The first stage: learning western military artifacts
Westernization Movement
Leader's Representative: Hit the Central Committee? As a representative; Represented by Zeng Guofan, Li Hongzhang, Zuo and Zhang Zhidong.
Faction: belonging to the landlord class westernization school.
Slogan > The slogan in the early stage was "Self-improvement". In the later period, it was "seeking wealth".
Objective: The purpose of Westernization Movement is to maintain the feudal autocratic rule of Qing Dynasty.
Nature: The nature of the Westernization Movement is the self-help movement of the landlord class to maintain its own rule.
Time: 65438+1960s to 1990s.
Result: It ended in failure.
The main content is to establish military industry and civilian industry.
Main military industries: Jiangnan Manufacturing General Administration, Fuzhou Shipping Bureau,
Main civil industries: Kaiping Mining Bureau, Shanghai Weaving Bureau, Hubei Weaving Bureau, Hanyang Iron Works.
Influence: The Westernization Movement didn't make China rich and strong, but it introduced advanced western science and technology, which made the first batch of modern enterprises appear in China, objectively promoted the development of capitalism in China and promoted the modernization process in China.
The second stage: learning the western political system.
① Reform movement
Leader: Central Committee-Emperor Guangxu
Main representatives: Kang Youwei and Liang Qichao.
Faction: bourgeois reformists
Slogan: reform is strong.
Objective: to save the nation from extinction (to maintain the rule of the Qing government through reform)
Nature: the bourgeois reformists carried out the reform movement of "saving the country for survival"
Time: 65438+June-September, 0898. The Reform Movement of 1898 lasted 103 days, also known as the "Hundred Days Reform".
Result: Failure
Main content (1) politics: cultivating new Lu Haijun; (2) Economy: developing agriculture, industry and commerce; (3) Culture: establishing newspapers and opening up the speech; Open new schools and train talents. At the same time, it is stipulated that stereotyped writing, redundant yamen and useless official positions should be abolished in the imperial examination in the future.
Impact: The Reform Movement of 1898 played an enlightening role in society.
② Xinhai Revolution
Leader: Sun Yat-sen
Faction: bourgeois revolutionaries
Slogan > guiding ideology (revolutionary program): Three People's Principles, namely, nationality, civil rights and people's livelihood.
Purpose: Anti-imperialism and feudalism.
Nature: anti-imperialist and anti-feudal bourgeois democratic revolution.
Time: 19 1 1 year 10 day19 10/year is the old calendar year of Xinhai, so this revolution is called the Revolution of 1911.
Results: The Revolution of 1911 ended in failure.
Main contents: (Sun Yat-sen's experience) The first bourgeois revolutionary group-Xingzhonghui was founded in1894; 1905, the first bourgeois revolutionary party was established-the League; 19 1 1 led the revolution of 1911. The temporary contract law was promulgated in1912-it has the property of bourgeoisie and is the temporary contract law of the country.
Influence: The rule of the Qing Dynasty collapsed in the wave of the Revolution of 1911, and the feudal monarchy of China for more than 2,000 years finally ended. The concept of democracy and harmony is deeply rooted in the hearts of the people.
The third stage: learning western culture.
New Culture Movement
Main representatives: Chen Duxiu, Hu Shi, Lu Xun and Li Dazhao.
Faction: senior intellectuals
Slogan: democracy and science (that is, "Mr. De" and "Mr. Sai").
Objective: To oppose the new cultural movement of feudal autocracy.
Nature: The New Culture Movement is an ideological emancipation movement;
Time: Shanghai 19 15.
Results: The new democratic revolution was initiated.
Main content > prophase: "democracy" and "science"; Advocate democracy and oppose autocracy; Advocating science and opposing ignorance; Advocate new morality and oppose old morality; Advocate new literature and oppose old literature. Later period: propagating Marxism.
Influence: It urged people to break through the trap of feudal thought, explore new ways to save the country and the people, and set off a storm of ideological emancipation in modern China.
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