The Origin and Development of Sanda
In primitive society, people gradually learned to "catch animals" by punching, kicking, tripping, grasping and other actions in order to obtain means of subsistence. Including chickens, ducks, cows, sheep, etc. Especially after the germination of private ownership, the war between tribes made the fighting technology between people continue. Carving fights in the Western Han Dynasty vividly showed the scene of unarmed fighting. Archaeological fossils show that there were many wild animals at that time, especially saber-toothed tigers, which were very fierce. On the primitive rock paintings in Cangyuan, Yunnan, there is a depiction of a man fighting with wild animals. In the picture, two people are fighting with wild animals with open arms, and the other person holds a short stick in each hand, as if to help. Maoji said, "Beat the tiger hard and fight empty-handed." In such a natural environment, in order to survive and get food, human beings must rely on their own unarmed skills to fight against nature in addition to making and using simple tools. Sometimes people have to fight for the means of production, and the struggle between people lays the foundation for the emergence of martial arts unarmed combat. According to historical records, long before primitive tribes and large-scale wars, primitive ancestors fought for the position and territory of the leader. In the era of clan commune, wars often occurred between tribes because of material desires. And the use of force has become one of the most important means for them to plunder wealth. In these wars, in addition to fighting with equipment, unarmed combat is inevitable. Mastering certain combat skills and experience became an effective means for people to protect themselves and destroy the enemy at that time. In such an environment, the germination of martial arts unarmed combat came into being.
In the slave society, that is, Xia, Shang and Zhou Dynasties, as an independent form of martial arts unarmed combat, that is, "hand-to-hand combat" was formed and became an activity appreciated by slave owners at that time. According to Yin Benji, "Emperor Zhou ... had great talent. He caught wild animals." It can be seen that this kind of "fighting beast" is not a production skill, but a fighting skill that serves the hunting activities of slave owners and nobles. Book of rites? Wang Zhi recorded that "whoever holds the skill to discuss power, adapts to all directions, wins the thigh arm, and definitely shoots the imperial army", indicating that there was already a fighting skill of winning by "holding the skill to discuss power" and "throwing the thigh arm". "Interpretation of Names" said: "Fighting with each other is called a large-scale struggle. However, I raised my hand and asked, and finally I rushed. " Gu Liang Biography records that there were two masters in the Zhou Dynasty, namely, the fathers of Qin and Confucius. This shows that martial arts unarmed combat has developed to a certain level in the Zhou Dynasty. During the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, there was a kind of "Spring and Autumn Angle Examination" close to the form of competition, which was used to select foot soldiers every year. "Seven Methods of Guanzi" records that "the Spring and Autumn Corner Examination, ... the hero of the world, the hero of the world" won the competition. Zuozhuan? In the sixteenth year of Cheng Gong, there was a saying: "A lot of people ran to vote in Shushan, and he won the car." "Xunzi Guo Fu" said: "That is the capture of the birds of Judah, and it is important to use troops. "In" Mandarin ",it is recorded that Zhao Jianzi speaks great words, so he was invited to compete with his ministers in a small room, and the result was lost to Niuhua. The above information reflects that unarmed combat already existed as a special fighting skill at that time.
In addition to technology, tactics have also developed to a certain extent. In Xunzi? There is a record in the article "On the treatment of swords with soldiers and sons": "If the arm guards against the collar, covers the chest and abdomen, and attacks it by cheating, the arm will not be saved." It can be seen that unarmed combat has been used in tactics such as unexpected detachment, clever attack and feint. Zhuangzi? "The World on Earth" said: "Those who use troops have wisdom; It begins in Yang, often dies in Yin, and it is more clever when it is big. " It can be seen that tactics have been used in actual combat. In the Qin and Han dynasties, fighting was divided into "corner-fighting" and "hand-fighting", in which "corner-fighting" was mainly about falling, while "hand-fighting" was mainly about hitting, but some fell. Although the massive boxing methods included in Han Art and Literature have been lost, there is a "storage" in the incomplete bamboo slips, which is the appearance of two people fighting empty-handed after separation. This is the first time to use the word "Sanshou" in unarmed combat. This shows that angle fighting and hand-to-hand fighting have been separated from each other, and enriched the content of martial arts unarmed fighting.
