieval system in the field of earth science and land science research in China and the most authoritative geological literature database in China. The main reasons for choosing the above two databases as the data sources of this system are as follows: ① The basic structure and publication selection principle of ①《GDS conform to GeoRef, and the databases are based on the results of bibliometrics; (2) Both databases have strict publication selection criteria, and there are many kinds of documents included, that is, geoscience magazines sponsored by national units will be included, and some geoscience magazines sponsored by local governments with limited distribution areas will also be included; (3) The two databases take a long time to collect, GeoRef has 200 years of data, and GDS has nearly 19 years of data, which is very suitable for us to analyze earth science papers for many years; ④ The establishment of the two database classification systems not only follows the discipline classification of earth science, but also meets the actual needs of literature retrieval. GDS refers to GeoRef's category names (table 1, table 2). Therefore, the analysis results obtained by George and GDS should represent the research level of earth science at home and abroad. The disadvantage is that both databases lack citation analysis.
Fig. 3 Schematic diagram of main functions of statistical analysis system of geoscience journals at home and abroad.
Table 1 GeoRef data list of codes used by various entities
Table 2 List of Codes Used by List Data Body
sequential
3. Examples of statistical analysis of geoscience journals at home and abroad
Statistical analysis of geoscience journals at home and abroad is to retrieve and extract the statistical data of the number of papers published by scientific and technological personnel and research institutions by using the statistical analysis system of geoscience documents at home and abroad, and determine the academic list of scientific and technological personnel groups and research institutions; Retrieve and extract classified statistical data, and analyze the evolution and development trend of discipline system of related disciplines.
Statistical analysis of the number of papers in domestic research institutions
The options in the framework of statistical analysis system of geoscience journals at home and abroad are: title, author/unit, title, publishing house, publication year, volume, page, document request number, language, carrier form, keywords, classification number, document identification number, record status, document type, catalogue level, document carrier, ISSN number, ISBN number, conference number and edition number. If you want to know the papers published by domestic research institutions in recent years, you can systematically select "publication year" in the frame structure, enter "year (1997, 1998, …200 1)", search all the documents collected by Excel in the year, and then select "author/unit" in the frame structure of the system.
Table 3 1997-200 1 Number of papers of domestic research institutions collected by statistical analysis system of geoscience journals at home and abroad.
Statistical analysis of discipline structure at home and abroad
Using the domestic and foreign literature statistical analysis system, this paper makes statistical analysis on the periodical papers in GeoRef database 100 and GDS database 15. The method of data collection is to search by using the "classification number" in the framework of the analysis system. GeoRef database retrieval formula: classification number field code, GDS database retrieval formula: select "classification number" in the framework of retrieval system. By inputting the classification code, we collected the classification data of foreign 100 and domestic 15 years according to the above method, and compiled the century-old evolution map of the discipline structure of the international geological science system and the nearly 20-year evolution map of the discipline structure of the domestic geological science system (see Chapter 1 for details).
A comparative study of geoscience papers in Chinese and foreign comprehensive journals
(1) Statistical analysis on the structure of geosciences in Science Bulletin China Science (D Series) and Nature Science.
Nature and Science are the world's top comprehensive scientific magazines sponsored by Britain and the United States respectively. Published geoscience papers generally reflect some important progress in geological science research. China Science (Series D) and Science Bulletin are also the top comprehensive scientific magazines in China. The disciplinary structure of the four journals reflects the basic and frontier research fields of geological science and their changing trends in recent years.
Comparing the four journals, we can see that the number of papers on Quaternary geology is higher than other disciplines, which shows that the scientific research on Quaternary geology and global change has been paid more and more attention in recent years. The statistical results of word frequency also show that related terms have the highest frequency, such as Quaternary, Cenozoic and Holocene. Because the Quaternary is closest to the history of human activities in time, the study of Quaternary geology, environment and climate change is closely related to our human existence. The papers on cosmic geology (or extraterrestrial geology) in Science and Nature rank in the top five, which is higher than that in China Science and Science Bulletin. Extraterrestrial geology is actually an important scientific issue related to the future living environment of human beings, and of course it also reflects our unremitting exploration of fundamental issues such as the origin of the earth. There are few papers in this field in China, which may be due to various reasons, mainly related to the country's economic strength and technical equipment level, followed by the degree of concern for human environmental issues. On the other hand, it is obvious from the statistical results that the number of papers on economic geology (including minerals, energy, etc.). ) The number of papers in two famous foreign journals is small, while the number of papers in oil and gas geology and metal deposits in two major domestic journals is among the best, which is related to the fact that China is a developing country and has a great demand for minerals and energy. In addition, geological prospecting still accounts for a considerable proportion in China's geological work, and there are many achievements (papers) in this regard.
(2) Statistical analysis of the national distribution of natural sciences.
As can be seen from Table 4 and Table 5, the top 10 countries are the most developed countries in the world except China, especially the United States is far ahead, Britain, France and Germany are in the second echelon, obviously lagging behind the United States. This shows that only a strong economy can strongly support the development of science and technology. Since 1990s, China's economy has developed rapidly, and it also attaches great importance to the promotion of science and technology to social productive forces. Therefore, the investment in science and technology has been increased, making it among the forefront of 10, which shows that China has made some leading research achievements in the field of geosciences.
Table 4 From 1996 to 200 1 top countries in the number of geoscience papers published in science 10.
Figure 4 reflects the publication of Chinese geoscience papers in internationally renowned journals in recent 20 years. The number of papers is generally on the rise, especially in the last six years, which shows that China's geoscience research has attracted international attention in some aspects.
Table 5 Countries with the top number of geoscience papers published in Nature from 1996 to 200 1 0.
Fig. 4 Variation curve of the number of geoscience papers published by China scholars in science and Nature in recent years.
(3) Statistical analysis of the institutional distribution of China Science (Series D), Science Bulletin, Nature and Science.
From 1996 to 200 1 the number of papers published by different companies in China Science (Series D), Science Bulletin, Nature and Science was ranked. From Figure 5 and Figure 6, universities, research institutes, international organizations, companies and others are listed in nature. Science is attended by universities, research institutes, international organizations, companies and others, accounting for 47%, 27%, 0.4%, 0.05% and 24% respectively, with universities accounting for the largest proportion, followed by research institutes. This is completely contrary to the situation of China Science (Series D) and Science Bulletin (Tables 6 and 7).
As can be seen from Table 6 and Table 7, the unit that publishes the most geoscience papers in China is the research institute, followed by universities or colleges. According to the number of published papers, the results show that the Institute of Geology and Geophysics of China Academy of Sciences and its affiliated laboratories publish the most papers, followed by the Institute of Geology, Seismological Bureau and Oceanic Administration. The number of papers of Chinese Academy of Sciences is far ahead of other research institutes. Among universities, China Geo University (Wuhan), China Geo University (Beijing), Nanjing University, Peking University, Northwest University and Tongji University have a large number of academic papers (in no particular order).
Fig. 5 Distribution of institutions that published geoscience papers in Nature during the period of1996-2001.
Figure 6 1996-200 1 Distribution of institutions that publish geoscience papers in science.
Table 6 Classification statistics of authors of China Science Series D 1996-200 1.
Table 7 Classification Statistics of Authors Published in Science Bulletin 1996-200 1
Comparative analysis of research fields of geoscience papers in Chinese and foreign periodicals
According to the data sources selected by the statistical analysis system of geoscience journals at home and abroad, more than 16000 data have been collected and analyzed, and thus research disciplines such as mineralogy, geochemistry, petrology, paleontology and stratigraphy, structural geology, deposit geology, geophysics, Quaternary geology and global change, environmental geology, engineering geology, energy geology, planetary and cosmic geology, marine geology, geochronology, geological observation technology and so on have been carried out.