1975, a wooden grate unearthed from the Qin tomb in Fenghuang Mountain, Jiangling, Hubei Province, with colorful lacquer paintings depicting hand-to-hand combat in this period. There are three men in the picture, all shirtless, wearing shorts and a belt around their waist, wearing open-toed shoes. Two people on the right are having a "hand-to-hand" competition, and the one on the left, with his hands outstretched, is the referee of the competition. There is also a curtain streamer above the stage, indicating that this game is played on the stage. The whole game was warm and tense. In hand-to-hand combat, one side hits the other side's head, and the other side dodges and pounces on the other side's head. At this time, the corner is mainly the wrestling between the two enemies, which is what Yan Shigu said: "The one who arrives, when also." This is a contest of strength and skill. Corner-to-corner activities can not only keep fit, but also make viewers feel refreshed and memorable through this fierce competition.
At the beginning of Han Dynasty, Liu Bang once stopped wasting horns, but failed to ban them completely. When he arrived at Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty, he strongly advocated it. For example, the biography of Hanwu records: "There is a corner play in Weiyangting, which was created by six countries. The Qin dynasty merged and expanded with the world. Although Han Xing stopped, it was still not unique, but was adopted by the Supreme Five Emperors, and the joy of four barbarians was mixed with fantasy and ghosts. Those who reach the corner make wrestling conflict. " Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty loved this play very much. In Hanshu, there is a saying that "the five emperors performed the plays of Bayu, Dulu, the sea, Biji, Manyan, Yulong and Guanjiao". Not only in the imperial court, but also among the people. Hanshu? This chronicle contains: "In the third year of Yuanfeng BC1spring of 2008, I made a corner play and watched it within 300 miles." "In the summer of Yuanfeng's sixth year, the public view of the capital arrived at Linping Music Hall." Visible folk love for femininity. On the bronze medal of a Han tomb collected by Shaanxi Provincial Museum of History, there is also a painting with horns. Barefoot, crossing each other's legs with one hand, holding each other's waist with the other, embracing each other, is very vivid.
"Jiao Di" in the Western Han Dynasty refers to "drama". After the Han Dynasty, the word "Jiao Di" was mixed with the word "wrestling", and in this process, "hand-to-hand combat" appeared again. "Easy to get" is embodied in Han paintings and bricks. For example, the Han Dynasty portrait brick "Hand-to-Hand Map" unearthed in Xindu, Sichuan, vividly shows the hand gestures of the opponent. In the northern mural of the Eastern Han Tomb, No.2 Dahuting, Mi County, Henan Province, there are two strong men with beards, naked, wearing shorts, long hair and kicking boots, fighting each other.
Generally speaking, Qin and Han dynasties were the development period of "corner arrival" and "hand-to-hand combat", and Qin took corner arrival as a good word, highlighting the reduction of law; Korea takes hand-to-hand combat as its technology, and its basic feature is unarmed combat, which always throws, falls, is injured or dies. There is a certain difference between the two.
Sui and Tang dynasties were a period of wrestling and hand fighting. During the Sui, Tang and Five Dynasties, hand-to-hand combat was highly valued, and the competition almost formed a system. Social prosperity has laid a certain foundation for the development of hand-to-hand combat. With the Wushu system, it will further promote the refined and standardized development of Wushu. Sui Shu recorded the lively scenes of the game at that time. In the six years of the great cause, experts from all over the world gathered in Duanmen Street to present their "outstanding achievements in the world", and the competition lasted for several days, even at the end of the month. Song and Yuan Dynasties were a period of popular wrestling and unarmed combat. Fighting in the Song Dynasty, as an important means of strengthening the body and moving hands and feet, was widely circulated among the people. Shi Hong, Zhao Longhu and Chen Junhui said: "Two * * hands were torn, and four people watched. One elbow and two fists turned three times and four times, knocking down the international community. Everyone shouted and a person fell to the ground, bleeding profusely." It can be seen that boxing, elbow and foot were used in hand-to-hand combat in Song Dynasty. And the rules of the game have appeared: it is not allowed to "catch the dwarf" or "press the pants", but you can "press the straight fist and make the horizontal fist". The above data show that hand-to-hand combat in Song Dynasty has been standardized to a certain extent.
By the Yuan Dynasty, the imperial court had banned people from practicing martial arts with weapons 10 times. Although unarmed combat was limited, they practiced it. There are also records of "fighting" in yuan dynasty history.
The Ming Dynasty was an important period of ancient martial arts in China, when hand-to-hand combat was often called "beating in vain" or "fighting". This competition is called the brave. Set up a champion before the competition, and the master will arrange for the master to prepare for the war. Before the game, both sides must make a life and death document, otherwise they are not allowed to compete on stage. At the beginning of the Qing Dynasty, with the development of peasant movements and secret associations, many clubs and gymnasiums practiced martial arts, as well as some sects and theories, created many martial arts routines and practiced martial arts in various ways. People began to pay attention to the role of Wushu in fitness, self-defense, self-defense and self-cultivation. At this time, women's Sanshou practice is also more popular. Qing Cai Heng recorded in his book: "Chun 'an has two brothers, please invite the Boxer to study, and his sister is upstairs watching ... My brother was knocked down by a boxer, so my sister fought with the boxer. After the fight, my sister flew up and kicked the boxer in the key ... "
In the early years of the Republic of China, influenced by western culture, Wushu has tended to modern sports. Huo Yuanjia, a master of Hebei Wushu, founded Jason Wu Gymnastics School in Shanghai, which was later renamed Jason Wu Club. Maliang, Hebei Province initiated and popularized the new China Wushu, and the Central Wushu Museum was established one after another. 1928, 10 In June, the National Central Martial Arts Museum held the "First Martial Arts Examination". This unarmed competition has no class, no genre and no protective gear; Don't attack the eye, throat and gear, win two out of three games, and adopt the double-loss elimination system. Began a new era of modern Wushu Sanshou competition. The second national Wushu examination held in 1933 had regulations and requirements for nursing. The competition is divided into groups according to gender and graded according to weight. There is no time limit. Knock down your opponent in three games, win one game and win two games.
After the founding of New China, Wushu, as the cultural heritage of the Chinese nation, was listed as a promotion project. Subsequently, in research and development, Wushu routines were promoted as the focus of competition performance for the first time. But Sanda is still widely circulated among the people.
In order to test the offensive and defensive fighting skills of Wushu in the competition,1March, 979, the pilot training of Wushu confrontation events was first conducted in Zhejiang Sports Commission, Beijing Institute of Physical Education and Wuhan Institute of Physical Education. In May of the same year, at the national Wushu observation and exchange meeting held in Nanjing, the Shanghai-Vietnam detachment performed a public performance; In June 5438+10 in the same year, it was performed in the 4th National Games. 1980 in may, more and more provinces and cities performed at the national Wushu observation and exchange meeting held in Taiyuan, Shanxi. In June+10 of the same year, the State Sports Commission mobilized relevant personnel and began to formulate draft rules of Sanda competition. 198 1 At the national Wushu observation and exchange meeting held in Shenyang, Beijing Institute of Physical Education and Wuhan Institute of Physical Education held a public exhibition match. 1982, the state physical culture and sports commission mobilized relevant personnel to draw up the first draft of the rules of Wushu Sanshou competition, and held the national ten-unit Wushu Sanda invitational tournament in Beijing according to the rules. Since then, in the spirit of "active and steady", Wushu Sanda has held a national exhibition competition of Wushu confrontation events every year. Constantly sum up experience, and set up a platform in 1987 to determine the competition form with the national characteristics of the ring. 1988, the International Wushu Festival sponsored by China Wushu Research Institute and Chinese Wushu Association held the International Wushu Invitational Tournament for the first time. Nearly 60 athletes from 15 countries and regions participated in the competition, which marked that Wushu Sanda entered the stage of modern sports competition. At the same time, the words "Sanda" and "Sanshou" are mixed together. After repeated discussions, no consensus was reached, and this phenomenon still exists today.
Through the experimental summary and research of 1979- 1988 for ten years, the referee rules of Sanda competition training are becoming more and more perfect. The State Sports Commission identified Wushu Sanda as a national official competition, and the first national Wushu Sanda competition was held in Yichun City, Jiangxi Province in June 5438+ 10 of the same year. 1990 The Rules of Wushu Sanshou Competition was officially published. In the same year, 14 first-class Wushu athletes and the first batch of national Wushu Sanda referees were approved. At the same time, the electronic scoring device was used in the competition, which marked that Sanda entered the era of standardized Wushu Sanda competition from performance and created a new course for the development of Sanda. 199 1 the national Wushu Sanda competition is divided into the national Wushu Sanda champion team competition held in the first half of the year and the national Wushu Sanda champion individual competition held in the second half of the year. 1993, Sanda was listed as an official event for the first time in the 7th National Games, 1 team gold medal; 1997 In the 8th National Games, the number of Sanda gold medals increased to 3. Sanda professional teams and training teams have been set up in all provinces, cities and industry sports associations, and Wushu Sanda specialty has been set up in six sports colleges directly under the State Sports Commission. Students who practice Sanda in Wushu gymnasiums and sports schools all over the country emerge in an endless stream, and Sanda has a broad and profound foundation among the masses. 1998, Sanda was listed as the event of 12 Asian Games held in Bangkok, Thailand. In 2000, with the approval of the State Sports General Administration, the National Wushu Sports Management Center organized the China Wushu Sanda King Competition, and all individual sports associations and provincial and municipal professional sports teams signed up for it. Sanda king has rich prizes, and the publicity and organization of the competition have a modern level. The organizers made bold innovations in the protective gear and rules of the competition, and changed the protective gear of Sanda competition into point protection. In other words, the original chest protector, leg protector and head protector are cancelled, and athletes only wear crotch protector, tooth protector and gloves during the competition. And on the basis of the original Sanda platform, a rope was set up, which reduced the venue and changed the competition time to five rounds, greatly increasing the antagonism and excitement of the competition. The success of Sanda King Competition marks the professionalization of Wushu Sanda.
In 2003, the first World Cup Wushu Sanda Competition organized by the International Wushu Federation was held in Shanghai, China. The competition is divided into 1 1 grades, and more than a dozen countries and regions select outstanding athletes to participate. Our country selected 8 athletes to participate in the competition and won 6 gold medals. The success of the World Cup Sanda Competition marks that China has entered the international sports arena in an all-round way, and China Wushu has been given a new mission: "Wushu originated in China, belongs to the world and is higher than sports."
Main characteristics of Sanda
sports
Sanda has experienced many difficulties, contradictions and obstacles from preliminary research to pilot development, from experience summary to national promotion until it becomes a modern sports competition. Among them, the most important problem is that Sanshou competition is completely different from people's imagination of martial arts unarmed combat. Some people even think that Sanshou is not a martial art, but a "fist and leg attack". Because the popular martial arts fighting is generally considered as self-defense, which leads to making enemies; Or, as described in movies, TV series and martial arts novels, it is so fascinating that people can't understand it. This is a misunderstanding caused by the apotheosis and exaggerated illusion of many martial arts forms. In modern civilized society, Sanshou cannot survive in narrow struggles. We should integrate the essence of Wushu into a simple exercise form, which can not only defend ourselves but also strengthen our body. Only in this way can we have extensive vitality and truly go to society and the world. Therefore, the Wushu Academy of the former State Sports Commission, through experiments and argumentation, believes that Sanshou technology is based on strengthening physical fitness, communication skills, self-defense and improving technical level, and selects actions from traditional Wushu unarmed combat, that is, combining martial arts with sports, so that Sanshou becomes a sport.
Due to the correct decision-making and proper methods, Sanda can be carried out and popularized smoothly. Judging from the current form of Sanshou, Sanshou is basically the same as other sports and belongs to sports, but it highlights the special essence of Wushu-fighting skills, and at the same time it is obviously different from fighting skills that cause injuries and disabilities, and does not include the tactics of killing people. The rules of Sanshou strictly stipulate that it is forbidden to attack the opponent's back, neck and crotch, and it is also forbidden to use anti-joint movements and elbow and knee techniques, but all kinds of martial arts techniques can be used.
opposability
The inherent characteristics of Sanshou determine that it is manifested in the form of confrontation, so the basic form of Sanshou is confrontation. This kind of confrontation is that after the two sides have mastered the basic movements and techniques of Sanshou, after a period of training, there is no fixed format, and within the scope stipulated by the rules, they are more skilled, braver and wiser, and act from top to bottom.
nationality
Wushu Sanshou is an excellent cultural heritage of the Chinese nation, which gradually evolved and developed under the specific social and historical conditions in China, with distinctive national characteristics.
China's Sanshou is different from boxing and Taekwondo, from the head bump, elbow bump and knee bump of Muay Thai, and from judo, which can only be used, mixed and tackled. Because Sanshou is a wrestling competition, it is different from free fighting with ropes in western countries, and it is also different from karate, sumo, taekwondo, fighting techniques in Japan and boxing endurance in France. Wushu Sanshou requires "far kicking, close fighting and close wrestling", and its national form is not fixed, nor can it be understood as "past form", "historical form" or "traditional form". The national form has distinct characteristics of the times, so the form is not single, but changeable and constantly evolving.
Matters needing attention in Sanda
1. How about leg press? Leg press is an indispensable first link in the training course. Beginners must pass this level first, and even famous athletes must go to leg press every day. Leg press can't be too hasty. Beginners should never try to be fast for the sake of cleverness and elegance. Leg press is a very safe training program and should not be injured. My friends, if leg press caused the ligament strain, the main reason is that he didn't step by step, regardless of the pain, and forced his strength. In order to prevent injury, I emphasize that leg press's method should be correct. If the method is not correct, it may lead to leg deformation and affect the improvement of technical movements in the future. If there is a special coach, you can practice according to the coach's arrangement. In the process of leg press, we should not be eager for success, but should be from light to heavy, and we should not push too hard. If you push too hard at once, it is easy to strain the ligament and you can't carry out normal training. In addition, in the process of kicking, you should not push too hard, but kick up slowly according to the degree of leg press.
2. In technical action training, we should pay attention to strengthening weak links and relaxing muscles. In Sanda training, the waist is the most vulnerable part, but it is also a key fulcrum. No matter which technique is driven by the waist, special attention should be paid to the practice of waist strength in warm-up activities and exercises. After the warm-up activity is completed, do one or two groups of light weights first, so that all parts can adapt to avoid injury, and then strengthen the practice. At the end of strength exercises, in order to relax muscles from becoming stiff, we should add some auxiliary exercises, such as sprinting, quick air raid or sandbag exercises, so that the strength of exercises can be exerted in the quick content and achieve the expected results. After the training, two people should relax with each other 10 minutes.
3. In actual combat technical training, we should pay attention to reaction exercise and psychological exercise. Strengthen reaction practice before the first actual combat, and then carry out actual combat practice. When choosing an opponent, you should choose an opponent who is equal to your own strength, which is conducive to cultivating your self-confidence. If the opponent we choose is too strong, then the opponent will be hit hard in the first actual combat and will have fear of actual combat, which will greatly improve and give play to its actual combat technology in the future.
Sanda technical foul
1, passively hug each other.
2, passive escape to avoid each other's attacks.
3. Grab the rope by hand to attack the other party or improperly use the rope or post.
4. Pause under unfavorable circumstances.
5. There is impolite behavior, language or other disobedience to the referee during the competition.
6. Deliberately delay the game time.
7. Don't wear protective gear, spit protective gear on the court, and deliberately loosen the protective gear.
8. Coaches and assistants have committed serious violations.
There are three main penalties for foul: advice, warning and disqualification. Generally, technical foul is recommended, and the opponent gets 1 point. 2. Personal foul, which has not caused serious consequences, will generally be given a warning, and the opponent will score 2 points. When an athlete intentionally hurts others or makes the opponent unable to compete despite an unintentional foul, he will be disqualified on the spot and suspended as appropriate. This kind of punishment is generally cautious, and the referee can't execute it independently, so it can only be decided by the referee. Some athletes with poor martial arts sometimes cheat and get hurt. In fact, sometimes I just accidentally touched it and didn't get hurt at all. I just pretended to be in pain. As long as the referee finds this situation, they will not only cheat, but also be fined. The audience may wish to pay attention when watching the game, and they are sure to find this situation.